This paper provides an alternative design, analysis and implementation of present E-examination system using concepts of consortium blockchain mixed with public blockchain concepts like PoW consensus protocol giving a heterogeneous solution which is more secure in terms of data mutability of the candidates. The experiment performed propose a decentralized application(D-APP) which use SHA-256 hashing cryptography to encode the blocks. Also, it covers the core concepts of distributed ledger containing student details in a decentralized network of examination centers forming different levels of blockchain and how it's distribution throughout the network. The proposed model diversifies the future of blockchain in the field of education.

 This study investigates the application and recognition of accounting policies for ownership of Cryptocurrency assets by companies in Indonesia based on Financial Accounting Standards. This study uses a qualitative method with a scoping review approach to map the literature related to the concept of cryptocurrency and accounting arrangements for cryptocurrency ownership by companies. The scoping review carried out several stages, namely problem identification, identifying literature sources, literature selection, mapping and collecting literature, and discussion analysis. This study concludes that ownership of cryptocurrency by companies can be classified as assets based on IFRS and PSAK. The most relevant type of asset classification for Cryptocurrencies is inventory or intangible assets, depending on the purpose of ownership of the company. This research indicates that with the significant increase in the use of cryptocurrencies, standard-setting bodies need to set clear and specific accounting standards to help reduce uncertainty and provide relevant and useful guidance to both preparers and users of financial statements.
It is well known by the public that the development of science and technology has progressed very rapidly and even continues to increase from year to year, especially in the education system. But in reality, there are still many learning systems that use conventional methods. This method makes the learning process passive and inactive. But now by implementing blockchain into the online learning process and there is no conventional learning process that makes learning activities boring and technology-saturated in the educational learning system at Raharja University, making the learning process more effective and efficient. The objectives of using blockchain technology in education include developing educational curricula, improving the use of educational applications, processing data about education. The research method is carried out by collecting data and using the literature study. So that the presence of blockchain technology makes the education system at the forefront. This application is done so that the learning system can be done with easy access, without being limited by space and time so that it is more efficient. It can even motivate to increase exploration in the learning process which in turn will increase student productivity, of course.
The Financial Scheme that plays an important role in helping students is the Gamification Scholarship Scheme. The Gamification scholarship scheme helps human life in the world of education. Gamification is an approach that uses elements in games or video games with the aim of motivating students in the learning process and maximizing feelings of enjoyment and engagement in the learning process. To encourage higher education, the government has done various things. However, there are several things that make it difficult for students to use it, such as distributing scholarships to students belonging to underprivileged families. The Gamification scholarship scheme is one of the most financially instrumental schemes in helping students, but it has not been verified which results in a lack of transparency between students and their respective Education Offices, then there is still a lack of tracking of application forms in this study, we propose a Smart Contract which addresses the lack of Scheme Scholarships for Colleges and Universities outlined above. It has four entities: Board of Education, Students, College and Bank. This Blockchain based smart contract has been developed to provide a user-friendly and transparent and constant environment between students and the education board. Blockchain platform has developed many applications but none can overcome the government scholarship scheme.
Christian Delgado‐von‐Eitzen, Luis Anido, Manuel J. Fernández Iglesias
Blockchain is one of the latest technologies attracting increasing attention from different actors in diverse fields, including the educational sector. The objective of this study is to offer an overview of the current state of the art related to blockchain in education that may serve as a reference for future initiatives in this field. For this, a systematic review of reference journals was carried out. Eleven databases were systematically searched and eligible papers that focused on blockchain in education that made significant contributions, and not only generic statements about the topic, were selected. As a result, 28 articles were analyzed. Lack of precision, and selection and analysis bias were then minimized by involving three researchers. The analysis of the selected papers provided invaluable insight and answered the research questions posed about the current state of the application of blockchain in education, about which of its characteristics can benefit this sector, and about the challenges that must be addressed. Blockchain may become a relevant technology in the educational field, and therefore many proofs of concept are being developed. However, there are still some relevant technological, regulatory and academic issues to be addressed to pave the way for the mainstream adoption of this technology.
This study focuses on blockchain as an emerging technology regarding its use to restructure the systems and advance education upon quality outcomes. What are the benefits of integrating blockchain in education concerning system reformation and advancement in developing better educational processes for all-encompassing learning outcomes? With the recent developments of blockchain applications across multiple domains, the education industry seems to be benefited from this technology to a considerable degree. Transcripts and certificates play a vital role in an individual’s life so it needs to be stored in a tamper-proof and long-term available ledger. In pursuant to addressing the aforestated question, this study brings information regarding what blockchain technology is, how it functions and what its uses are if it comes to integrating with education at different levels. This may include reviewing the conceptual/knowledge bases, research and development studies, and sources that introduce blockchain including its features but with a special highlight on how it has been integrated into the education sector especially in an innovative situations. To this end, this study was designed to provide a systematic review of all the literature focused on decentralized ledger technology. Multiple sources were reviewed following a systematic pattern that allows selection of relevant sources, sorting out information being guided by the research question, and making the final selection of required information that connects with what and how of Blockchain in education. Keywords: Blockchain, Education, Ledgers, Certificate, Decentralized technology
Abstract: Fake Products is a serious issue, as in today’s world we can’t really distinguish between real and fake product. And some people make these fake products just to make some profit without thinking about its impact on user and also affects company’s name, profit and sales. Blockchain technology can be used to detect whether the product is real or fake and assure user about the authenticity of the product. Blockchain is a trending technology and lot of applications are using this technology. Blockchain technology is the technology where information is stored in the form of blocks in many databases which is connected with the chains and it doesn’t require any third-party users for permission. Benefits of blockchain is that it is immutable and secure. It is decentralized and distributed. We can use Quick Response [1] (QR) code or an encrypted unique code which is a very efficient technique to detect fake product. When the QR code is scanned or the unique code in entered, it will redirect us to the blockchain containing the information of the product and provides us the details of the manufacturer and information of owner to make decision easy for buyer if they are looking to buy the product. Keywords: Blockchain, Fake Product, Ownership, QR code, Anti-counterfeit
There are many ways in which education 4.0 can continue to develop rapidly and coexist with the development of increasingly advanced technology to bond with each other to be balanced, one of which is using blockchain technology that is integrated in the education sector for various purposes. The main direction in developing global integration in education includes the creating a single educational space and optimization of the interaction between education and stakeholder relationships. The blockchain method implemented in education 4.0 was not widely used because initially, blockchain was only known for the financial sector. Blockchain is comprehensive and appropriate for this era, as blockchain offers technology, trust, and transparency by replacing the previous system with a new system. A particular problem is a need for innovative research to provide new insights into blockchain transformation inf education and application opportunities that can be accepted and used optimally. Researchers used the vast mind method and literature study. The goal is to inform the added value of blockchain that is applied in education as needed, the renewal of research and opportunities for implementing blockchain in education 4.0. The blockchain technology that can be used in education, for example, is archiving, learning, certification and other.
Purpose: Currently, many fake certificates or diplomas are used to apply for jobs to get a better paying job. With that said, currently certificates cannot prove a person's expertise or skills. However, some students have implemented a Blockchain system in securing their certificates so that data manipulation is minimized, but only partially. Therefore, this research aims to motivate anyone, especially students in this Blockchain system and students will get incentives from all activities that are followed by racing in Blockchain gamification concept 4.0. Study design: This study uses the Pieces method to classify a problem (problem), opportunities (opportunities), and existing directions. Data collection techniques used primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires in the form of google form to respondents by involving students (n = 1129). Conclusions were analyzed with the SUS trial using a Likert scale with the cut and SUS method. Result: The results of this study are expected to Gamification in the system Blockchain can run optimally in implementation. The use of Gamification on the Alphabet Blockchain is included in the acceptable category. Value: The platform can check certificates that are not genuine.
This paper aims to build the design of a secure and trustworthy platform of digital document sharing system, where students may share their officially obtained educational documents, e.g. Certificates or Academic Transcripts, with potential employers. The system was designed on top of the Ethereum Blockchain, coupled with IPFS as the document storage system. The design has been arranged in such a way as to work as a nationwide solution.
Parul Agarwal, Sheikh Mohammad Idrees, Ahmed J. Obaid
Technology has impacted every field of life, and Education sector is no exception. It has seen seismic changes off-late. The traditional classroom teaching-learning process involved teachers and students using the black-board approach. But, the past years have seen a change in dynamics of this process. Technology has crept in and has profoundly changed it for better. On one hand, when traditional classrooms had teachers, students and books as players, the current classroom has teachers, students, robots, e-books, laptops and books as the players. Today’s classrooms have enabled the teaching-learning process cross boundaries in the form of e-lectures and tutorials. Massive amount of Information is readily available for the process. Also, a shift from “Teacher-centric” to “Student Centric” can be seen in the current scenario. Several technologies have been key-players in revolutionizing the education sector, but the focus of this paper is concentrated in exploiting the applications of Blockchain and IoT in the sector and identifying the areas where they prove to be beneficial. An extensive literature survey shall be done to understand, and identify how these technologies are a solution to major educational problems. The teaching learning process needs to be understood with respect to various parameters: change in process, change in players, change in outcomes derived, and others. The associated challenges shall also be identified. A detailed analysis of these enables us to conclude that these technologies, can revolutionize the education sector for better in future, particularly Blockchain is young, but, owing to the benefits derived from it, further research and adoption shall for surely change the teaching-learning process.
The development of technology in education has produced many innovations to support the learning process. The large variety of learning media is the digital competence of education, which is very much needed in higher education . However, from several universities, there are still many that do not have adequate digital competence. This study uses a survey method that will be calculated quantitatively through a Likert Scale calculation. The design of this cooperative education management system uses E-Portfolio Integration stored in cloud computing based on Blockchain technology. The Blockchain process will be helpful as a literary platform for researchers who will start research on Blockchain technology for digital education so that the results of digital competence cannot be taken over by third parties and are transparent, and this is the solution to the problems in this research. Based on the study results, it can be seen that the Student-Centered iLearning Blockchain (SCi-B) with E-Portfolio is supported by Blockchain technology that can meet the needs of universities and improve cooperative education on digital competence.
This research aims to identify and analyze the potential of blockchain technology for the accounting field in Indonesia. This research was conducted at the Indonesian Blockchain Association. This research uses qualitative methods with the case study approach and analysis of making explanation strategies. The result of this study indicates that blockchain is applicable in Indonesia without having to use cryptocurrency as a payment tool. The result finds that blockchain can be used as a technology for Accounting Information System. One of the reasons is that all accounting transactions have the potential to be traceable with the blockchain. The data in this technology can be considered as relevant information due to the nature of blockchain as a technology that records and stores data that cannot be changed and manipulated. Blockchain will be used as a database and data procession will still be carried out by using the Accounting Information System. Blockchain is unable to automatically process data into information that may be needed in accounting. This research is expected to strengthen the theory related to blockchain as one of the accounting technologies, also to be an initial step in improving the concept of triple-entry accounting that is usable in Indonesia by using Blockchain which is supported by other platforms such as ERP and uses Token as the representative of assets or financial in recording transactions.
The purpose of this study is to analyze cryptocurrencies based on the characteristics of money, legal perspective, economic perspective and sharia perspective. In this study, the methodology used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results show that in this case cryptocurrency can be accepted as money (from the perspective of money characteristics), cryptocurrency does not meet the criteria as a currency (currency perspective), cryptocurrency does not fully fulfill the function of currency (economic perspective), cryptocurrency is not a legal currency in Indonesia. (legal perspective) and the existence of two scholars' opinions (accept and prohibit) regarding cryptocurrency (sharia perspective)
During the past few decades, the number of forgery of government-issued certificates has increased dramatically, causing considerable economic and reputational damage to the test centers involved. Traditional verification methods involve the use of e-mail, telephone, and proxy for background checks. This may require more cost, safety and time. Blockchain technology can solve this problem. Blockchain based solutions have underlying features like security, tamper proof, transparency and consensus. In addition, the data history can be managed on a blockchain network that can be accessed anytime and anywhere. The purpose of this article is to analyze blockchain technology and establish a permissioned blockchain-based academic certificate verification system HLFeCERT for issuing and verifying certificates using the SHA256 hash algorithm and digital watermarking technology for encryption and decryption of academic certificates to prevent tampering. This means that students do not need to share all their certificates publically, but only share whichever they want to. This is made possible using private blockchain.
Blockchain is used as encryption algorithm in cryptocurrency, but less researches are found to study blockchain for data encryption. Data encryption is needed to protect the data from data theft. We know about data encryption, there are RSA, LEAP, AES, and other algorithms. This research proposed a review in AES algorithm for data encryption within blockchain technology. The research process is followed by determining library, then creating relevant questions and criteria. For good opportunity in the future, this paper generated suggestions and opportunities so that better research can be established in data encryption.
Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency, which does not have a physical form like fiat money. This crypto currency can only be used through devices such as PCs, laptops, smartphones and other devices that connected to the internet. There are several advantages in a crypto system that uses blockchain system, such as transaction security, convenience, speed and can be used across countries and continents, however cryptocurrency which is currently circulating also still have weaknesses, including there is no supervisory authority, even many countries have disagreements over the legality of this cryptocurrency. The debate about pro and contra regarding to the use of cryptocurrency becomes dynamics among the experts including the scholars who have study from Islamic point of view. This reseach aims to examine the dynamics of using cryptocurrency from ushul fiqh point of view, where the methods which used in this research are al-qur’an, al-Hadits, Qiyas and Sad-Adzariyah. Basically the use of cryptocurrency is allowed to meet cetain conditions that is by removing batil elements as in Quran surah An-Nisa verse 29, those batil elements are gharar and mayshir. Moreover, cryptocurrency must also has clear legality in a country for security in their use.
This research investigates blockchain technology, focusing on the influence of motivation on collaborative work, which positively influences learning performance in Higher Education Institutions (HEI). In addition, blockchain technology is correlated with decentralisation, security and integrity, and anonymity and encryption. It can also be perceived as a consensus mechanism, rewarding students, professors, and universities as a smart contract. Therefore, this technology has been used to improve higher education. It also allows less informed people to interact with better-informed peers and mentors. Finally, this study aims to enhance the current state of blockchain applications comprehension. The methodology used for this research includes document analysis, literature review, content analysis (blockchain platforms), the case study method, and the survey method. In statistical considerations, aiming to evaluate indicators, this research presents the Composite Reliability Analysis, Cronbach Alpha Coefficients, and the Bootstrapping method (Variance Inflation Factor). All these analyses aimed to present a designed research model. This exploratory research gathered data from 150 students at 3 universities in Serbia, Romania, and Portugal. As demonstrated, using student motivation has a significant and positive impact on the quality of student collaborative work. Student collaborative work also correlates with students’ higher level of engagement in the educational process, and the more engaged students are, the better their learning outcomes will be. As a result, in higher education, student involvement boosted learning outcomes. Researchers found that motivation, teamwork, and student involvement were important factors in improving student learning outcomes, as were blockchain-based tools. The results from the quantitative analysis indicate that Collaborative work, Motivation, Engagement, MOOCs, AR, VR, Gamification, and Online class were associated with learning performance.
Giandari Maulani, Eng. Wilem Musu, Y. Johny W. Soetikno, Sitti Aisa
This paper means to give a precise writing audit on blockchain innovation in training to offer a definite comprehension of the current situation as far as advantages, boundaries, current uses of blockchain innovation and future regions where blockchain innovation can be carried out in different spaces of schooling. A bibliometric investigation was performed for information in distributions, diaries, creators and gathered references, and checked by applying bibliometric measures. The investigation shows that blockchain innovation in schooling is as yet a youthful discipline, yet has a great deal of potential to help the training area on the loose. This examination gives an establishment to instructive organizations, strategy creators and specialists to investigate different regions where blockchain innovation can be executed, albeit this exploration additionally recommends some potential employments of blockchain innovation in different elements of the training framework, more applications can be brought into the schooling framework to exploit the capability of blockchain innovation. This paper examines the use of blockchain in innovation in schooling with the assistance of bibliometric examination. This is one of the main realized investigations to survey blockchain innovation by distinguishing the current advantages, boundaries, and utilizations of blockchain innovation.
This research uses Blockchain-based techniques to overcome the problem of easy diploma counterfeiting in Indonesia. Required authentication by the company using staff can save time. Because the Blockchain technique, which has six characteristics, can solve at least four problems, including reducing the number due to peer-to-peer decentralization, and reducing the time spent validating authenticity. To protect the protection system that uses this Blockchain, it is necessary to do library research as one of the previous applications of the methods used in previous researchers and continue the goals of previous researchers. In the future, further research on Blockchain techniques is needed in case of forgery of other documents so that this technology can be adopted and developed further. Based on the literature study conducted in this research, it is concluded that Blockchain technology has a positive impact as a transformation towards new energy and economic acceleration based on green technology, so that digitalization and harmonization of the academic atmosphere can be created, especially through the validity of certificates. The results of this study provides a detailed Experimental Assessment and examines the proposed model for verifying completion certificates using Blockchain Technology.
In early 2020, World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the world is facing the COVID-19 pandemic. This pandemic is caused by the emergence of a new type of coronavirus which spreads very quickly. Because of this pandemic, the government has issued health protocols that use a lot of COVID-19 tests. However, cases of forgery of test certificates often occur in paper-based test certificate. To overcome this problem, we propose a COVID-19 test certificate management system using blockchain technology. By using blockchain technology, the system can be used by multiple entities, even though the entities that use it do not have trust relationship beforehand. This is possible because blockchain is a technology that uses a decentralized network that can store its data with a secure consensus mechanism. The system built using the Ethereum platform, which is a public non-permissioned blockchain that supports decentralized application development through smart contracts that executed via EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine). The system has been developed using 3-layers architecture, which contains network, software, and application layer. The evaluation shows that the system successfully fulfills the COVID-19 test certificate management requirement. The system can be used for tester registration, and create, revoke, display certificates. Furthermore, by using encryption and digital signature mechanism, the system can protect patient privacy and data integrity. The system has also succeeded in fulfilling the availability and security requirements. However, due to the nature of Ethereum consensus mechanism, the system has much lower response time, compared to the centralized counterpart.
The rapid development of information technology opens up opportunities for the development of better services in the field of education. With internet services, the information that students have is not limited by space, place, time and distance. Created a network that does not have a service provider acting as a central authority and users have access to control information that avoids the presence of third parties. An alternative solution to today’s centralized networked learning systems uses the efficient and distributed Decentralized Online Educations (DOE). This platform uses blockchain technology as an educational data storage system that is used to solve academic privacy issues in a decentralized system. This study, created a manageable and auditable access control framework for Decentralized Online Education (DOE) using blockchain technology to discuss the definition of privacy policy.
Freelancing marketplace is a site or platform that connects two parties in processing service transactions at an hourly rate or per project. A conventional freelancing marketplace is a place for freelancers to find work and transact digitally. This study aims to propose a prototype of a freelancing marketplace system that is distributed and decentralized, secure, and transparent using smart contract-based blockchain technology. The method used in this study is a prototype which is a fast method of developing a software system. The developed prototype is a system that is based on the Ethereum public blockchain network, utilizes a smart contract mechanism in its transaction activities, and use IPFS in the storage and sharing of documents on it. According to the findings of the research, transaction data input in the freelancing marketplace system prototype environment can be executed by smart contracts and saved on the blockchain network, indicating that the transaction data will be stored more securely, tamper proof, and transparent.
Financial technology (FinTech) as part of financial inlcussion changes conventional business models to be information technology minded. The presence of FinTech in the wider community makes it easy for access to financial service products and transactions and payment systems more practically, efficiently, and economically. Unfortunately, as the security risk in transacting increases, cyber security in the financial services industry and FinTech service providers is considered a major target by cybercriminals. This study proposed a security management approach through hybrid blockchain method implemented through flask framework and encryption to protect transaction data. The results are promising. Referring to accuracy, this study successfully reduces data leakage and misuse of personal data and financial data in FinTechs.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques