Achmad Teguh Wibowo, MY Teguh Sulistyono, Mochamad Hariadi
This research was aimed to enhance the cryptospatial with geospatial blockchain based on a point in polygon test. Ripple Protocol Consensus Algorithm (RPCA) was used for developing a blockchain. The steps taken include: (1) Data from the surveyors were entered using application connected to the transaction set; (2) The transaction set sent data to the transaction proposal; (3) The transaction proposal will distribute to every connected validating of nodes for executing the smart contract with the point in a polygon test method; (4) If the process succeeded with the maximum fault tolerance of 20%, then the node records a new chain to the ledger. This method is faster than Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) blockchain for approximately 26% to add a new chain in the ledger and for 52% to decrypt the blockchain with a mobile device. The result of this process is a cryptospatial coordinate for the cultural heritage tourism.
Lichao Yang, Ming Li, Heli Zhang, Hong Ji · 6 authors
Blockchain, an emerging decentralized but trusted system, has been applied in many applications, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), supply chains, and smart grid. However, due to the large amount of computing and storage resources blockchain typically demands, its wide deployment is faced with the sustainability issue. To resolve this issue, a viable solution is to empower the IoT system with fog computing that can offload the computation-demanding tasks. Due to varieties of mining tasks and heterogeneous resource capabilities at fog nodes (FNs), it is not an easy task to schedule mining tasks and manages resource allocation among FNs of conflicting interests and independent IoT devices in a distributed manner. In this article, under the framework of matching theory, we design a distributed matching mechanism to maximize the social welfare of resource-restricted FNs while guaranteeing various mining requirements of FNs. Besides, we also provide formal proof regarding the convergence and computational complexity of a distributed matching algorithm (DMA). Finally, we verify that DMA not only improves the social welfare of FNs but also reduces the mining latency compared with the existing algorithms through extensive simulations.
Meikang Qiu, Han Qiu, Hui Zhao, Meiqin Liu · 5 authors
With the rapid development of cloud technology and the huge amount of big data generation, outsourcing data storage to a cloud service provider is an efficient solution. The challenges on the trustworthiness of cloud providers are urgent to be solved due to many security and privacy violation incidents in recent years. Some enhanced data protection methods such as All-Or-Nothing Transformation (AONT) are proposed to provide additional protection on data security. However, the key management and access revocation operations will become a difficult task and the key manager will be vulnerable. In this paper, we propose to use the scalable consortium blockchain system to solve the key management for the AON-based data protection and outsourcing in the multi-clouds scenario. We propose a model that can provide secure data sharing through untrusted clouds with the key management provided by the consortium blockchain system as a service. We also provide practical case studies for using the novel AON data approaches to protect data security and tamper-proofing on key management.
With the development of artificial intelligence and biotechnology, people are very interested in the application of blockchain technology for some fields, such as education. Advantages of blockchain technology including decentralization, non-tampering, anonymity, traceability, etc. which provide the possibility to improve the security of the management of teaching informatization in higher education. We try to explore the application of blockchain in education to improve the practice of the system of teaching informatization management in higher education. This will be reflected in three main aspects: 1) Distributed ledger Technology: it could help the teaching informatization management system to decentralize; 2) Asymmetric encryption algorithm: it could ensure user privacy in teaching informatization management system; 3) Smart Contract: it would improve the credibility of the teaching in-formatization management system. We thought that the security of informatization storage would be ensured, the credibility of data supervision would be enhanced, the cost of management would be reduced, and the efficiency of higher education management is improved substantially if we could use the blockchain technology in the system of teaching informatization management.
Rajesh Gupta, Urvish Thakker, Sudeep Tanwar, Mohammad S. Obaidat · 5 authors
Intelligent Telesurgery (TS) system with 6G-enabled Tactile Internet (TI) based on the blockchain has tremendous potential to deliver real-time and intelligent ultra-responsive healthcare services remotely with high quality and reliability. It would be significantly beneficial for the society in the prospect that high-quality medical service could be delivered to deprived areas and a highly promising surgical diagnosis could be achieved. However, the state-of-the-art TS systems have security, privacy, reliability, latency, and high-cost blockchain-based storage concerns, which limit the applicability of TS in surgical operations across the globe in the near future. To mitigate the aforementioned issues, we in this paper propose a novel approach named BITS an intelligent and blockchain-based TS framework. The issues pertaining to security, privacy, and lack of trust could be resolved through employing a smart contract. The issues related to the cost of data storage could be resolved by employing the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protocol. Moreover, we incorporate Artificial Intelligent (AI) algorithms for training of surgical robots. The proposed scheme also prevents the execution of malicious commands transmitted by an intruder to a great extent. The 6G communication channel significantly mitigates the latency issues in exchanging surgical commands. Finally, we highlight some issues of the state-of-art TS systems and how the proposed BITS will be beneficial to combat those issues.
Blockchain (BC), a by-product of Bitcoin cryptocurrency, has gained immense and wide scale popularity for its applicability in various diverse domains - especially in multifaceted non-monetary systems. By adopting cryptographic techniques such as hashing and asymmetric encryption - along with distributed consensus approach, a Blockchain based distributed ledger not only becomes highly secure but also immutable and thus eliminates the need for any third-party intermediators. On the contrary, innumerable IoT (Internet of Things) devices are increasingly being added to the network. This phenomenon poses higher risk in terms of security and privacy. It is thus extremely important to address the security aspects of the growing IoT ecosystem. This paper explores the applicability of BC for ensuring enhanced security and privacy in the IoT ecosystem. Recent research articles and projects or applications were surveyed to assess the implementation of BC for IoT Security and identify associated challenges and propose solutions for BC enabled enhanced security for the IoT ecosystem.
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) brings forth many opportunities to contribute to the wellbeing of individuals and the advancement of economies and societies, but also a variety of novel ethical, legal, social, and technological challenges. Trustworthy AI (TAI) bases on the idea that trust builds the foundation of societies, economies, and sustainable development, and that individuals, organizations, and societies will therefore only ever be able to realize the full potential of AI, if trust can be established in its development, deployment, and use. With this article we aim to introduce the concept of TAI and its five foundational principles (1) beneficence, (2) non-maleficence, (3) autonomy, (4) justice, and (5) explicability. We further draw on these five principles to develop a data-driven research framework for TAI and demonstrate its utility by delineating fruitful avenues for future research, particularly with regard to the distributed ledger technology-based realization of TAI.
Node identity authentication is an essential means to ensure the security of the Internet of Things. Existing blockchain-based IoT node authentication schemes have many problems. A heterogeneous IoT node authentication scheme based on an improved hybrid blockchain is proposed. Firstly, the hybrid blockchain model is designed to make the blockchain and IoT environment more compatible. Then the proxy node selection mechanism is intended to establish a bridge between the ordinary IoT node and the blockchain, building by calculating the trust value between nodes. Finally, based on the improved hybrid blockchain, the node authentication scheme of the model and proxy node selection mechanism establishes a secure connection for communication between nodes. Safety and performance analysis shows proper safety and performance.
Datu Mohammed, Nur Aisha, Arzo Himki, Arusyi Dithi · 5 authors
This research aims to learn why Blockchain Technology can be the most demanding hard skills in companies in 2020 as quoted from LinkedIn and the positive impact that Blockchain Technology has on a company. If we see, at this time usually requires at least a third party to make a transaction, and a company usually only stores data / information on a centralized server which makes the data easy to hack. From this case, Blockchain technology can be used as a way out for a company to make data / information not easy to be hacked. Because, Blockchain uses a distributed server system that is validated, which makes Blockchain safer from evil parties who want to hack information, and Blockchain has other advantages such as more cost-effective, better transparency and traceability. Therefore Blockchain Technology is a particular attraction for a company and is the hard skill most demanded by the company in 2020.
Governments and public sector entities around the world are actively exploring new ways to keep up with technological advancements to achieve smart governance, work efficiency, and cost optimization. Blockchain technology is an example of such technology that has been attracting the attention of Governments across the globe in recent years. Enhanced security, improved traceability, and lowest cost infrastructure empower the blockchain to penetrate various domains. Generally, governments release tenders to some third-party organizations for different projects. During this process, different competitors try to eavesdrop the tender values of others to win the tender. The corrupt government officials also charge high bribe to pass the tender in favor of some particular third party. In this article, we presented a secure and transparent framework for government tenders using blockchain. Blockchain is used as a secure and immutable data structure to store the government records that are highly susceptible to tampering. This work aims to create a transparent and secure edge computing infrastructure for the workflow in government tenders to implement government schemes and policies by limiting human supervision to the minimal.
A wireless rechargeable sensor network was proposed to extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor network. In this article, a charger is combined together with a self-propelled vehicle to provide a more flexible result of charger deployment. The dynamic chargers path selection problem is defined and mapped into the traveling salesman problem. Four metaheuristic algorithms for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications are designed, and the higher fitness value between the charging path and the number of dead IoT devices is achieved. However, metaheuristic approaches may spend more time on searching solutions so that many IoT devices overuse limited power and fail to be charged for a long time, leading to power exhaustion. In this article, the edge computing technique is applied to accelerate the obtainment of charging paths with the well-defined edge/centralized unit switching. Moreover, to assure the calculated path trustworthy and will not be tampered with, the blockchain technology is adopted. The proposed architecture maintains high-level information credibility while transmitting the information of charging paths within the cloud and edge. The simulation results showed that the proposed method is capable of achieving better charging efficiency and less deployment cost.
Omar Gutiérrez, Giordy Romero, Luis J. Dominguez Perez, Augusto Salazar · 6 authors
The current information systems for the registration and control of electronic medical records (EMR) present a series of problems in terms of the fragmentation, security, and privacy of medical information, since each health institution, laboratory, doctor, etc. has its own database and manages its own information, without the intervention of patients. This situation does not favor effective treatment and prevention of diseases for the population, due to potential information loss, misinformation, or data leaks related to a patient, which in turn may imply a direct risk for the individual and high public health costs for governments. One of the proposed solutions to this problem has been the creation of electronic medical record (EMR) systems using blockchain networks; however, most of them do not take into account the occurrence of connectivity failures, such as those found in various developing countries, which can lead to failures in the integrity of the system data. To address these problems, HealthyBlock is presented in this paper as an architecture based on blockchain networks, which proposes a unified electronic medical record system that considers different clinical providers, with resilience in data integrity during connectivity failure and with usability, security, and privacy characteristics. On the basis of the HealthyBlock architecture, a prototype was implemented for the care of patients in a network of hospitals. The results of the evaluation showed high efficiency in keeping the EMRs of patients unified, updated, and secure, regardless of the network clinical provider they consult.
In the era of big data, modern data marketplaces have received much attention as they allow not only large enterprises but also individuals to trade their data. This new paradigm makes the data prone to various threats, including piracy, illegal reselling, tampering, illegal redistribution, ownership claiming, forgery, theft, misappropriation, etc. Although digital watermarking is a promising technique to address the above-mentioned challenges, the existing solutions in the literature are deemed to be incompetent in big data scenarios due to the following factors: V's of big data, involvement of multiple owners, incremental watermarking, large cover-size and limited watermark-capacity, non-interference, etc. In this paper, we propose a novel big data watermarking technique that leverages the power of blockchain technology and provides a transparent immutable audit trail for data movement in big data monetizing scenarios. In this context, we address all the crucial challenges mentioned above. We present a prototype implementation of the system as a proof of concept using Solidity on Ethereum platform, and we perform experimental evaluation to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness in terms of execution gas costs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first proposal which deals with watermarking issues in the context of big data.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Lu Hou, Kan Zheng, Zhiming Liu, Xiaojun Xu · 5 authors
Efficiency and security have become critical issues during the development of the long-range (LoRa) system for Internet-of-Things (IoT) applications. The centralized work method in the LoRa system, where all packages are processed and kept in the central cloud, cannot well exploit the resources in LoRa gateways and also makes it vulnerable to security risks, such as data falsification or data loss. On the other hand, the blockchain has the potential to provide a decentralized and secure infrastructure for the LoRa system. However, there are significant challenges in deploying blockchain at LoRa gateways with limited edge computing abilities. This article proposes a design and implementation of the blockchain-enabled LoRa system with edge computing by using the open-source Hyperledger Fabric, which is called as HyperLoRa. According to different features of LoRa data, a blockchain network with multiple ledgers is designed, each of which stores a specific kind of LoRa data. LoRa gateways can participate in the operations of the blockchain and share the ledger that keep the time-critical network data with small size. Then, the edge computing abilities of LoRa gateways are utilized to handle the join procedure and application packages processing. Furthermore, a HyperLoRa prototype is implemented on embedded hardware, which demonstrates the feasibility of deploying the blockchain into LoRa gateways with limited computing and storage resources. Finally, various experiments are conducted to evaluate the performances of the proposed LoRa system.
Laizhong Cui, Ziteng Chen, Shu Yang, Zhongxing Ming · 8 authors
Edge computing is promising to solve the latency issue in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV). However, due to decentralization, traditional edge computing suffers in management, deployment, and security. Containerization relaxes resource deployment and migration problems, but current container scheduling policies are inefficient to process complicated tasks based on directed acyclic graph or DAG structures. In this article, we design a containerized edge computing platform CUTE, which provides low-latency computation services for the Internet of Vehicles. The centralized controller is empowered with resource management and orchestration, and containers are scheduled to appropriate edge servers to optimize the computation delay. CUTE is also integrated with blockchain to improve network security. We formulate the vehicle task offloading and container scheduling problems and develop a heuristic container scheduling algorithm for DAG-based computation tasks submitted by vehicles remotely. We implement and deploy CUTE into the China Mobile Network, and conduct comprehensive experiments and a case study. The experiment results show that CUTE can provide low-latency computation services for vehicular applications and that the heuristic algorithm outperforms traditional container scheduling policies.
In recent years, the deployment of Cloud Computing (CC) has become more popular both in research and industry applications, arising form various fields including e-health, manufacturing, logistics and social networking. This is due to the easiness of service deployment and data management, and the unlimited provision of virtual resources (VR). In simple scenarios, users/applications send computational or storage tasks to be executed in the cloud, by manually assigning those tasks to the available computational resources. In complex scenarios, such as a smart city applications, where there is a large number of tasks, VRs, or both, task scheduling is exposed as an NP-Hard problem. Consequently, it is preferred and more efficient in terms of time and effort, to use a task scheduling automation technique. As there are many automated scheduling solutions proposed, new possibilities arise with the advent of Fog Computing (FC) and Blockchain (BC) technologies. Accordingly, such automation techniques may help the quick, secure and efficient assignment of tasks to the available VRs. In this paper, we propose an Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm in a Fog-enabled Blockchain-assisted scheduling model, namely PF-BTS. The protocol and algorithms of PF-BTS exploit BC miners for generating efficient assignment of tasks to be performed in the cloud’s VRs using ACO, and award miner nodes for their contribution in generating the best schedule. In our proposal, PF-BTS further allows the fog to process, manage, and perform the tasks to enhance latency measures. While this processing and managing is taking place, the fog is enforced to respect the privacy of system components, and assure that data, location, identity, and usage information are not exposed. We evaluate and compare PF-BTS performance, with a recently proposed Blockchain-based task scheduling protocol, in a simulated environment. Our evaluation and experiments show high privacy awareness of PF-BTS, along with noticeable enhancement in execution time and network load.
The agricultural activity is considered to be the largest trade, as it is feeding more people. Though it is playing a vital role in economic development, the farmers who are producing the crops are not reaping abundant benefits from it. Precision agriculture systems equipped with advanced technologies allow farmers to increase their productivity in ecological friendly manner, but with minimum profit. Our traditional producer-consumer model makes farmers to hinge on the interagent or middleman to sell their goods to consumers, as they have fewer restrictions in selling the goods directly to consumers. This paper proposes Blockchain based Producer- Consumer Model (BPCM) which allows farmer to sell their goods directly to the consumers by preventing the interagents, to gain profit over farmers using smart contracts. It also resists the Sybil attack, by blocking interagent with multiple counterfeit identities to trade with consumers thereby increasing profit of the farmers.