Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
8,837 results · page 261 of 369
Ali Hassan Sodhro, Sandeep Pirbhulal, Muhammad Muzammal, Luo Zongwei
No abstract is available for this record.
Horst Treiblmaier, Abderahman Rejeb, Andreas Strebinger
The term “Smart City” denotes a comprehensive concept to alleviate pending problems of modern urban areas which have developed into an important work field for practitioners and scholars alike. However, the question remains as to how cities can become “smart”. The application of information technology is generally considered a key driver in the “smartization” of cities. Detailed frameworks and procedures are therefore needed to guide, operationalize, and measure the implementation process as well as the impact of the respective technologies. In this paper, we discuss blockchain technology, a novel driver of technological transformation that comprises a multitude of underlying technologies and protocols, and its potential impact on smart cities. We specifically address the question of how blockchain technology may benefit the development of urban areas. Based on a comprehensive literature review, we present a framework and research propositions. We identify nine application fields of blockchain technology in the smartization of cities: (1) healthcare, (2) logistics and supply chains, (3) mobility, (4) energy, (5) administration and services, (6) e-voting, (7) factory, (8) home and (9) education. We discuss current developments in these fields, illustrate how they are affected by blockchain technology and derive propositions to guide future research endeavors.
Wenbing Zhao, Congfeng Jiang, Honghao Gao, Shunkun Yang · 5 authors
In this article, we provide a concise but systematic review on blockchain-enabled cyber-physical systems (CPS). We dissect various blockchain-enabled CPS as reported in the literature in terms of their operations and the features of blockchain that have been used. We identify key common CPS operations that can be enabled by blockchain, and classify them in terms of their time sensitivity and throughput requirements. We also elaborate and classify features of blockchain in terms of different levels of benefits to CPS, including security, privacy, immutability, fault tolerance, interoperability, data provenance, atomicity, automation, data/service sharing, and trust. Finally, we point out two primary open research issues for developing blockchain-enabled CPS, namely, excessive delay in reaching consensus and limited throughput, and outline future research directions.
Aparna Kumari, Rajesh Gupta, Sudeep Tanwar, Neeraj Kumar
No abstract is available for this record.
Bharat Bhushan, Chinmayee Sahoo, Preeti Sinha, Aditya Khamparia
No abstract is available for this record.
Sudip Misra, Anandarup Mukherjee, Arijit Roy, Nishant Saurabh · 6 authors
The proliferation of IoT in various technological realms has resulted in the massive spurt of unsecured data. The use of complex security mechanisms for securing these data is highly restricted owing to the low-power and low-resource nature of most of the IoT devices, especially at the Edge. In this article, we propose to use blockchains for extending security to such IoT implementations. We deploy a Ethereum blockchain consisting of both regular and constrained devices connecting to the blockchain through wired and wireless heterogeneous networks. We additionally implement a secure and encrypted networked clock mechanism to synchronize the non-real-time IoT Edge nodes within the blockchain. Further, we experimentally study the feasibility of such a deployment and the bottlenecks associated with it by running necessary cryptographic operations for blockchains in IoT devices. We study the effects of network latency, increase in constrained blockchain nodes, data size, Ether, and blockchain node mobility during transaction and mining of data within our deployed blockchain. This study serves as a guideline for designing secured solutions for IoT implementations under various operating conditions such as those encountered for static IoT nodes and mobile IoT devices.
Anshuman Kalla, Tharaka Hewa, Raaj Anand Mishra, Mika Ylianttila · 5 authors
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected almost all aspects of human life, various sectors of business, and regions of the world. The flow of human activities halted for several months, and are now being carefully redefined to align with guidelines and recommendations to avoid the spread of the novel coronavirus. In contrast to other pandemics the world has witnessed in the past, the technological advancements of the current era are a boon that can play a key role in safeguarding humanity. In this work, we begin by highlighting general challenges that have arisen during the COVID-19 pandemic. Next, to gauge the applicability of blockchain as a key enabling technology, we identify potential use cases to meet current needs. Furthermore, for each use case, we present a high-level view of how blockchain can be leveraged and discuss the expected performance. Finally, we highlight the challenges that must be addressed to harness the full potential of blockchain technology and discuss plausible solutions.
Pratima Sharma, Rajni Jindal, Malaya Dutta Borah
The demand for Blockchain innovation and the significance of its application has inspired ever-progressing exploration in various scientific and practical areas. Even though it is still in the initial testing stage, the blockchain is being viewed as a progressive solution to address present-day technology concerns, such as decentralization, identity, trust, character, ownership of data, and information-driven choices. Simultaneously, the world is facing an increase in the diversity and quantity of digital information produced by machines and users. While effectively looking for the ideal approach to storing and processing cloud data, the blockchain innovation provides significant inputs. This article reviews the application of blockchain technology for securing cloud storage.
Mario Mureddu, Emilio Ghiani, Fabrizio Pilo
Future smart grids are expected to be equipped with a multitude of distributed and connected devices, able to measure, manage and control the state of the grid. In this view, the presence of distributed devices, with spare computational capabilities, allows the development of Distributed Machine Learning (ML) algorithms, aiming at performing the analyses and optimizations needed to ensure the correct grid operation. This work aims to present a new Decentralized Genetic Algorithm (DGA) approach able to perform, form a global perspective, the optimization of the network operation, showing resilience to malfunctioning and cyber-attacks to the distributed Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This result has been achieved by implementing an immutable, certified and decentralized blockchain based master ledger, which serves as the coordinating node among all the distributed computing devices. The proposed methodology has been tested considering an optimal scheduling problem in a local MV network, with high penetration of Distributed Renewable Generation and Controllable Loads.
Shi-Syun Kuo, Wei-Tsung Su
In this paper, we propose the blockchain-indexed storage (BIS) to provide scalable and secure IoT-enabled supply chain traceability. Although blockchain can prevent data from being maliciously tampered with, scalability is the challenge to directly store supply chain data into blockchain. A massive IoT devices can generate enormous transactions and data which can significantly increase latency and cost. Instead of directly storing supply chain data into blockchain, BIS stores data and data fingerprint into off-chain storages and blockchain, respectively. In addition, BIS supports adaptive transaction arrival rate to control latency and cost according to demand. Our preliminary implementation and analysis show the feasibility of applying BIS to provide scalable and secure supply chain traceability.
Ning Wang, Bo Wang, Taoying Liu, Wei Li · 5 authors
Blockchain is a kind of distributed accounting system with the characteristics of decentralization, openness, transparency, non-tampering and de-trust. Recently, blockchain-based applications appear in various fields such as IoT, supply-chain, etc. A practical requirement of applying the Blockchain technology to the conventional supply-chain system is the trans-action synchronization between databases and the blockchain systems. This paper proposes a middleware that supports non-intrusive, efficient, fault-tolerant transaction data synchronization. The middleware is designed under three principles. The first is to divide the process of transaction synchronization into several independent phases. The second is to convert the representation of database transaction into an optimal form for blockchain, and transactions are packed and written into blockchain in a batch mode. The third is to guarantee the consistency between database and blockchain through failure recovery mechanism. Utilities like pipeline processing and transaction mapping built on this middleware achieve significant performance improvement. The peak TPS of Hyperledger Fabric reaches above 16000, which is more than 32 times of the direct submission method.
Seyednima Khezr, Rachid Benlamri, Abdulsalam Yassine
People aged 65 and above are considered to be the fastest-growing population in the world. It is believed that the majority of elderly people will be living alone and hence need to receive health services to ensure their well-being. One promising way is to provide caregivers access to the elderly daily activities (e.g., eating, cleaning, exercising patterns, etc.) through non-intrusive means. Therefore, recognizing and tracking their daily activities play a key role in providing timely health and emergency services that foster better day-to-day care. The solution proposed in this paper is based on analyzing and recognizing the daily activities based on the energy consumption of appliances inside homes. To ensure that elderly people's data are protected and accessible by authorized personnel within the healthcare ecosystem, blockchain technology is used as a means for maintaining and sharing daily activities patterns with healthcare providers. The main challenges of this paper are as follows: (i) How to recognize relationships between appliance usage and daily activities from concurrent streams of smart meter data; and (ii) how to construct profiles of daily activities and upload them to the blockchain system. For addressing these issues, we develop our model based on Bayesian network to recognize daily activities based on the energy consumption of appliances. To ensure that elderly people's data are protected, we use Hyperledger blockchain technology as a trustworthy mechanism for creating profiles, in order to protect data and prevent scams or frauds that might jeopardize people's privacy.
Neelam Saleem Khan, Mohammad Ahsan Chishti
As the IoT is moving out of its early stages, it is emerging as an area of future internet. The evolving communication paradigm among cloud servers, Fog nodes and IoT devices are establishing a multilevel communication infrastructure. Fog provides a platform for IoT along with other services like networking, storage and computing. With the tremendous expansion of IoT, security threats also arise. These security hazards cannot be addressed by mere dependence on cloud model. In this paper we present an overview of security landscape of Fog computing, challenges, and, existing solutions. We outline major authentication issues in IoT, map their existing solutions and further tabulate Fog and IoT security loopholes. Furthermore this paper presents Blockchain, a decentralized distributed technology as one of the solutions for authentication issues in IoT. We tried to discuss the strength of Blockchain technology, work done in this field, its adoption in COVID-19 fight and tabulate various challenges in Blockchain technology. At last we present the Cell Tree architecture as another solution to address some of the security issues in IoT, outlined its advantages over Blockchain technology and tabulated some future course to stir some attempts in this area.
Yaoming Yue, Xueliang Fu
The research of blockchain technology in the field of supply chain management has received extensive attention, but the research results and decision-making model of the perfect blockchain technology to solve the supervision of medical equipment supply chain have not yet been formed. This research analyzes and designs a full life cycle supply chain management method for medical equipment based on blockchain technology. A medical equipment supply chain supervision model based on blockchain technology was constructed, and a medical equipment supply chain supervision system based on blockchain technology was formed based on the full life cycle supply chain management model. Combining full life cycle theory with blockchain technology, a medical equipment management information system covering the entire process of production, supply, tendering, procurement, storage, application, export, use, destruction, and traceability of medical equipment was designed.
Mohammad Amiri-Zarandi, Rozita Dara
Social Internet of Things (social IoT) is a paradigm that integrates the social network concepts with IoT in which objects in the network are able to establish social relationships with each other. In these networks, to preserve privacy and security, the access to IoT resources can be handled based on social trust evaluation of the devices. This paper examines a blockchain-based trust management system for edge-enhanced IoT that uses social information of the system to strengthen the trust evaluation. Moreover, this system leverages information entropy to enhance security. We also developed a proof of concept system to show that the proposed solution can effectively assess trust factors in social IoT.
Ashok Kumar Yadav, Karan Singh
No abstract is available for this record.
Zheng Zhang, Liang Huang, Renzhong Tang, Tao Peng · 6 authors
Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is regarded as a promising transformation technology for manufacturing industry. We expect the information flow through along the process of material flow, gauging and collective devices feed IIoT platform with essential data. AI and big data analytical techniques can then be used to process the data to support a series of decision-making. Users at both managerial and operational levels can take actions accordingly, which significantly improve management efficiency in one organization, enhance supply chain coordination, and attract investment, etc. Powerful as bigdata and AI technology, they cannot operate without data. In centralized, third-party-managed IIoT platform, few manufactures are willing to share their critical data. This study extends IIoT framework with blockchain technology to provide a solution for trustless data sharing. The solution embeds encrypted ledger to avoid credential data tampering, employs m-in-n-out smart contracts to secure data exchange, and utilizes consensus mechanism to improve cyber security. The proposed framework integrates blockchain with IIoT to operate the entire industrial data exchange in a decentralized network, namely Industrial Blockchain of Things (IBoT).
Léo Mendiboure, Mohamed Aymen Chalouf, Francine Krief
Software Defined Vehicular Networking (SDVN) could be the future of the vehicular networks, enabling interoperability between heterogeneous networks and mobility management. Thus, the deployment of large SDVN is considered. However, SDVN is facing major security issues, in particular, authentication and access control issues. Indeed, an unauthorized SDN controller could modify the behavior of switches (packet redirection, packet drops) and an unauthorized switch could disrupt the operation of the network (reconnaissance attack, malicious feedback). Due to the SDVN features (decentralization, mobility) and the SDVN requirements (flexibility, scalability), the Blockchain technology appears to be an efficient way to solve these authentication and access control issues. Therefore, many Blockchain-based approaches have already been proposed. However, two key challenges have not been addressed: authentication and access control for SDN controllers and high scalability for the underlying Blockchain network. That is why in this paper we propose an innovative and scalable architecture, based on a set of interconnected Blockchain sub-networks. Moreover, an efficient access control mechanism and a cross-sub-networks authentication/revocation mechanism are proposed for all SDVN devices (vehicles, roadside equipment, SDN controllers). To demonstrate the benefits of our approach, its performances are compared with existing solutions in terms of throughput, latency, CPU usage and read/write access to the Blockchain ledger. In addition, we determine an optimal number of Blockchain sub-networks according to different parameters such as the number of certificates to store and the number of requests to process.
Selina Demi
This paper presents a PhD research plan that focuses on solving existing problems in requirements engineering, by means of a novel blockchain-enabled framework. Requirements engineering in general and requirements traceability in particular are characterized by a variety of distributed stakeholders and heterogeneity of tools. These characteristics introduce integration, communication, coordination and trust issues and impede the accurate and trustworthy traceability of requirements. Thereby, this paper proposes blockchain technology for the trustworthy management and traceability of requirements throughout the software development life cycle.
Emanuel Regnath, Nitin Shivaraman, Shanker Shreejith, Arvind Easwaran · 5 authors
Time synchronization among IoT devices is a fundamental requirement for efficient and reliable communication on a global scale. Common synchronization schemes such as NTP operate on a trust-based client-server model, which does not scale well in a decentralized network because single server failures can lead to a severe downtime before re-establishing synchronization. Public blockchains such as Ethereum provide a trustless network and tamper-proof time-stamped data that is freely available. In this paper, we leverage the availability of time information in the block headers, which are very small (several hundreds of bytes) compared to the full blocks and can be validated without participation in the mining process. Our approach uses two estimators that are fed with the timestamps from block headers as well as the elapsed time between consecutive block receptions to estimate the true time to an accuracy of one second. We evaluate our approach by extensive validation on blockchain data from different geographical locations across the globe and show that global synchronization can be established despite the non-deterministic behavior of blockchains such as mining difficulty, network latencies and forks.
Liuqing Yang, Xiao-Yang Liu, Jeong Soo Kim
Food security and quality has become an increasingly concerned issue around the world. Recent food falsification cases have caused vast public health risk and economic damage while eroding consumers’ trust. Ever more prevalent is the danger of infectious disease among livestock that may cause serious economic damage while adding uncertainty to the world’s food supply. Animal-human transmitted diseases infect humans and are the culprits for the 2003 SARS, 2009 H1N1 Avian Flu, and 2019 Coronavirus outbreaks. Livestock monitoring is a promising approach in disease warning, authenticating food supply chain and tracking sources of contamination in the production cycle. One way of addressing the traceability issue and ensuring accountability is by utilizing blockchain technology as a ledger. This paper proposes a novel method to apply blockchain technology to ensure traceability and authenticity in the livestock supply chain, hence making the livestock farming process more scientific and trustworthy.
Syam Sankar, T.D. Subash, N. Vishwanath, Deepa Elizabeth Geroge
No abstract is available for this record.
Hossain Kordestani, Kamel Barkaoui, Wagdy Zahran
Given the exploding number of the elderly and patients with chronic diseases and the uneven distribution of clinicians, it is economically impossible to continue traditional medicine. Hence, the healthcare sector has been gradually gravitating towards telemedicine, which applies intelligent systems for more comprehensive medical services with minimum costs. The criticality of data and process involved in telemedicine raise various concerns in terms of reliability and security. To this end, in this paper, we propose HapiChain, a blockchain-based framework for patient-centric telemedicine. HapiChain exploits blockchain technology to improve security, scalability, and reliability of medical workflows. Although HapiChain is patient-centric, it also helps the clinicians to save time and prevent unnecessary trips without improvising the level of treatment. In HapiChain, we embed two primary telemedicine services, namely telemonitoring and teleconsultation. For the former service, Hapicare, an existing healthcare monitoring system with self-adaptive coaching using probabilistic reasoning, is used. HapiChain then completes this service by adding teleconsultation services exploiting blockchain technology. The HapiChain framework includes three main layers: (i) interface layer, (ii) DApp layer, and (iii) blockchain layer. In the first layer, Hapicare is used to communicates with the users, i.e., patients and doctors. DApp layer includes the required procedures for security and scalability of HapiChain, namely smart contracts and distributed storage. The latter is achieved using the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). In the blockchain layer, Ethereum blockchain is used as a platform of DApps. We evaluate the HapiChain framework and the proposed teleconsultation services in a use-case.
Jillian Buttecali, Zachary Proom, Paul T. P. Wong
In 2019, a team at the Federal Reserve Board (Board) conducted small-scale experimentation, named the "FooWire project," to build a payment system using distributed ledger technology (DLT). The team built the system using Hyperledger Fabric, a popular DLT platform, because it generally met the team's design requirements of a closed network, mature technology, and enterprise readiness.