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2,085 results ¡ page 27 of 87
Gaurav Baranwal, Dinesh Kumar, Deo Prakash Vidyarthi
No abstract is available for this record.
Shaohua Cao, Zijun Zhan, Congcong Dai, Shu Chen ¡ 6 authors
Since fog nodes are resource-constrained and imperfectly trusted heterogeneous devices, guaranteeing a real-time response to Internet of Things (IoT) tasks while optimizing system energy consumption remains a significant challenge. To overcome this, we first propose a acrlong DBC-enabled cloudâfog collaborative task scheduling architecture. Second, a task scheduling model is constructed to optimize system energy consumption and task deadline violation time while adhering to the IoT task response time restriction. Finally, two blockchain-enabled task scheduling algorithms are developed: 1) the reputation-based priority-aware algorithm (DB_RP) and 2) the accelerated ant colony system algorithm (DB_AACS). Extensive experiments are conducted to assess the proposed algorithm in four dimensions: 1) task completion rate; 2) system makespan; 3) system energy consumption; and 4) task deadline violation time. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is superior to the existing literature, and the acceleration strategy in DB_AACS is effective.
Wei-Tsung Su
Typically, users can pay higher transaction fee to reduce confirmation time while submitting a transaction in Ethereum. However, the rising transaction fee becomes a major issue. Therefore, a fine-grained gas price suggestion tool is expected to various decentralized applications (dApps) with different Quality of Services (QoS) requirements. In this paper, we proposed a machine learning based gas price prediction approach for optimizing transaction fee in Ethereum. The proposed approach takes features of dApps into consideration. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can provide fine-grained transaction fee estimation for dApps with various QoS requirements.
Zheng Wang
The consensus algorithm of Bitcoin, namely proof-of-work (PoW), has been criticized for its high energy consumption and centralization of mining power. PoW needs a lot of processing power to execute cryptographic problems and verify network transactions. In contrast, Chia's consensus mechanism is based on proofs-of-space (PoSpace), which utilizes disk space rather than computing power. PoSpace involves generating a large amount of verifiable storage space on the network and requires less energy consumption than PoW. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the algorithms used by Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Chia. The paper simulates the PoW and PoSpace processes by Java and compares both mechanisms' memory, CPU usage, and time consumption using VisualVM. The experiment results show that PoSpace costs less space and time resources than PoW. The former is more energy-efficient and decentralized.
Jeyakumar Samantha Tharani, Ryan K. L. Ko, Vallipuram Muthukkumarasamy
Ensuring the reliability and integrity of data, command and control in critical infrastructure is becoming challenging. The evolving technologies like 5G, Artificial General Intelligence, and edge computing increase the attack vector in critical infrastructure. A trusted exchange of information among anonymous participants may become possible using Blockchain technology. Decentralised peer-to-peer communication combined with cryptographic mechanisms in Blockchain enhances the integrity and the authenticity of the data shared among entities in smart critical systems. However, the pseudo-anonymous nature of the blockchain may be exploited by adversaries. This increases the threat to accountability and attribution of malicious activities. Visualisation tools may be used as an aid to alleviate such challenges. The existing tools concentrate on tabular or line-based representations without the full potential of visual exploration. This paper proposes a framework for the user-centric visualisation of blockchain transactions. The framework integrates the transaction data, expert domain knowledge, and user feedback to identify malicious or anomalous events. This facilitates tracking crime data movements and locating potential disruption points in critical infrastructures.
Tien Quyet, Minh Ngoc Ta
Blockchain technology has revolutionized the way transactions are conducted and verified in a decentralized manner. The performance analysis of Ethereum smart contract is crucial in understanding its limitations and potential for various applications. This study aimed to evaluate the gas cost of different sort algorithms and the impact of block size on the throughput of Ethereum network. The results showed that the gas cost of search algorithms such as quick sort and bubble sort varied significantly, with quick sort having a lower cost. Additionally, increasing the block size had a positive impact on the throughput of the Ethereum network, with a higher number of transactions processed per second. These findings provide valuable insights into the performance of Ethereum smart contracts and highlight the importance of considering gas cost and block size in the design and implementation of blockchain-based systems.
Xiaohai Dai, Yifan Zhou, Jiang Xiao, Feng Cheng ¡ 7 authors
To overcome the scaling and performance limitations, the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) is utilized as the underlying storage model of blockchain systems, which enables concurrent transaction processing and confirmation. However, accompanied by high performance, DAG-based blockchains still suffer from the severe challenge of constrained storage scalability, i.e., expensive storage overhead. Based on an in-depth analysis of the data, we discover that the root cause of storage overhead stems from the considerable data redundancy in the DAG-based blockchains. In this paper, we propose GeckoDAG, a lightweight DAG-based blockchain, whose design consists of two steps. First, we abstract a storage model named Basic from the existing DAG-based blockchain systems, which offers both high performance and security. On top of Basic, we then devise GeckoDAG, which merges previous transactions into Transaction Union (TU) and reduces the data redundancy in TU, thus lowering the storage overhead. To evaluate our design, we implement a prototype of GeckoDAG and conduct various experiments on it. The experimental results demonstrate that GeckoDAG can offer storage scalability while maintaining the security and efficiency of DAG-based blockchains.
Xinyi Luo, Kaiping Xue, Jian Li, Ruidong Li ¡ 5 authors
To provide customized and high-quality network services under limited network resources, the 5G introduces the network slicing technology that divides physical networks into several logically independent virtual networks, improving the performance of network utilization. The slice management should satisfy the chief concerns of network operators and slice tenants who are the two most important participants, i.e., slice allocation for operators and Service Level Agreement (SLA) guarantee for tenants. However, for slice allocation, traditional centralized schemes cannot well support multi-operator slicing due to the lack of trust. And for SLA guarantee, existing solutions only provide global SLA based on game theory but cannot handle each dispute between operators and tenants. To solve the problems, we propose a blockchain-based network slice management framework consisting of a slice committee and three protocols: slice, audit, and dispute. With the help of the decentralization and reliability of blockchain, the proposed scheme achieves collaborative slice management among multiple operators with SLA guarantee. Through security and performance analysis, we prove that the proposed scheme can defend against possible dishonest behaviors of entities in the system, and is practical in terms of performance.
Puming Fang, Tilman Wolf
Economic transactions in distributed systems are typically atomic operations that exchange resources between two parties. However, these types of transactions are not well-suited for environments where numerous entities contribute to a valuable outcome, such as the Internet of Things or content creation in Web 3.0. In this work, we propose a novel transaction concept called a âvalue treeâ that can involve multiple parties arranged hierarchically. Value trees use smart contracts to enable asynchronous execution, allowing payments to be temporally de-coupled from the underlying resources exchange while providing basic assurances. We describe how we have implemented value trees using smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain. We demonstrated the use of value trees in the context of named data networking, where all contributors to a successful data delivery are rewarded asynchronously.
Ahmad J. Alkhodair
The original FlexiChain and its descendants are a revolutionary distributed ledger technology (DLT) for cyber-physical systems (CPS) and their embedded systems (ES). FlexiChain, a DLT implementation, uses cryptography, distributed ledgers, peer-to-peer communications, scalable networks, and consensus. FlexiChain facilitates data structure agreements. This thesis offers a Block Directed Acyclic Graph (BDAG) architecture to link blocks to their forerunners to speed up validation. These data blocks are securely linked. This dissertation introduces Proof of Rapid Authentication, a novel consensus algorithm. This innovative method uses a distributed file to safely store a unique identifier (UID) based on node attributes to verify two blocks faster. This study also addresses CPS hardware security. A system of interconnected, user-unique identifiers allows each block's history to be monitored. This maintains each transaction and the validators who checked the block to ensure trustworthiness and honesty. We constructed a digital version that stays in sync with the distributed ledger as all nodes are linked by a NodeChain. The ledger is distributed without compromising node autonomy. Moreover, FlexiChain Layer 0 distributed ledger is also introduced and can connect and validate Layer 1 blockchains. This project produced a DAG-based blockchain integration platform with hardware security. The results illustrate a practical technique for creating a system depending on diverse applications' needs. This research's design and execution showed faster authentication, less cost, less complexity, greater scalability, higher interoperability, and reduced power consumption.
Xiaodong Qi, Jiao Jiao, Yi Li
As various optimizations being proposed recently, the performance of blockchains is no longer limited by the consensus protocols, successfully scaling to thousands of transactions per second. To further improve blockchains' throughput, exploiting the parallelism in smart contract executions becomes a clear solution to resolve the new performance bottleneck. The existing techniques perform concurrency control on smart contract transactions based on pre-determined read/write sets, which can hardly be calculated precisely. As a result, many parallelization opportunities are missed in order to maintain the correctness of transaction executions. In this paper, we propose a novel execution scheduling framework, DMVCC, to further increase the parallelism in smart contract executions, via more fine-grained control on state accesses. DMVCC improves over existing techniques with two key features: (1) write versioning, eliminating the write-write conflicts between transactions, and (2) early-write visibility, enabling other transactions to read the writes from a transaction earlier, before it being committed. We integrated DMVCC into the Ethereum Virtual Machine, to evaluate its performance in real-world blockchain environments. The experimental results show that DMVCC doubles the parallel speedup achievable to a 20 x overall speedup, compared with the serial execution baseline, approaching the theoretical optimum.
Andrea Pinna, Maria Ilaria Lunesu, Stefano OrrĂš, Roberto Tonelli
Technical debt refers to decisions made during the design and development of software that postpone the resolution of technical problems or the enhancement of the softwareâs features to a later date. If not properly managed, technical debt can put long-term software quality and maintainability at risk. Self-admitted technical debt is defined as the addition of specific comments to source code as a result of conscious and deliberate decisions to accumulate technical debt. In this paper, we will look at the presence of self-admitted technical debt in open-source blockchain projects, which are characterized by the use of a relatively novel technology and the need to generate trust. The self-admitted technical debt was analyzed using NLP techniques for the classification of comments extracted from the source code of ten projects chosen based on capitalization and popularity. The analysis of self-admitted technical debt in blockchain projects was compared with the results of previous non-blockchain open-source project analyses. The findings show that self-admitted design technical debt outnumbers requirement technical debt in blockchain projects. The analysis discovered that some projects had a low percentage of self-admitted technical debt in the comments but a high percentage of source code files with debt. In addition, self-admitted technical debt is on average more prevalent in blockchain projects and more equally distributed than in reference Java projects.If not managed, the relatively high presence of detected technical debt in blockchain projects could represent a threat to the needed trust between the blockchain system and the users. Blockchain projects development teams could benefit from self-admitted technical debt detection for targeted technical debt management.
Saira Anwar
The integration of cloud computing and big data has revolutionized data storage, processing, and analytics. However, this convergence also presents significant challenges regarding data privacy, security breaches, and compliance with regulatory standards. This paper examines privacy and security concerns in cloud-integrated big data systems through a case study approach, identifying vulnerabilities, mitigation strategies, and best practices. By analyzing real-world implementations across healthcare, finance, and government sectors, this study provides actionable insights for designing more secure cloud-based big data infrastructures. Findings suggest that a combination of cryptographic techniques, decentralized architectures, and adaptive security models significantly enhances system resilience.
Mark D. Sheldon
ABSTRACT Blockchain consortia offer firms several advantages, including the ability to maintain a shared transaction ledger that is secure, verified, and agreed-upon by key business partners. While these benefits are largely derived from blockchainâs distributed architecture, this same architecture poses challenges to auditors working to provide assurance on a technology owned, operated, and maintained across several firmsâ borders. Indeed, participating in a blockchain consortium transitions a firm from relying solely on its own IT infrastructure and processes, to being vulnerable to how other firms collectively maintain the shared ledger. As blockchain consortia grow and are used to process and record material transactions, members will require assurance that other members maintain the blockchain in a well-controlled manner. Given the complexities of auditing a distributed environment, this study proposes three design choices intended to improve the auditability of consortium blockchains. Practitioners then evaluate these designs and offer additional considerations/alternative paths forward.
Neelesh Mungoli
In this paper, we propose HybridCoin, a next-generation cryptocurrency that combines the advantages of both Bitcoin and Ethereum to create a highly versatile and efficient digital asset. The goal of HybridCoin is to unite Bitcoinâs proven store of value and robust security features with Ethereumâs powerful programmability and smart contract capabilities, thereby enabling a wide range of use cases and applications. We present the design and architecture of HybridCoin, with a focus on the consensus mechanism, scalability solutions, and smart contract functionality. We also discuss the security and privacy features of the proposed cryptocurrency, along with its potential use cases in digital payments, decentralized finance (DeFi), and asset management. Furthermore, we address the environmental sustainability and energy efficiency aspects of HybridCoin, offering strategies for sustainable blockchain operations. Finally, we explore the regulatory landscape and potential challenges faced by HybridCoin, including the impact of emerging trends, technological innovations, and the rise of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). By integrating the strengths of both Bitcoin and Ethereum, HybridCoin has the potential to revolutionize the cryptocurrency ecosystem and reshape the future of digital finance.
Itai Agur, Xavier Lavayssière, Germån Villegas Bauer, Jose Deodoro ¡ 7 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Huawei Huang, Yetong Zhao, Zibin Zheng
Sharding is one of the most promising techniques that can improve the scalability and storage issues of blockchain systems. In the past few years, many sharding protocols have been proposed to contribute to the technique matrix of blockchain sharding such as the coordination mechanisms of blockchain shards, the handling of cross-shard transactions, the security guarantee of blockchain shards, etc. Although those previous solutions are crucial for sharded blockchains, we still have not found any systematic implementation of shard reconfiguration, which determines the security of a sharded blockchain because the shuffling of blockchain nodes could prevent malicious nodes from corrupting a shard. However, the implementation of shard reconfiguration is not easy. When reallocating blockchain nodes to designated shards, typical challenges include the following: i) how to synchronize a large size of state data for a newly arrived node, and ii) how to mitigate the large reconfiguration latency of blockchain shards while keeping the liveness and consistency properties of a blockchain system. To overcome those challenges, we propose a dedicated protocol for shard reconfiguration in blockchain sharding using trimmed Merkle Patricia Trie (tMPT). The proposed tMPT-based protocol is designed to guarantee the high efficiency of the reconfiguration of blockchain shards while ensuring the uninterrupted services of the sharded blockchain. We implement the proposed tMPT-based reconfiguration protocol in a prototype, which enables the functionality of blockchain sharding. We then deploy our prototype in Alibaba Cloud. The experimental results show that the proposed tMPT-based protocol outperforms the existing methods in terms of reconfiguration efficiency. For example, the throughput of the proposed protocol shows 198% higher than Ethereum's full sync method.
Kanwalinderjit Kaur C Martinez
The increase in usage and interest in blockchain technology has shown its benefits and potential uses and its drawbacks and issues. The amount of time it takes to mine, make transactions, and perform other functions is one of the several scalability issues being analyzed. This paper presents a quintessential parallel multiprocessor approach to implement proof of work distributed blockchain to increase the number of transactions and lower mining latency and cost by applying vertical scaling, consensus, and reduced overheads. The proposed approach is providing promising results by increasing the number of transactions per second (tps) and reducing latency for mining. The distributed approach aims to partition blocks among processes, where processes work for blocks, and each block holds a distinct part of the ledger of the blockchain. The transaction process involves validation and reaching a consensus when the storage location is available only to the intended block. The proposed approach is achieving scalability. It is observed that the given approach has low latency, high throughput, and lower cost in comparison to some existing approaches.
Hyoungsung Kim, Yong-Suk Park, Hyun-Sik Kim
Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are becoming increasingly popular in Play-to-Earn (P2E) Web3 applications as a means of incentivizing user engagement. In Web3, users with NFTs ownership are entitled to monetize them. However, due to lack of objective NFT valuation, which makes NFT value determination challenging, P2E applications ecosystems have experienced inflation. In this paper, we propose a method that enables NFT inflation value management in P2E applications. Our method leverages the contribution-rewards model proposed by Curve Finance and the automated market maker (AMM) of decentralized exchanges. In decentralized systems, P2E Web3 applications inclusive, not all participants contribute in good faith. Therefore, rewards are provided to incentivize contribution. Our mechanism proves that burning NFTs, indicating the permanent removal of NFTs, contributes to managing inflation by reducing the number of NFTs in circulation. As a reward for this contribution, our method mints a compensation (CP) token as an ERC-20 token, which can be exchanged for NFTs once enough tokens have been accumulated. To further increase the value of the CP token, we suggest using governance tokens and CP tokens to create liquidity pools for AMM. The value of the governance token is determined by the market, and the CP token derives its value from the governance token in AMM. The CP token can determine its worth based on the market value of the governance token. Additionally, since CP tokens are used for exchanging NFTs, the value of the NFT is ultimately determined by the value of the CP token. To further illustrate our concept, we show how to adjust burning rewards based on factors such as the probability of upgrading NFTs' rarity or the current swap ratio of governance and CP tokens in AMM.
Rafael Belchior, Jan SĂźĂenguth, Qi Feng, Thomas Hardjono ¡ 6 authors
Blockchain interoperability conflates the need for distributed systems to communicate with third- party systems without the existence of a canonical chain or orchestration layer. As there is not âa chain to rule them allâ (due to reasons such as performance, privacy, and market forces), these distributed systems rely on exchanging data and value across network boundaries. Interconnected systems achieve a higher value than the sum of their parts, similar to how the Internet emerged as a set of isolated Local Area Networks (LANs) - and, by force of surprising synergies, such networks fundamentally transformed society, forever. Concurrently, in the last decade, we have witnessed the astonishing development of blockchain technologies, which seem more connected than ever: via bridges [13, 15, 16, 31], oracles [45], and other interoperability mechanisms [4, 9, 17, 48, 89]. These recent developments have, slowly but steadily, contributed to the improvement of the scalability of blockchain networks, as well as providing new functionality and use cases [66], but there is still a long way to go until mass adoption. In this paper, we will dive into the rabbit hole of blockchain interoperability and explain why it is needed, what has been done in the last decade, and where it is going.
Zhonghao Zhai, Shen Su-bin, Yanqin Mao
Abstract The low transaction capacity, high transaction cost and long-term privacy concerns of the current Ethereum platform are notorious. Developers are seeking alternative blockchain platforms to migrate their blockchain-based applications to reduce their applicationsâ use-cost and improve their applicationsâ user experience. The Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) platform with resiliency, flexibility, scalability and confidentiality is preferred for developers to migrate their Ethereum blockchain-based applications. However, it is laborious for developers to migrate blockchain-based applications from the Ethereum platform to the HLF platform. In this paper, we first propose a complete and secure migration solution to ease the migration process. The main idea of our solution is to design a toolbox to help developers automatically eliminate the adverse effects that the differences between Ethereum and HLF may bring to the migrated application. Developers with the toolbox can migrate the application with little time and minimal modification. It is theoretically proved that the migrated application with the toolbox is secure. Besides, a prototype of the toolbox is implemented. The extensive experiments demonstrate that the time for the migration process is acceptable, and the toolbox has little impact on the migrated applicationâs performance.
Dorcas Dachollom Datiri, Maozhen Li
Internet of Things a flourishing societal luxury has seen massive evolutionary trends that have revolutionized the need for secure and competent data management schemes. Data Privacy, trust, and security in the IoT environment are essential matters that need confronting, especially when gathered data is prone to malicious attacks or activities. Moreso, latency requirements that rise exponentially with each added device necessitate effective management in order to meet expected Quality of Service standards. Blockchain-based IoT, a paradigm that decentralizes IoTâs topology has earned growing popularity over the years owing to its versatility, however, most works on Blockchain-based IoT focus on perspectives such as digital currencies, consensus algorithms, and smart contracts, with very few delving into Blockchainâs role in data management. Therefore, to solve the above-mentioned problems, this study proposes a three-tiered scheme, incorporating aspects of clustering, Edge-Computing, and Blockchain, that focuses on data management mechanism of the Blockchain architecture and data structure. The three-tiered framework aims to provide a decentralised, secure resource optimization and data management mechanism for IoT systems that includes permissioned authentication protocol for all nodes of contention, smart contract generation between permissioned nodes, immutable block transactions and node deployment, not limited or bound by a singular node. The first phase of the methodology presenting the framework paves way for the second phase of the methodology which evaluates and analyses the proposed scheme, thus illustrating how clustering, blockchain and edge computing bring about an efficient paradigm for tamper-resistant data management with improved latency and high-level credibility and security suitable for IoT systems.
Honghao Si, Baoning Niu
Blockchain adopts a chain data structure, and the characteristics of blocks that can only be added and cannot be deleted make the total number of blocks accumulate over time, forcing resource-constrained nodes to become degraded nodes in order to alleviate increasingly severe storage pressure. Degraded nodes only store partial blocks, although improving the scalability of blockchain storage and reducing data redundancy will lead to a decrease in data availability. To address the problem of storage scalability, quantitative research is needed on data availability. Based on a summary of the existing definitions of data availability, we propose a definition of data availability for blockchain. By analyzing the data synchronization process and the transaction lifecycle, key factors affecting data availability were extracted, and a data availability measurement model was constructed based on node types. On this basis, a relationship model linking data availability and storage scalability was constructed to find the range of data redundancy that meets the target data availability. The experimental results indicate that the data availability measurement model for blockchain can measure the data availability levels of different scalable storage schemes. The model of the relationship between data availability and storage scalability can guide the setting of data redundancy in scalable storage schemes.
Behrouz SefidâDashti, Javad Salimi Sartakhti, Hassan Daghigh
Blockchain has received attention for its potential use in business. Bitcoin is powered by blockchain, and interest in it has surged in the past few years. It has many uses that need to be modeled. Modeling is used in many walks of life to share ideas, reduce complexity, achieve close alignment of one person viewpoint with another and provide abstractions of a system at some level of precision and detail. Software modeling is used in Model Driven Engineering (MDE), and Domain Specific Languages (DSLs) ease model development and provide intuitive syntax for domain experts. The present study has designed and evaluated a meta-model for the bitcoin application domain to facilitate application development and help in truly understanding bitcoin. The proposed meta-model, including stereotypes, tagged values, enumerations and a set of constraints defined by Object Constraint Language (OCL), was defined as a Unified Modeling Language (UML) profile and was implemented in the Sparx Enterprise Architect (Sparx EA) modeling tool. A case study developed by our meta-model is also presented.