Cryptocurrency trading is shrouded in confusion in terms of criminal confrontation and proof, and it requires the involvement of criminal law to comply with the principles that govern the law. Accordingly, there is a need for solidarity on the international level to define the legal method in order not to misuse cryptocurrency, and in particular Bitcoin. While legal accuracy in this confrontation is desirable, it depends on the balance between the security imperatives to confront terrorism resulting from the misuse of cryptocurrencies and the requirements to protect human rights. Thus, it comes as a major challenge in criminal law to confront the consequences of dealing in cryptocurrency (Bitcoin) for crimes that may lead to security risks, public order in the state of law, and human rights challenges which are often committed by an exceptional intelligent criminal, and the creation of standards that must be adhered to confront such crimes.
Sabam Parjuangan, Suhardi Suhardi, I Gusti Bagus Baskara Nughara, Elvin Khoirunnisa
Service systems' business processes show the existence of mutual interaction between users. Running a particular business subdomain requires the role of each user. This role is in line with the concept contained in blockchain-based smart contracts. However, determining the subdomains that require smart contract coding is challenging in developing business processes that will run on the blockchain. We aim to determine the service-oriented business process (in the case of marketplace service) and the subdomain of the business process that requires smart contract coding. This article is essential because it shows how developing IT services without a smart contract differs from developing IT services with a smart contract. The main differences between developing services that need smart contracts and those that do not are that certain process can be run automatically and the record of activity in blockchain cannot be changed by anyone (tamper-proof). We outlined methods for designing marketplace business processes and defined subdomains to be encoded into smart contract code. After reviewing the three marketplace platforms, we determined eight subdomains of the marketplace business process. Two subdomains require smart contract coding from eight, namely the payment and complaint subdomains.
With the development of blockchain technology and digital assets, the problem pages of digital assets at the legal level are becoming more and more prominent. This article will start with smart contracts and combine the case of Shenzhen Ethereum to analyze the legal issues based on blockchain technology and digital assets. The current status of conservation and its possible future development directions are analyzed. This article will specifically discuss the issue of contract law regulation of smart contracts from the perspective of legal system construction, as well as the compatibility between smart contracts and current contract law. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, consciously accepting the law needs to adapt to social changes and accepting the fact that the law needs to be adjusted. Secondly, at the operational level, the use of technology must comply with. Thirdly, at the research level, relevant legal research must be done, and legal scholars must have inter-professional knowledge and capabilities.
가상화폐, NFT(non-fungible token) 등 디지털 재화의 출현과 함께 이를 법적으로 어떻게 규율 할 것인지에 대한 논의가 활발하게 전개되고 있다. 애초에 기술에 의해, 또 규범적 검토 없이 나온 새로운 실체에 대한 법적 규율에는 어려움이 따를 수밖에 없다. 무엇보다 이들을 어떻게 정의하고, 어떠한 속성을 중요하게 다룰 것인지가 규범화의 관건이 된다. 이들은 법체계 안에서 매우 생경하게 다루어지기는 하지만, 이들에게 이미 모델이 될 만한 재산권이 있는데, 이것이 곧 지식재산권이다. 지식재산권은 전통적 재산인 물건과 비교하기 어려운 불완전성을 내포하고 있는데, 그럼에도 불구하고 ‘재산권법’체계를 형성하고 보호를 향유해왔다. 지식재산권의 보호 근거와 방법은 불완전한 자산, 화폐 혹은 재산으로 인식되는 디지털 재화에 인사이트를 주는 것은 물론이고, 관련 법제를 설계하는 데도 중요한 참고자료가 될 것이다. 한편 지식재산권 및 디지털 재화가 각기 가진 불완전성의 문제는 의외의 지점에서 해법을 찾을 수도 있다. 플랫폼, 그중에서도 규모와 경제력을 갖춘 이들은 사용자의 생활양식에 영향을 주는 것은 물론, 재산의 귀속과 행사방식에도 깊은 영향을 준다. 플랫폼이 만드는 메타버스 등 생태계는 지식재산과 현재 디지털 재화로 논의되는 암호화폐와 NFT의 통합까지도 가능하도록 한다. 이는 그만큼 편의성을 높여준다고 이야기할 수 있지만, 자칫 규범에 대한 주도권이 국가에서 플랫폼으로 넘어가는 계기를 만들 수도 있다. 우리는 가상자산, NFT 및 지식재산이 함께 디지털 재화로 편입되는 현상을 주의 깊게 관찰할 필요가 있고, 시기적절한 논의를 통해 법적 대응방안을 강구해야 한다. 지나치게 규제적인 입장 을 취할 필요는 없지만, 맹목적 보호론 내지 낙관론은 경계해야 할 것이다.
A kriptovaluták világa sokak számára ismeretlen terep, pedig egyre inkább kezd a mindennapjainkban is megjelenni akár csak egy kósza hirdetés erejéig, különböző platformokon és applikációkon keresztül. Használata és a kriptoeszközökkel való kereskedés egyre elterjedtebb, és népszerűségük miatt feltehetően csak tovább fog gyarapodni. Dolgozatom fő célja, hogy felfedjem azokat az elemzési és értékelési területeket, amelyek jelenleg a rendelkezésünkre állnak és bemutassam, hogy miért is nehéz következtetéseket levonni a jövőbeli értékükre vonatkozóan. Azt feltételezem, hogy hirtelen ingadozások jellemzik a tőzsdét, hogy hasonló tendenciák figyelhetőek meg az egyes valutáknál, amit első sorban a bitcoin ára és mozgása határoz meg.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Transformation in Law
Hungarian Social, Economic and Educational Studies
Рассматривается подход к обеспечению информационной безопасности на базе применения современного инструментария такого, как технология BlockChain. Важным фактором обеспечения безопасности является устройство как самого Blockchain, так и различных сетей криптовалют. В тексте описываются различные виды блокчейнов, а также принципы их работы. В работе упоминаются такие принципы как PoW, RPoW, DPoS, PoH. Принципы на которых базируется блокчейн показывают степень защищенности самой сети. Немаловажным фактором являются и вспомогательные программы категории смарт-контрактов, которые включаются в блокчейны и обеспечивают надежность и безопасность транзакций. В статье представлены варианты реализации технологии блокчейн с помощью скриптов, разработанных авторами самостоятельно, которые применяются в непосредственной связке с платформами для блокчейн, на которых они базируются, без чего технология блокчейн не может быть реализована. An approach to ensuring information security based on the use of modern tools such as BlockChain technology is considered. An important factor in ensuring security is the device of both the Blockchain itself and various cryptocurrency networks. The text describes various types of blockchains, as well as the principles of their operation. The paper mentions such principles as PoW, RPoW, DPoS, PoH. The principles on which the blockchain is based show the degree of security of the network itself. An important factor is the auxiliary programs of the smart contract category, which are included in blockchains and ensure the reliability and security of transactions. The article presents options for implementing blockchain technology using scripts developed by the authors themselves, which are used in direct conjunction with the blockchain platforms on which they are based, without which blockchain technology cannot be implemented.
Az utóbbi évtizedekben számos olyan gazdasági átrendeződésnek lehettünk tanúi, amelyek globális szinten jelentős hatást gyakoroltak a jelenlegi piacgazdaságra. Korunk egyik legjelentősebb pénzügyi innovációja a kriptovaluták megjelenése, amely mára a digitális világgazdaság egyik fő mozgatórugójává vált. A kriptovaluták egy olyan új, eddig ismeretlen befektetési formát és jövedelemszerzési lehetőséget kínálnak, amelyek minden vállalkozó kedvű embernek elérhetőek a digitális felületeken keresztül. Ez a fajta alternatív befektetési lehetőség azonban számos kockázati faktorral rendelkezik, amelynek hátterében egyfelől a felhasználói bizonytalanság, a működési mechanizmusok megértésének és átlátásának hiánya, másfelől a kriptovalutákat érintő felszínes ideológia áll. A dolgozatom célja, hogy közelebbről megvizsgálva a jelenséget rávilágítsak a téma aktualitására, valamint a szakirodalmak és saját kutatások áttanulmányozásával és kiértékelésével választ találjak egy sokakat foglalkoztató központi kérdésre: Az elkövetkező években tovább növekedhet-e a kriptovaluták iránti kereslet és befektetési hajlandóság, vagy az instabil piaci körülmények hatására egy egészen más tendencia várható? Tanulmányomban ismertetem a kriptovaluták feltalálásának történetét, elterjedésének és népszerűségének okait, korlátait és működési mechanizmusát, a Bitcoin alapjául szolgáló blockchain-rendszert, valamint bemutatom hogyan alakult a Bitcoin árfolyama és befektetési rátája jelentős gazdasági események hatására a globális világgazdaságban, továbbá megvizsgálom, hogy fizetőeszközként, illetve befektetési lehetőségként milyen szerepet játszik a jelenlegi gazdaságban.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Transformation in Law
Hungarian Social, Economic and Educational Studies
This paper shows a smart contract application on blockchain technology in the software industry. Inside the software industry, one of the essential processes is the negotiation of agreements. The software development agreement is a contract between a customer and a developer, on which the developer creates and delivers customized or a specified piece of software to the client. In addition, a software development agreement is a legally binding contract that captures roles and responsibilities, timelines and pricing, acceptance criteria, events in case of failures or delays, and procedures for adjustments. The main contribution of this paper is the implementation of a software development agreement as a smart contract on blockchain technology, among other things, for the management of requirements. The preliminary results and tests show the functionality of the smart contract and a new opportunity for software processes improvement from the requirements engineering.
Введение: Преступления, совершаемые сегодня с использованием информационно-коммуникационных технологий, являются наиболее динамично развивающимися. Они претерпевают не только количественные изменения, но и качественные, поскольку появляются новые способы совершения традиционных преступлений с использованием цифровых технологий, в частности криптовалюты. Такие преступления в юридической доктрине называются «криптопреступления». Между тем сама криптовалюта всего полгода как получила правовую регламентацию в России. Используя ее свойства (отсутствие единой оценки как финансового инструмента, анонимность), многие субъекты криминальных рынков товаров и услуг используют ее в качестве средства платежа или предмета хищений. Между тем основные криминологические риски использования криптовалюты подробному изучению подвергались лишь поверхностно. Возникновение этих рисков связано в первую очередь с огромным опозданием разработки правового регулирования использования виртуальных валют и бурным развитием криминальных рынков товаров и услуг. Материалы и методы: Нормативную основу исследования составили: Федеральное законодательство, регулирующее отношения, связанные с цифровой валютой и цифровыми финансовыми активами, нормы отечественного уголовного законодательства; научная основа представлена результатами криминологических и уголовно-правовых исследований отечественных и зарубежных ученых. Методология исследования базируется на диалектическом подходе, а также ряде общенаучных методов, среди которых системный подход; метод индукции, дедукции, логический метод; а также частно-научных, среди которых сравнительно-правовой и формально-юридический методы. Методику исследования составили метод экспертной оценки и контент-анализ. Результаты исследования:Авторы анализируют как существующие криминологические риски, так и проблемы, возникающие при квалификации преступлений, совершенных с использованием криптовалют. Приводятся классификации преступлений, составляющих криптопреступность, их характеристика. Выводы и заключения: Авторами делается вывод о необходимости подробного изучения указанных преступлений с точки зрения их квалификации, определения ущерба и, как следствие, возможности дифференциации уголовной ответственности за их совершение. Анализируется необходимость криминологического изучения криптопреступности, с точки зрения разработки системы мер противодействия и подготовки кадров для его осуществления. Introduction: Crimes committed today with the use of information and communication technologies are the most dynamically developing. They are undergoing not only quantitative changes, but also qualitative ones, as new ways of committing traditional crimes using digital technologies, in particular cryptocurrencies, appear. Such crimes in the doctrine are called “crypto-crimes”. Meanwhile, the cryptocurrency itself has received legal regulation in Russia for only six months. Using its properties (lack of a single assessment as a financial instrument, anonymity), many subjects of the criminal markets for goods and services use it as a means of payment or the subject of theft. Meanwhile, the main criminological risks of using cryptocurrency have been studied in detail only superficially. The emergence of these risks is primarily due to the huge delay in the development of legal regulation of the use of virtual currencies and the rapid development of criminal markets for goods and services. Materials and Methods: The normative basis of the study was: Federal legislation governing relations related to digital currency and digital financial assets, norms of domestic criminal law; the scientific basis is represented by the results of criminological and criminal law studies of domestic and foreign scientists. The research methodology is based on a dialectical approach, as well as a number of general scientific methods, including a systematic approach; method of induction, deduction, logical method; as well as private-scientific ones, among which are comparative-legal and formal-legal methods. The research methodology was based on the method of peer review and content analysis. The results of the study: The authors analyze both the existing criminological risks and the problems that arise when qualifying crimes committed using cryptocurrencies. The classification of crimes that make up cryptocrime, their characteristics are given. Findings and Conclusions: The authors conclude that it is necessary to study these crimes in detail in terms of their qualification, damage determination and, as a result, the possibility of differentiating criminal liability for their commission. The need for a criminological study of cryptocrime is analyzed from the point of view of developing a system of countermeasures and training personnel for its implementation.
Complex socio-economic processes are simultaneously taking place in Russian society: the economy is adapting to external economic challenges and, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, many aspects of social life are being transferred online. As a result, there is a transformation of all types of entrepreneurial activity, oriented both to the end consumer and to another legal entity (B2B transactions). The digitalization of commerce objectively requires an effective legal response to the procedures for concluding and executing contracts. A feature of the Russian legal system for regulating digital assets can be considered the impossibility of concluding direct transactions, bypassing a specialized information platform.
 The article discusses the features of smart contracts as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights. The activity of an information platform operator or a market maker as an intermediary is analyzed. Their positive and negative impact on the digital asset market is shown.
 The conclusion is substantiated that the disposal of digital rights through the use of a smart contract cannot be identified with all other classical contractual structures. Smart contracts, including those that are made using blockchain and Ethereum technology, are legally different from the electronic form of a civil law contract. Despite the obvious advantages of a smart contract as a way to manage digital assets, in the absence of legal regulation, significant business risks arise that require a prompt and effective legislative solution
The article discusses the concept, main features and scope of smart contracts, and their relationship with traditional institutions of civil law. Smart contracts can find applications in almost all areas of life in the future. As is often the case with new technologies, the use of smart contracts also raises a number of law issues. Blockchain technology allows not only to create new means of payment, but also to autonomously manage almost any process. It can be used for individual contracts and even the creation of entire autonomous decentralized systems. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to resolve the question of whether smart contracts are contracts in the legal sense, how they arise, how they should be classified according to the law of obligations, and what are the consequences of default. Against this background, the task of the author of this article is twofold. On the one hand, we are talking about the presentation of the main features of smart contracts in general terms, while, in addition to the advantages and functions, areas of application are of particular interest. After that, an attempt will be made to introduce smart contracts into civil law, which, in addition to the main issues of enforcement and contracting, will touch on some subsequent issues. As a result, it will become clear that civil law in general is well suited to smart contracts. However, there is some area of uncertainty, so additional legislative changes should be considered. To achieve the goal of the study, the author used empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic. Private scientific methods were used: legal and dogmatic and the method of interpretation of legal norms. The author comes to the following conclusions. Smart contracts are programs that carry out legally significant actions according to predetermined algorithms and are suitable for contractual relations. From a legal point of view, smart contracts can either be the subject of a contractual agreement, or generate it on their own.
The study attempts to assess the interim results of the digital transformation in Russia and legislative changes that make it possible to include various digital assets in civil circulation. Special attention is paid to the problems of legal regulation of cryptocurrencies. Based on the analysis of a number of international documents, Russian policy documents defining the main trends in the development of digitalization, the significance of digital transformation is revealed, the problems slowing down the processes of the formation of the digital economy in Russia are identified. A review of research by Russian and foreign scientists devoted to the formation of the cryptocurrency market is conducted; the advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency trading are outlined. Cryptocurrency trading is a developed system in which trading goals, risk control, honesty and transparency must be present, and the capital market, the underlying asset, the investment plan and successful strategies must be taken into account. The analysis of changes in civil legislation allowed us to come to the conclusion that many important issues related to the use of digital currency and digital assets have remained unresolved. The lack of clarity in legal regulation will naturally lead to problems in law enforcement practice, which in turn will slow down the implementation of the designated goals for creating a competitive digital economy that occupies a leading position in the world and will not allow achieving the goal of forming an information space taking into account the needs of citizens and society in obtaining high-quality and reliable information, the development of information infrastructure. It was also noted that the restriction of cryptocurrency turnover does not correspond to the policy pursued by the FATF and the goals and principles that were outlined in international and regional documents.
The article attempts to evaluate the possibilities of using blockchain and smart contract technologies, as well as big data and artificial intelligence technologies in traditional commercial contracts. In addition, the author illustrates the legal risks of using information technologies and the limits of their implementation in the field of contract law. The goal chosen by the author predetermined the use of the formal legal method in the analysis of the current legal norms. At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the search for answers to the questions without referring to the comparative legal method: in the article, the author refers to the views of English and American scholars when considering the problems of using artificial intelligence technology in commercial contracts. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that firstly smart contracts designed for automatic transactions on the Internet do not allow moving real goods in the real world, therefore the scope of their use is only limited to the conclusion, but not to the execution of contracts of sale. Secondly, a smart contract can completely supplant traditional contracts and obligations in mediation contracts aimed at performing only legal actions. Thirdly, there is a problem of ensuring the right to privacy when using big data, therefore, the commercial use of the collected data, though does improve sales, violates basic human rights. And finally, the mastered capabilities for automating the processes of selecting counterparties, determining and changing storage conditions, tracking the balance of goods in the warehouse, etc., allow author to discuss the potentially great possibilities of using AI in commerce.
Blockchain technology is considered one of the most disruptive technologies of our times. At the same time, by means of smart contracts stored on a blockchain, all or parts of an agreement can be executed automatically upon certain triggering events. Some consider that with smart contracts becoming more and more complete and self-executing, we will enter into an era of dispute resolution without the involvement of a neutral third party (conciliator, mediator, arbitrator) or even an entirely dispute-free environment. By contrast, it is submitted that disputes are inevitable. The question is not whether disputes arise, but which means of dispute resolution are best suited to resolve disputes arising in the context of blockchains and smart contracts. While not the only mechanism, it is submitted that arbitration is particularly well-suited for many types of disputes and, if adapted to the specific expectations and needs of (enterprise) users of blockchains and smart contracts, may play a central role in a blockchain and smart contract environment. blockchain technology, smart contracts, distributed ledger technology, decentralization, disintermediation, oracles, automation, artificial intelligence, cryptocurrencies, NFTs, Kleros, digital dispute resolution
When we talk about blockchain and smart contracts, it is necessary to consider the parties participating in them, their rights and obligations, as well as the prerequisites for concluding a smart contract, namely, offer and acceptance. We also have to understand how it is used in different fields of law. As we are aware, blockchain is considered as the fourth generation industrial revolution. Its creation is related to a person named Sabo, it is still unknown who he was – it means that we do not have exact information, whether it was one person who created blockchain – part of the fourth industrial revolution or a group of people. At the same time, let's define the meaning of the contract in general, we can formulate the definition of the agreement (contract) as follows, the agreement (contract) is a deal concluded by two parties, which must have legal consequences, i.e. the parties participating in it have rights and obligations. It should also be noted, that thousands of years have passed since the first contracts were signed, however, the most significant change in the development of contracts occurred during the last century. The article will discuss all the issues and problems that are very important in relation to this topic. The role of offer and acceptance in blockchain and smart contracts and how it differs from the usual standard contract will be described, we will also talk about the parties of the smart contract and how we can use it in different fields of law.
Disputes regarding smart contracts are inevitable, and parties will need means for dealing with smart contract issues. This article highlights the need for dispute resolution mechanisms for smart contracts. The author provides analysis of the possible mechanisms to solve disputes arising from smart contracts, namely dispute resolution by traditional arbitration institutions and blockchain arbitration. Article acknowledges the benefits and challenges of both mechanisms. In the light of this, the author concludes about instituting a hybrid approach aimed at resolving disputes that will not stymie efficiencies of smart contracts.
D. Jonathan Sebastian-Cardenas, Sri Nikhil Gupta Gourisetti, Shammya Shananda Saha, Komal Khan · 7 authors
Smart contracts (SCs) are a set of logical procedures that can be run by individual peers participating within a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) network. By design, smart contracts inherit many of the benefits of DLT, including its immutability, scalability and security properties. Nevertheless, they may introduce additional attack vectors, which can lead to cybersecurity explorations that could jeopardize the end-application's ability to operate as intended or result in data leaks, and privacy violations. In this work an exploration of known problems, and possible attack scenarios will be presented. This is followed by a set of proposed best practices and mitigation strategies that are intended to assist developers, researchers and other relevant stakeholders to develop secure SC implementations.
Vladimir Yuzhakov, Elvira Talapina, Irina Chereshneva
Within the framework of this work, the actual relations associated with the application of distributed ledger technology (TRR) in public administration and the potential of their legal regulation have been analyzed. The legal risks of using TPP in public administration were identified and systematized, a classification of legal risks when using TPP, primarily in the form of a blockchain, in public administration was proposed. Proposals are formulated to overcome legal risks when using TRP in public administration.
The article analyzes the problems and threats associated with the use of the latest information technologies for criminal purposes, as well as the use of cryptocurrencies in the process of legalizing proceeds from crime to finance terrorism and extremism
Svrha je istraživanja u ovom diplomskom radu utvrditi što je potrebno za pravno i tehnološko unapređenje i usklađivanje pametnih ugovora kako bi pametni ugovori imali širu primjenu i pravnu prihvaćenost te bili ravnopravni s tradicionalnim ugovorima u pisanom obliku. Cilj je istraživanja dokazati spremnost tehnologije koja omogućava pametne ugovore te objasniti zašto pametni ugovori nisu do sad pravno regulirani i prihvaćeni. Analizom i usporedbom definicija za blockchain tehnologiju i pametne ugovore ponuđena je vlastita definicija za blockchain tehnologiju i pametne ugovore. Usporedili su se tradicionalni i pametni ugovori kako bi se istaknule prednosti i nedostaci pametnih ugovora te su se ponudila rješenja za nedostatke pametnih ugovora. Prijedlozi za tehnološko unapređenje pametnih ugovora su ponuđeni za Ethereum blockchain jer je to prva platforma za pametne ugovore koja je najveća i najpopularnija. Ponuđena su rješenja za prepreke koje su detektirali regulatori pojedinih država i organizacije. Pravna unapređenja pametnih ugovora su predložena na temelju analizi stava sudionika u pravnom sustavu.
Blockchain tehnologa predstavlja novu eksponencijalno rastuću tehnologiju i jednu od obećavajućih tehnologija za budućnost. U sklopu diplomskog rada, objašnjena je navedena tehnologija kao i primjer jedne od upotrebe blockchain-a. Na samom početku diplomskog rada, za što bolje razumijevanje blockchain tehnologije, objašnjen je pojam kriptografije i osnovnog algoritma koji se koristi. Razjašnjena je razlika između decentraliziranih i centraliziranih sustava, koja je osnovna razlika blockchain-a od ostalih tehnologija. Priložen je i povijesni razvoj blockchain tehnologije s ključnim događajima koji su doveli do rasta i interesiranja šire populacije za istu. Nadalje je objašnjen razvoj interneta kroz godine s ključnim značajkama web3 tehnologije, koji predstavlja nocu eru revolucije interneta temeljenu upravo na blockchain tehnologiji. U idućem poglavlju je pojašnjen princip rada blockchain-a, uključujući principe postizanja konsenzusa. Pojašnjava se i pojam pametnih ugovora, koji su sastavni dio funkcioniranja blockchain tehnologije. Navedeni su i primjeri za koje se navedena tehnologija može koristiti s beneficijama koje bi pružila. U sklopu diplomskog rada izrađena je aplikacija temeljena na blockchain tehnologiji korištenjem pametnog ugovora. Kreirana je decentralizirana aplikacija za razmjenu poruka između korisnika aplikacije. Decentralizirane aplikacije (eng. dApp) predstavljaju novu generaciju interneta koja pruža korisniku slobodu i privatnost korištenja interneta, bez praćenja i kontrole velikih tehnoloških divova. Za izradu navedene aplikacije korišten je React, za kreiranja korisničkog sučelja, a za izradu pametnog ugovora je korišten Solidity.
Evgenia M. Poleshchuk, Inna A. Shcherbinina, Sofya E. Putilova
Blockchain technology gained popularity in 2008 and since has continued to develop rapidly. Smart contracts are used in many areas of the economy in the form adapted to solve a specific business problem. Thus, today one can observe rapidly growing varieties of smart contracts. However, developers often do not explore the limitations and risks of using this technology for specific use cases. At the same time, the losses resulting from the limited use of technology in a particular subject area can be very significant. In order to build effective protection in the blockchain network, it is necessary to analyze the object of protection for the components that are valuable to the attacker, as well as to determine the vulnerabilities of the product through which illegitimate entry into the network is possible. Attacks can target the consensus algorithm, flaws in smart contract programming languages, or flaws in the blockchain structure itself. In addition to vulnerabilities, there are also operational security issues such as private key or host system compromise. This paper provides a detailed analysis of the security of a smart contract that implements the functions of a shipping contract. The authors check the research object for vulnerabilities in order to make recommendations for increasing the level of information security of the considered smart contract.
The article presents the authors’ view on the ongoing changes in the process of resolving new “digital” disputes. The authors assess the global practice of resolving digital disputes through arbitration, as well as the new form of digital rights protection - blockchain arbitration. They analyze regulation of the new procedure for the protection of digital rights in foreign practice. The authors believe that the developed foreign experience in resolving smart contracts is progressive and effective. The findings of the research can be outlined as follows: 1) for the first time, special rules for resolving digital disputes have been formulated; they have been developed in tight cooperation of lawyers and IT specialists; 2) disputes from smart contracts and blockchain were isolated into a separate form of rights protection; 3) special approaches to settling digital disputes at the stage of concluding smart contracts have been worked out; 4) the process of enhancing the procedure for resolving digital disputes is ongoing.