Tanvir Ahmed Aadeef, Md Fahad Monir, Sanzar Adnan Alam
Counterfeit certificates and diplomas are a common issue. Blockchain technology offers a potential solution through its decentralized ledger system, which uses cryptographic techniques and incentives to verify and store transactions in blocks that are added to the public blockchain. This secure and transparent method of storing data makes it ideal for Industry 4.0 and beyond as it is difficult for information to be stolen or for corrupt institutions to sell unauthenticated certificates. In this research paper, we compare and analyze existing two different methods of certification issuance and management which is BCert, and University of Zurich Blockchain. We also discuss the differences in algorithms for hashing and how we can improve the existing code for each method. Our aim is to thoroughly examine these approaches and contribute to the field of certification through our analysis and conclusions.
With the increasing growth rate of smart home devices and their interconnectivity via the Internet of Things (IoT), security threats to the communication network have become a concern. This paper proposes a learning engine for a smart home communication network that utilizes blockchain-based secure communication and a cloud-based data evaluation layer to segregate and rank data on the basis of three broad categories of Transactions (T), namely Smart T, Mod T, and Avoid T. The learning engine utilizes a neural network for the training and classification of the categories that helps the blockchain layer with improvisation in the decision-making process. The contributions of this paper include the application of a secure blockchain layer for user authentication and the generation of a ledger for the communication network; the utilization of the cloud-based data evaluation layer; the enhancement of an SI-based algorithm for training; and the utilization of a neural engine for the precise training and classification of categories. The proposed algorithm outperformed the Fused Real-Time Sequential Deep Extreme Learning Machine (RTS-DELM) system, the data fusion technique, and artificial intelligence Internet of Things technology in providing electronic information engineering and analyzing optimization schemes in terms of the computation complexity, false authentication rate, and qualitative parameters with a lower average computation complexity; in addition, it ensures a secure, efficient smart home communication network to enhance the lifestyle of human beings.
The Internet of Drones (IoD) is a rapidly growing technology with the potential to revolutionize various industries, but it also raises concerns about security and efficiency in communication between drones. Blockchain technology has the potential to solve these issues but conventional blockchains face performance, computation, and scalability issues. This article proposes using Internet of Things Application (IOTA) distributed ledger technology (DLT) to address these concerns in the IoD. IOTA offers a highly energy-efficient alternative to major DLTs such as Bitcoin and Ethereum while providing fast and secure solutions. Our results show that IOTA not only outperforms Bitcoin but also low-energy DLTs like Ethereum by a huge margin. The use of IOTA DLTs in large-scale systems including the IoD can improve the efficiency and speed of tasks such as surveillance, delivery, and inspection. The article also discusses the potential challenges and future work for integrating IOTA DLTs in the IoD.
T. Rajendran, Shri Bharathi S V, Sridhar S, T. Anitha
Integrating the Internet into many applications has made securing users’ data and maintaining their privacy a significant concern. In recent years, blockchains (BC) have garnered much attention due to their distinctive properties, which include decentralization, immutability, anonymity, security, and auditability. BC technology was utilized in various nonfinancial applications, like the Internet of Things (IoT), wireless sensor networks (WSN), and cloud computing. The objective of this study is to conduct an analysis of previously published research and provide a summary of the efforts put into researching BC applications for network security. In this study, many networking technologies, including IoT, Industrial IoT, Cloud, WSN, VANET, and MANET, were used in conjunction with BC technology to investigate applications for network security. This study presents an analysis of network security, along with its limitations and contributions, with an overview of the BC evolution, BC architecture, its working principle, and its application, as well as the advantages and disadvantages associated with BC. In this study, recently published articles on BC-based solutions for network security and privacy preservation that were published between 2018 and 2022 are analyzed. The surveyed articles are categorized according to the network application, methodology, and contribution. In conclusion, an analysis of the implementation of BC technology across various networks and their issues and challenges are presented.
Emerging technologies including such Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain contribute significantly to the improvement of health services. The purpose of this chapter is to achieve and democratize services through the provision of medical care as a service. The result was the development of medical gadgets integrating healthcare sensors. It links medical equipment like the temperature controller to the cloud environment of medical doctors and staff. This study introduced the combination of IoT and Blockchain as a secure platform to reduce the scarcity of nurses. Blockchain was employed for storing and validating patient information in the proposed operating framework. A significant reduction in nursing gaps for large-scale patients has been shown. All technological specifications have been given to allow the prototyping execution of these suggested medical services simply adaptable. This article deals with Blockchain technology inclusion in Remote Medical Monitoring Devices Internet of Things (IoT) security. The document provides the advantages of Blockchain based safety methods and practical barriers in remote health monitoring via IoT devices. The study also examines several cryptographic methods appropriate for IoT implementation.
Internet of Things (IoT) fog nodes are distributed near end-user devices to mitigate the impacts of low delay, position awareness, and spatial spread, which aren't permitted by numerous IoT apps. Fog computing (FC) also speeds up reaction times by decreasing the quantity of data sent to the cloud. Despite these advantages, FC still has a lot of work to do to fulfill security and privacy standards. The constraints of the FC resources are the cause of these difficulties. In reality, FC could raise fresh concerns about privacy and security. Although the Fog security and privacy problems have been covered in several articles recently, most of these studies just touched the surface of these difficulties. This paper provides a unique solution for the authentication of data by using hyperledger fabric. The fog layer store data transferred by the IoT layer and calculate the hash value. These hash values are now stored in hyperledger fabric for authentication purposes. The proposed model results compared with lewako’s and Fan’s scheme and found that the proposed model has 25.00 % less encryption time, 09.3 % less decryption time, 17.48 % less storage overhead, and 23.38 % less computation cost as compared to Fan’s scheme.
As more data is transmitted and processed, as it moves from its infancy to full maturity, the Internet of Things (IoT) has the possibility of developing quite quickly. This is because communication technologies are evolving so quickly. If the IoT can be balanced to match the characteristics of the block chain, it will have many uses. Cyber security regulations are becoming more intelligent, encouragingly with the potential of aerospace technologies. Cyberthreats and masquerading attacks to steal data have grown significantly in recent years thanks to advances in communication network technologies. As a result, safety-enhancing concepts and mechanisms are incorporated into regulations. There is an urgent demand for drones as they are being used for all purposes in applications like IoT, warfare and agriculture and thus to deliver better solutions and communications between control systems with the adoption of drones to protect data values and eliminate potential vulnerabilities that could cause huge losses. Unmanned vehicles, also increasingly called drones, bring new problems in fields as diverse as weather monitoring and forecasting as well as agricultural sensing and monitoring. A comprehensive IoTblockchain framework for drone communication has been designed and implemented to secure drone communication in receiving and transmitting data as well as to protect the predictability of received data. The idea is to combine cloud auditing of data and secure communication by drone with block chain to protect data integrity.
Kamlesh Kumar Gautam, Shiva Prakash, R. K. Dwivedi
The Patient medical record monitoring using IoT based Biometrics and blockchain security system suggests an innovative strategy for patient monitoring of their health and disease that combines the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and blockchain technology through biometrics. The paper presents a proposed model of combine system architecture that uses IoT devices and biometrics system to collect patient health data and store it on hospital database and that data synchronized biometrics database which is used in system that is government data of Adhaar identification of patient data with a blockchain-based platform for secure and transparent sharing and analysis in the medical record of hospital and medical science. The proposed system architecture includes IoT devices such as smart wearable things such as smart watch, smart digital globs, digital face mask, smart goggles and sensors that collect patient health data and transmit it to a blockchain-based platform that is Ethereum node. The platform uses smart contracts to manage data access and sharing, ensuring that the patient data and information will be only shared to authorized person and parties. The platform also enables data analysis and machine learning algorithms to provide insights into patient health trends and enable early intervention in case of health issues.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) are blockchain-based tokens that individually stand for a particular asset, such as a piece of media or digital data. A digital or physical asset can have an NFT as an irrevocable certificate of ownership and authenticity (Wang et al., 2021). Digital forms of certifications can consider using NFT and blockchain technology (Franceschet, 2021). Technological advancement made it possible for people to create fraud certificates, such as university degrees that the buyers do not actually possess. This is unethical and alarming. The current credentials from certificates are difficult to verify as legitimate, which encourages educational fraud. Blockchain technology with NFTs empowers a solution to certificate fraudulence. In this study, the demand of a handful of Malaysians towards buying fraud certificates and the ideas behind those that supply such certificates are scrutinized. Potential use cases and challenges on how NFTs can be used to combat certificate fraudulence and enhance education systems are studied by gathering information from past literatures and conducting interviews with people involved in certification fraud. The ethnography approach applied focuses on the occurrence of fake certificates in society that involves using certificates to seek employment or permit for incomes. Convenience sampling is applied to access the perspectives of respondents, who are also aware of NFT technology. The lack of coordination in Malaysia between multiple parties such as certificate issuers, companies hiring employees and government authorities allows certification fraud to occur. An increase of NFT public penetration and blockchain technology can counter this issue.
The Lightning Network (LN), a second-layer protocol built atop Bitcoin, promises swift, low-cost transactions, thereby addressing blockchain scalability and enhancing user privacy. As the global financial technology landscape evolves, the LN’s importance in the future of fintech and the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) becomes increasingly pivotal. The anticipated rise of blockchain-based payments and smart contracts in businesses demands a more agile and secure payment system. However, the LN’s early stage raises valid concerns about security and reliability, especially when implemented on a huge asymmetric network such as the Internet, potentially hindering its broader adoption. Malicious nodes could intentionally cause payment failures or initiate attacks, such as DDoS attacks, by overwhelming other nodes in the network with channel-opening requests. As a result, users will be discouraged from using the LN; hence, the technology will become obsolete as individuals will not waste the time and power investment required for using this technology. Addressing these issues, this paper proposes an innovative invitation model protocol (IMP) to reinforce the LN’s security and reliability. The IMP creates an exclusive ‘Club’ within the LN, admitting only nodes verified as honest, thereby bolstering network security and reliability. The protocol empowers Club Founders to expel members exhibiting malicious activities, thereby preserving the invested time, energy, and funds of the network’s users. The IMP was rigorously tested using Amazon Web Services Virtual Machines within the Bitcoin and Lightning Network’s Testnet environment, which is a highly asymmetric network. The results demonstrated the protocol’s efficacy in fulfilling its objectives, marking a significant step towards a safer and more efficient blockchain transaction network. As the blockchain continues to revolutionize the financial sector, implementing robust security measures such as the IMP becomes essential. This research paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing the reliability and security of a Lightning Network (LN), and thus distinguishes itself from the existing literature, by introducing an additional step before establishing or joining such a network. The research underscores the critical role of such protocols in realizing the potential of the LN in powering the next wave of fintech and industrial innovation.
This research study explores the potential benefits and challenges of integrating blockchain technology into the education sector. Specifically, it examines the concept of “smart education,” which utilizes blockchain to create a secure, decentralized, and transparent learning environment. This study provides an overview of blockchain technology and its applications in education, including the use of smart contracts, digital credentials, and decentralized learning platforms. It also discusses the potential advantages of smart education, such as increased security and privacy, improved student tracking and data analysis, and reduced costs. The ability to securely store, verify, and share educational credentials on a decentralised, transparent platform made possible by blockchain technology which has the potential to revolutionise the education sector. To fully realise the advantages of blockchain in education, there are several obstacles that must be overcome. The practical application of the technology is one of the main obstacles to its use in education. There are few set norms and protocols for using blockchain technology in education yet because it is still in its early phases. Getting educational institutions and businesses to use blockchain technology for the verification of educational credentials is another challenge. Due to a lack of knowledge or confidence in the technology, many educational institutions might be hesitant to adopt it.
The term “electronic health record” (EHR) refers to a patient’s electronic data collection that contains medical history, which can be accessed by authorized personnel from any location at any time. The use of e-healthcare has led to improved social and health outcomes, as well as a reduction in medical errors. However, the security challenges associated with patient data storage in IT frameworks pose a significant challenge to the advancement of e-healthcare. Blockchain technology has emerged as a potential solution to this issue and may revolutionize the healthcare industry. This study lays the foundation for secure patient data management using a blockchain-based approach, which incorporates a public ledger, private ledger, smart contracts, and context-based access control. The suggested architecture ensures reliable access to patient data, safe storage, and interoperability. Additionally, the proposed blockchain-based framework provides an efficient and trustworthy means of managing complex medical procedures. The study also outlines potential uses for blockchain technology in the healthcare industry, such as facilitating secure and anonymous sharing of health data for research purposes. The authors propose a novel, accessible, interoperable, and audible approach for maintaining medical records using smart contracts.
Blockchain and Internet of Spatial Things (IoST) integration in smart agricultural systems employing Geographical Information System (GIS) provides agricultural systems with decentralized, trustworthy, secure, dependable, scalable, traceable, and transparent services. Most previous research uses IoT to automate agricultural systems without addressing security, scalability, single-point failure, access control, trust, and transparency concerns. With an expanded marketplace, distributors, producers, buyers, sellers, and other agricultural users, the previously proposed cloud-based and centralized agricultural systems faced limits in data collection, sharing, management, processing, storing, availability, security, auditability, and stability. To address the challenges that exist in IoST agricultural systems, we propose BlockAgro, a Blockchain-assisted IoST framework for the agricultural sector, with a three-tier architecture, namely an IoST device layer, a fog layer, and a cloud layer, to address the issues in IoT agricultural systems. Additionally, it provides data analysis, visualization, processing, filtration, and temporary storage of gathered IoST data at the nearest fog nodes to reduce cloud infrastructure overhead. Moreover, the experimental findings of the proposed framework ensure the access control mechanism for IoST devices, efficiency measurement metrics, and data availability in a decentralized agricultural platform.
The education management model refers to the system and processes that colleges and universities use to manage and oversee their academic programs and operations. However, with the advent of digital technologies, there has been a growing trend towards the Internet+ college education management model, which integrates digital technologies into all aspects of college education management. This model includes the use of online learning platforms and tools, such as learning management systems (LMS), to deliver courses and manage student progress. It also includes the use of digital technologies for administrative tasks such as admissions, enrolment, and financial aid. However, the educational management model is subjected to the challenge of security for educational data management. Hence, this paper constructed a secure framework model of the Ethereum SDN Cloud Architecture (ESDNarc). The ESDNarc model uses the Software-defined Network (SDN) for the decentralized management of the network, secure transactions, and improved efficiency. The ESDNarch model incorporates the SDN with the cryptography scheme the secure the data. The constructed model uses the double-hashing Elliptical Curve Cryptography (DHECC) for the data stored in the Ethereum blockchain. The performance of the constructed model is evaluated with the KDD data set. Simulation analysis stated that ESDNarch significantly increases the data security in the cloud model for the attacks in the network.
Musharraf N. Alruwaill, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos
In smart healthcare, blockchain technology addresses existing concerns with security, privacy, and electronic healthcare records. In addition, utilizing edge devices with IoMT devices is very advantageous for addressing security, computing, and storage challenges. Symmetric and asymmetric keys are used to conceal sensitive information from unauthorized parties. Moreover, the hash function SHA256 helps for data alteration detection. The proposed system uses a blockchain-based smart healthcare system using IoMT devices for continuous patient monitoring. The edge device is used to hash and encrypt data and provide additional computational capability. A symmetric key maintains data privacy in the blockchain, allowing patients to safely share data through smart contracts while preventing unauthorized physicians from seeing it. A verification node and blockchain sign and validate patient data in the healthcare provider system using an asymmetric key. Location-based authentication is addressed to ensure the authenticity and data source.
Ballots security and reliability is two of the crucial things that makes digital based ballots system not widely implemented. Paper-based ballots have the downsides of environmental impact on making paper. Blockchain has one of the advantages on the security aspect where the blocks are secured using cryptographic protocol that makes it hard to be hacked. This paper will be examining the possibility of ballots implementation using a microcontroller-based ballots system. The microcontroller is used because it is cheap to implement and it has the capability to sign the blockchain transaction. This paper is a proof of concept for a smaller scale ballots system for a small organization with two candidate option. The blockchain network used in this paper is a Ethereum test network provided by Ropsten. The number of testing done is 60 times total for the two candidate. The smaller scale testing proven to be successful with the transaction confirmed successful in etherscan.io.
A. Ezil Sam Leni, Rajendran Shankar, R. Thiagarajan, Vishal Ratansing Patil
The medical sector actively changes and implements innovative features in response to technical development and revolutions.Many of the most crucial elements in IoT-connected health services are safeguarding critical patient records from prospective attackers.As a result, BlockChain (BC) is gaining traction in the business sector owing to its large implementations.As a result, BC can efficiently handle everyday life activities as a distributed and decentralized technology.Compared to other industries, the medical sector is one of the most prominent areas where the BC network might be valuable.It generates a wide range of possibilities and probabilities in existing medical institutions.So, throughout this study, we address BC technology's widespread application and influence in modern medical systems, focusing on the critical requirements for such systems, such as trustworthiness, security, and safety.Furthermore, we built the shared ledger for blockchain-based healthcare providers for patient information, contractual between several other parties.The study's findings demonstrate the usefulness of BC technology in IoHT for keeping patient health data.The BDSA-IoHT eliminates 2.01 seconds of service delay and 1.9 seconds of processing time, enhancing efficiency by nearly 30%.
Advances in technology have led to a growing interest in smart water meters, which make it easier and cheaper for water utilities to collect meter readings wirelessly from people’s premises. This concept increases data accuracy and leads to huge savings for utilities. The major drawback is, however, that meter readings can be tampered with, in transit from the customer premises to the water utility’s servers as well as at the utility’s premises. To address this problem, a distributed ledger of blockchain-based secure data collection mechanism has been developed for smart water meters. The chosen implementation toolkits of the blockchain consist of a Substrate blockchain framework, where a node was created with a customized pallet or module, FastAPI to connect and make functional calls to store and retrieve data from the blockchain node. The testing of the implemented system focused mainly on functional tests. When the data is being stored, hashing has been applied to secure the data which results in a blockchain hash that is used to query on-chain data as a form of collection from the blockchain node. This will help to ensure that the integrity of the water data is preserved. The findings are relevant to any country that wants to implement the blockchain concept in smart water meters.
In day-to-day life, Time and Health are two precious assets to achieve anything by an individual. In sustaining good health, rural communities confront numerous obstacles in receiving healthcare services. According to the statistics, 26.5% of uninsured rural residents delayed receiving necessary healthcare in the past year. At the beginning of 2020, the use of telemedicine services was already booming, but responses to the COVID-19 pandemic sped up this expansion. In rural areas, one must make sure that telehealth services continue to be compensated at the existing pandemic rates in order to provide proper treatment at right moment with patient’s medical history. To solve this issue, the “Smart TeleHealthcare using Blockchain and IPFS ”(STBI) system proposes a secure healthcare solution that merges IoT and Blockchain. The Blockchain network connects the patient and medical team in STBI, and both can communicate with the decentralized storage IPFS. STBI system collects healthcare samples (i.e., which are simulated by sensing temperature using Node MCU board interfacing with LM35 sensor) and displays the health reports (i.e., temperature value) on webpage. The lengthy health reports are kept in IPFS, and the resulting hash value is stored in Blockchain for further reference by doctors. In STBI, the electronic medical data is shared between authorized stakeholders such as patients, doctors and medical team which enhances effective medical treatment collaboratively. The experimental system was incorporated with blockchain and IoT technologies to provide an enhanced secure and transparent healthcare facilities in rural areas.
S Aruna, S Mohana Priya, K. Reshmeetha, E Salai Sudhayini · 5 authors
Technologies are essential for human life because they improve efficiency, productivity, and convenience in various aspects of daily life. This paper explores the integration of Blockchain, Artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies and their potential impact on various industries. It highlights the benefits of combining these technologies, including increased security, transparency, and automation. The paper also discusses the challenges associated with integrating these technologies and the potential solutions to address them. The study concludes by providing insight into the future of this integration and its potential to revolutionize various industries including finance, healthcare, and transportation. the limitations and issues of existing models before the integration of blockchain, artificial intelligence, and IoT technologies included a lack of transparency, data privacy and security concerns, and a lack of automation.