The creation of an electronic voting system formally satisfies the long-term requirements of lawmakers. In the field of information technology, distributed ledger technology has become a fascinating new development. As a result, several apps have offered advantages for economic sharing as a result of the technological growth of Blockchain. The goal of this paper is to outline the legal and technological restrictions placed on the use of the blockchain as a service, as well as to show the building of an electronic voting system. In the article, another well-liked blockchain system that provides technology as a service is examined. Due to its high security, consistency, geographical variety, auditing, and decentralized computing platform of privacy, blockchain technology has grown in relevance in the industrial era [1]. as well as openness.Blockchain technology has been extensively employed in the voting system, financial systems, commercial sectors, healthcare, and IoT.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Block chain is now attracting a lot of interest from scientists and experts for a variety of reasons, including wireless communication decentralization, remote access, digital security, and confidentiality. Although peer-to-peer networking, confidentiality, improved storage, and extra security are all advantages of crypto currencies, its irreversible nature is the primary factor in its top ranking. Block chain may be utilized as a crucial technique to do away with the need for a trustworthy third person in networks that are linked to one another because of how it is dispersed. The most well-known block chains that may be used for installation are Public block chain Fiber, IBM Bit coin, Eth, Eris, R3 Corda, and multichain. The abovementioned review study presents and evaluates the current proof - of - stake security methods for distribution chain, medicine, and IoT access controls. The thorough analysis of applications of block chain will function as the most recent state-of-the-art for academics to conduct cutting-edge research in the pursuit of block chain - based across diverse disciplines.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Digital transformation has increased its proportion in the last few years and the Internet-on-Things (IoT) domain is not an exception, with more and more devices or sensors being connected to the Internet and transmitting different types of data. Usually, being part of more complex IT systems, it must be ensured that the IoT devices transmitting the data are authenticated components of the system before sending the data to a storage server. However, usually, IoT devices have limited computing power, therefore all of the work that they are doing should not be too expensive in terms of computations. This is the case for the authentication mechanism, too. Having this context, in this paper, we propose an authentication mechanism for IoT devices based on elliptic curves, which are known as having a low computational cost compared to other techniques used in cryptography that provide the same level of security. The proposed system includes a blockchain network that will verify the identity of the device which tries to connect within the system to send the data to the storage server, a process that will be made together with the storage server. Once the identity is valid, the blockchain records the transaction and the storage server initiates the data transmission process. Besides including a lightweight authentication mechanism, the proposed method has several other important properties due to it using the blockchain network. Compared to the related work that we analyzed, we show that the proposed authentication mechanism is secure against common attacks designed for IoT devices. The performance analysis shows that the authentication query made by the IoT device takes place in less than a second on both a MSP430F1611 microcontroller and a MICAz sensor.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In recent years, due to the slowdown of the global economy and the instability of the stock market and real estate market, the art market has gradually become the third-largest investment market after the former two. As more and more funds flow into the art market, the two seemingly unrelated industries, art, and finance have increasingly close cooperation due to the growing prosperity of the art market. As a very important part of the process of art financialization, the development of art banks has also received extensive attention from all walks of life. In addition, blockchain, as a technology to jointly maintain reliable databases through trustlessness and decentralization, has grown rapidly in recent years, and is gradually applied in various fields. The advantages of blockchain technology are decentralization, anonymity, immutability, and traceability of stored information. The proposed scheme applies the characteristics of blockchain technology to Art Bank’s art rental system, and will have the following advantages: the use of Hyperledger technology, various art banks being merged into an alliance, and information among alliance members being shared, which is convenient for tenants to comprehensively query a single item. Using blockchain technology, in an environment where there is no central authority, under the premise of preventing the tampering of artwork-related information, ensures that the detailed information of the artwork is shared. Traditional leasing agreements can be compiled into smart contract leasing contracts to automatically run and manipulate data. The proposed protocol satisfies the following security requirements: identities’ mutual authentication, non-repudiation between every two parties, and other major security requirements based on blockchain. When a dispute arises, our proposed scheme also has an arbitration mechanism to clarify responsibilities.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
R Dhanvardini, Pa Martina, Ritesh Vijay, Rengarajan Amirtharajan · 5 authors
Websites and Web apps have become increasingly crucial over the past decade to daily life. Over the last ten years, websites have increased from three million to over 1.7 billion. Modern centralised digital marketplaces and enterprises provide consumers with an alternative method of selling and purchasing items conveniently. However, disadvantages among the marketplaces include the platform’s potential to arbitrarily block merchants, the fees associated with listing and selling products on the site, and the lack of user data privacy. In this, we propose and demonstrate a decentralised application that takes advantage of the Ethereum blockchain to address all these issues. The Truffle development framework was employed in the creation of the application. An Ethereum smart contract later migrated to the Ethereum network comprised the application’s features. The web3.js API (Application Program Interface) was used to send the user’s input to the Ethereum network after being received through a web interface. The users involved will be able to do transactions with the help of an interactive user interface. The interfacing is done using the Truffle framework, and the transactions are made through MetaMask, where ETH tokens are used. The dApp is created using JavaScript and React JS library. Thus, the integration of the blockchain and with front-end application by interfacing it with web 3.0 helps create a secured, immutable, trusted, and easy-to-use e-commerce website.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Platforms and Economics
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Shreya Gupta, Amit Kumar Bairwa, Satpal Singh Kushwaha, Sandeep Joshi
In the recent past, with the advancement of tech-nologies, many changes have been made in Identity Management Systems across the globe. Identity cards have become an inextri-cable part of our lives. With time, authentication of a person's identity and data breaching has led to privacy concerns. The rapid growth of the population raises the challenge of storing large data securely. A new approach to data encryption and hashing can resolve concerns of privacy, security, data handling, and more. Blockchain Technology and the Internet Of Things will improve the current ecosystem. The devised model will be using the AES algorithm for the encryption of biometrics and demographic data. Additionally, the symmetrically distributed storage system, the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS) will be used and data will be hashed by SHA-256. Furthermore, key pairs will be assigned to IoT devices to store the data on a distributed ledger system. This paper will also introduce the merging of Blockchain and IoT, thus ensuring better security and connectivity in a decentralized manner.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Nowadays, more and more people are engaged in media creation and sharing for income. A common way to earn income is to upload media to an intermediary platform and then let the platform distribute some profits. However, intermediary platforms generally not only extract most of the profits, but also lack transparency in their operation, where owners lose direct control over the media. Nevertheless, individual sharing is not feasible for owners because each owner holds too little media to attract enough users independently. Blockchain is a solution to the above problem by gathering media from multiple owners without intermediaries. Though a lot of works have studied the use of blockchain for decentralized management of media data, many of them either did not consider sharing needs or tracing the illegal redistribution by malicious users. As for other works, most of them adopted symmetric digital watermarking in their blockchain networks, and thus fail to protect the rights of users who may be framed by malicious owners. Although asymmetric watermarking has been used by two existing works, the owner-side embedding pattern results in low owner-side efficiency. In view of this, we design a media sharing blockchain network in which the asymmetric fingerprinting (i.e., watermarking) with user-side embedding is introduced. Besides superior owner-side efficiency, our scheme also outperforms the above two ones in terms of TTP-free. Moreover, our scheme is designed to offer a user-friendly experience and support record traceability. The performance of our scheme is verified by both theoretical and experimental evaluations.
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Vlad Dıaconıța, Anda Belciu, Maria Georgiana Stoica
In this study, we explore the challenges and potential solutions to blockchain-based voting. As a first step, we present a comparison of the relevant platforms for implementing smart contracts in decentralized applications (dApps). We analyze the top platforms, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages, their architecture, and which are more reliable for developing smart contracts. The goal is to find a technology that offers various facilities to the developer and multiple functionalities and performance in the development of smart contracts in a field that has seen an incredible pace of innovation. Based on the findings from our research, we propose a framework based on blockchain technology and smart contracts for university-level voting based on blockchains.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In the present situation, most people are not satisfied with the final result of the voting system. This is because the current system for voting is centralized and fully controlled by the election commission. So, there is a chance that the central body can be compromised or hacked and the final result can be tempered. In this direction, a decentralized, Blockchain and IoT based methodology for voting system is devised and presented in this paper. Blockchain is totally transparent, secured and immutable technique because it uses concept like encryption, decryption, hash function, consensus and Merkle tree etc. which make Blockchain Technology an appropriate platform for storing and sharing the data in a secured and anonymous manner. IoT makes use of biometric sensors using which people can cast their votes in not only physical mode but also in digital mode. As a response, a message is received to the owner for casting his vote to ensure the authentication. In this way, the present voting system is more secure and trust-worthy by using the properties of both Blockchain and IoT, and therefore, election process in the democratic countries is valued more. The proposed method ensures security as well as reduces the computational time as compared to the existing approaches.
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Taotao Wang, Zibin Lin, Shengli Zhang, Long Shi · 6 authors
A decentralized identity system that can provide users with self-sovereign digital identities to facilitate complete control over their own data is paramount to Web 3.0. The account system on blockchain is an ideal archetype for realizing Web 3.0 decentralized identity. However, a disadvantage of such completely anonymous identity system is that users can create multiple accounts without authentication to obfuscate their activities on the blockchain. In particular, the current anonymous blockchain account system cannot accurately register the social relationships and interactions between real human users, given the amorphous mappings between users and blockchain identities. This work proposes zkBID, a zero-knowledge blockchain-account-based Web 3.0 decentralized identity scheme, to overcome endemic mistrust in blockchain account systems. zkBID links souls (blockchain accounts) to humans (users' personhood credentials) in a one-to-one manner to truly reflect the social relationships and interactions between humans on the blockchain. zkBID conceals the one-to-one relationships between blockchain accounts and users' personhood credentials for privacy protection using zero-knowledge proofs and linkable ring signatures. Thus, with zkBID, the users' blockchain accounts are credibly anonymous. Importantly, zkBID is fully decentralized: all user-related data are generated by users and verified by smart contracts on the blockchain. We implemented zkBID and built a blockchain test network for evaluation purposes. Our tests demonstrate the effectiveness of zkBID and suggest proper ways to configure zkBID system parameters.
Open access
3 source records
cs.CR
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain has built-in security features. Basic concepts in blockchain include cryptographic, decentralized, and consensus concepts that guarantee integrity. It's been extremely difficult for a very long time to create a safe and secure electronic voting system that gives the clarity and versatility provided by electronic systems, as well as the transparency and privacy supplied by present voting systems. In this research work, blockchain application is assessed for implementing decentralized electronic voting systems. The study offers a different electronic voting system based on blockchain that tackles some of the drawbacks and limitations of current systems and assesses some of the well-known blockchain frameworks in order to build a blockchain-based e-voting system. Through the analysis of a case study, the possibilities of distributed ledger technology have been specifically evaluated.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In recent times, blockchain has received a lot of exposure due to its increased usage in many fields. Blockchain is a decentralized and open ledger that contains information on transactions. It works as an underlying technology for cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and others. It eliminates the double-spending problem by implementing the digital signature mechanism. Blockchain technology has evolved to address the confidentiality and other technical issues that come with using distributed databases. It offers a decentralized environment for processing the transactions, establishes trust among the nodes participating in the network, and also removes the use of central third-party authority. The blockchain contains information on every transaction and is completely change-resistant. It offers peer-to-peer networks in which all nodes are able to validate the transactions happening in the network using a consensus mechanism. This is a very revolutionary technology that has been developed and widely used in a variety of fields. But still having some challenges like security, privacy, storage, scalability, latency, higher consumption of energy, and others. In this paper, the two popular open-source tools for blockchain technology are presented: Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric. Ethereum is public and permissionless platform whereas Hyperledger Fabric is private and permissioned. The Transaction life cycle of Ethereum and the architecture of Hyperledger Fabric are discussed.
2 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Mohammad Nabiluzzaman Neloy, Md. Abdul Wahab, Sheikh Wasif, Abdulla All Noman · 8 authors
Abstract Traditional voting procedures are non‐remote, time‐consuming, and less secure. While the voter believes their vote was submitted successfully, the authority does not provide evidence that the vote was counted and tallied. In most cases, the anonymity of a voter is also not sure, as the voter's details are included in the ballot papers. Many voters consider this voting system untrustworthy and manipulative, discouraging them from voting, and consequently, an election loses a significant number of participants. Although the inclusion of electronic voting systems (EVS) has increased efficiency; however, it has raised concerns over security, legitimacy, and transparency. To mitigate these problems, blockchain technology has been leveraged and smart contract facilities with a combination of artificial intelligence (AI) to propose a remote voting system that makes the overall voting procedure transparent, semi‐decentralized, and secure. In addition, a system that aids in boosting the number of turnouts in an election through an incentivization policy for the voters have also developed. Through the proposed virtual campaigning feature, the authority can generate a decent amount of revenue, which downsizes the overall cost of an election. To reduce the associated cost of transactions using smart contracts, this system implements a hybrid storage system where only a few cardinal data are stored in the blockchain network.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Recently, the Ethereum smart contracts have seen a surge in interest from the scientific community and new commercial uses. However, as online trade expands, other fraudulent practices—including phishing, bribery, and money laundering—emerge as significant challenges to trade security. This study is useful for reliably detecting fraudulent transactions; this work developed a deep learning model using a unique metaheuristic optimization strategy. The new optimization method to overcome the challenges, Optimized Genetic Algorithm-Cuckoo Search (GA-CS), is combined with deep learning. In this research, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used in the phase of exploration in the Cuckoo Search (CS) technique to address a deficiency in CS. A comprehensive experiment was conducted to appraise the efficiency and performance of the suggested strategies compared with those of various popular techniques, such as k-nearest neighbors (KNN), logistic regression (LR), multi-layer perceptron (MLP), XGBoost, light gradient boosting machine (LGBM), random forest (RF), and support vector classification (SVC), in terms of restricted features and we compared their performance and efficiency metrics to the suggested approach in detecting fraudulent behavior on Ethereum. The suggested technique and SVC models outperform the rest of the models, with the highest accuracy, while deep learning with the proposed optimization strategy outperforms the RF model, with slightly higher performance of 99.71% versus 98.33%.
Open access
2 source records
Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
V. Sathya Preiya, V. D. Ambeth Kumar, Ritesh Vijay, K. Vijay · 5 authors
Given the increasing importance of technology in meeting human needs, its utilization has become crucial. In contemporary democracies, where public trust in governments is declining and elections play a pivotal role, the widespread adoption of technology has led to new challenges. Elections hold significant importance as they determine the future leaders of countries or organizations. However, certain computerized voting systems have faced criticism for their lack of transparency. Establishing public trust in the government is a formidable task due to the lack of transparency and susceptibility to exploitation in existing voting procedures. Both traditional and current digital voting systems are ineffective due to their vulnerabilities. The main objective is to address issues in conventional and electronic voting systems, including errors and unfairness that may arise during the voting process. Integrating blockchain technology into the electoral process can ensure fair elections and reduce unfair practices. The computerized voting methods do not meet the necessary standards for widespread usage, and the physical voting systems also face numerous issues. This underscores the importance of finding a solution to protect the democratic principles of citizens. By offering a fast and secure voting method, this system has the potential to bring about a revolutionary change in the electoral process. It could lead to higher voter participation and more accurate election results. The proposed approach presents a framework for digital voting using blockchain technology, eliminating the need for physical polling locations. Our suggested design incorporates adaptable consensus algorithms to support a scalable blockchain. Smart contracts ensure secure interactions between users and the network during transaction execution. The security aspects of the blockchain-based voting mechanism have also been addressed, including the use of cryptographic hashes for transaction encryption and prevention of 51% attacks. Furthermore, blockchain technology has been utilized to establish transaction systems throughout the voting process. Performance studies of the proposed system demonstrate its feasibility for deployment in large populations.
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Data security and user privacy are two main security concerns in the cold-chain logistics system (CCLS). Many security issues exist in traditional CCLS, destroying data security and user privacy. The digital signature can provide data verification and identity authentication based on the mathematical difficulty problem for logistics data sharing in CCLS. This paper first established a blockchain-enabled cold-chain logistics system (BCCLS) based on union blockchain technology, which can provide secure data sharing among different logistics nodes and guarantee logistics data security with the untampered blockchain ledger. Meanwhile, a lattice-based undeniable signature scheme is designed to strengthen the security of logistics data and user privacy against quantum attacks. This scheme is based on the lattice assumption, which can provide anti-quantum security for BCCLS in the future quantum computer age. It also establishes the undeniable mechanism that guarantees that the actual signer cannot deny a valid signature. Then, security proof shows that this undeniable signature scheme is correct and safe, and an efficiency comparison shows that it is more efficient than other schemes in similar literature. The performance evaluations of transaction throughput and latency show that the proposed BCCLS is efficient and practical. This work can improve the security and efficiency of logistics data management and promote the reform and development of the logistics industry.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain technology provides a novel method for storing information, performing tasks and functions, and establishing trust between participating nodes. Despite the fact that blockchain technology has received significant attention in a variety of application contexts over the last few years, the issue of privacy and security remains the primary focus of blockchain discussions. In Blockchain, the cryptographic hash function is used to secure message blocks and connect blocks in a chain. In summary, each block in the blockchain contains its own block hash as well as a hash of the block before it. This enables them to create a crypto-graphically secure linear chain of blocks. With blockchain technology, there is a new way to store information, carry out tasks and functions, and build trust between the nodes that are taking part. Hash algorithms can be used to make blockchain integration safe, and many of them can solve problems with data integrity and security that arise when using blockchain technology. But they can also have problems with time, lack of resources, and using too much memory. In this study, an algorithm to create a hash based on a chaos key using logistic maps and lightweight cryptography is proposed (hamming bird 2). Hash outputs are tested in terms of time and hardness to guess using cryptanalysis tools. The proposed algorithm has been tested using cryptanalysis site based brute force attacks. The result show that the modified hash cannot identified by site using all cryptanalysis setting that prove the strong of hash generated against attacks.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The essential characteristics of blockchain, such as immutability and auditability, are leading to its increasing incorporation into society. The Internet of Things (IoT) aims to create a decentralized framework for IoT and enhance security. The processing of transactions for different IoT applications poses challenges for the convergence of IoT and blockchain due to varying performance requirements. In addition, it is important to note that the dispersed IoT systems membership may change when an IoT device adds or departs from it. As the system becomes dynamic, it presents new difficulties for managing devices. Accordingly, a dynamic application block generation (DABG) scheme for blockchain-enabled IoT with dynamic device management and conditional traceability is proposed. To begin, it is necessary to construct a framework for an IoT system based on a consortium blockchain. This framework should consist of structures for dynamic application transactions and blocks, as well as a consensus mechanism. Miners are presented in distinct ways to adaptively process urgent and routine application transactions. A protocol based on group signature, known as DABG, is proposed for this framework. It is possible to achieve nonframeability, traceability, and anonymity by the use of the group signature. The suggested method may quickly validate transactions, manage devices in a dynamic manner, enable conditional traceability while maintaining data security, and keep users privacy intact. This is made possible by merging time-bound keys in the group signatures and node in the blockchain. Extensive testing has shown that the strategy in question has the potential to achieve very high levels of effectiveness.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
У даній роботі розроблено вебзастосунок на блокчейні Ethereum, який надає можливість користувачам обмінювати криптовалюти, відображає статистику актуальних цін для криптовалюти та має інтеграцію функціоналу відстеження поточного газу в мережі Ethereum для проведення транзакцій. Для досягнення цієї мети були поставлені відповідні завдання, які були успішно виконані. В процесі розробки проведено дослідження наявних систем та технологій, що дозволяють обмінювати криптовалюти, для отримання глибшого розуміння їх принципів та функціоналу. Досліджено та обрано для впровадження алгоритм проведення обміну криптовалют, який забезпечує безпечну передачу активів між користувачами. Також реалізовано використання смарт-контракту, який відповідає алгоритму обміну криптовалют та забезпечує автоматизовану обробку транзакцій. Розроблено інтерфейс вебзастосунку, який дозволяє користувачам обмінювати криптовалюти. Також реалізовані необхідні операції для взаємодії з мережею Ethereum, зокрема для роботи з DEX, забезпечуючи можливість виконання транзакцій, доступ до контрактів та отримання актуальної інформації про токени на блокчейні Ethereum. Ключові слова : криптовалюта, обмін криптовалюти, вебзастосунок, API, ETHEREUM, смарт-контракт, блокчейн.
Open access
Cybersecurity and Information Systems
Information Systems and Technology Applications
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Jihyeon Oh, Myeonghyun Kim, Yohan Park, Youngho Park
In a rapidly evolving metaverse, where the physical and virtual realms naturally merge, users are actively participating in interactive experiences, content creation, and content trading, transcending spatial and temporal constraints. However, with the spread of the metaverse, security concerns have been raised about privacy and the integrity of digital transactions. Several studies have thus focused on enhancing the security and privacy in metaverse. However, there is still a lack of security research on content trading between metaverse platforms. Therefore, this paper proposes a secure content trading system for cross-platform interactions within the metaverse. Leveraging the blockchain technology, the proposed system delivers an ecosystem that ensures secure content management, data integrity, and verifiable transactions. We use smart contracts that enable reliable and automated purchase methods, empowering users and building their trust. In addition, we incorporate searchable encryption to further enhance the user experience within the metaverse by allowing avatars to seamlessly search for and obtain the desired content across different metaverse platforms. The security of the proposed scheme is comprehensively assessed via vulnerability analyses, including BAN logic and Scyther, to identify potential threats and vulnerabilities in various content trading scenarios. The security and performance of the proposed system are compared with those of the related schemes. Result reveals that the proposed scheme is robust and can be applied to content trading systems in dynamic and ever-expanding metaverse environments.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
T. T. Tram Ngo, The Anh Dang, V. Vuong Huynh, Tam Le
Although blockchain is an emerging technology, it has been applied in a lot of domains by leveraging its features. Traditional identity management systems have many issues regarding security and privacy of personal data. Blockchain has the potential to mitigate and avoid such issues by creating trust among the parties involved in the system while reducing reliance on third-party authorities. The first blockchain-based identity management solutions were launched in 2016. Since then, due to high demand, numerous primary and experimental studies and intatives have been carried out to provide solutions to this research topic. Along with that, there are also a lot of secondary studies to overview the current state of research on this topic. However, the number of systematic research articles is still limited and each research has it limitation. Through this study, we provide a novel systematic literature including categorization of studies into predefined categories (domain, research type, place of publication), analysis of publication frequency, co-authorship, number of papers citing each paper of all studied papers. Comparing to other systematic literature mapping studies, our paper provides a more comprehensive view of the studied articles. In particular, we analyze the number of citations, which no study has ever done. In this research, we studied 361 papers published from January 2009 to April 2022 in four big databases (IEEE Explore, ACM Digital Library, ScienceDirect, Springer Link), the largest number of articles studied compared to previous researches. The obtained results show that most of the articles under validation research type (providing solution and implementing that solution but not in real-world scenarios) propose solutions/systems, models/schemes and architectures to address general problems. We also find that the majority of authors works alone or collaborate in a separate group and co-work in only one paper. This shows that there is no long term collaboration in blockchain-based IdM identity management, and thus subsequent publications presenting real-world blockchain-based identity management products do not exist.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques