Cryptocurrency crime incidents in Ethereum are continuously rising, with phishing scams accounting for 50% of all criminal activities. The severe data imbalance significantly impacts the performance of Ethereum phishing detection models. The current solution may introduce redundant information or lead to the loss of important data. In this paper, we propose an Ethereum phishing detection method based on Graph Contrastive Learning with augmentations. This approach addresses the issue of insufficient learning of phishing node features, thus alleviating the influence of data imbalance on the model’s detection performance without disrupting the original data distribution. To enhance the representation of structural features, we employ two data augmentation methods: feature masking and edge perturbation. We conducted extensive experiments on a real Ethereum phishing dataset to evaluate the performance of our method. Compared to alternative methods, our approach not only significantly improves Precision, ranging from 12% to 30%, but also achieves noticeable enhancements in Recall, Auc, and F1-score. The experimental results provide ample evidence of the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Traditional covert transmission (CT) approaches have been hindering CT application while blockchain technology offers new avenue. Current blockchain-based CT approaches require off-chain negotiation of critical information and often overlook the dynamic updating of session keys, which increases the risk of message and key leakage. Additionally, in some approaches the covert transactions exhibit obvious characteristics that can be easily detected by third-parties. Moreover, most approaches do not address the issue of decreased reliability of message transmission in blockchain attack scenarios. Bitcoin-and Ethereum-based approaches also have the issue of transaction linkability, which can be tackled by Monero-based approaches because of the privacy protection mechanisms in Monero. However, Monero-based CT has the problem of sender repudiation. In this paper, we propose a novel$M$onero-$B$ased CT approach (MBCT), which enables on-chain session key dynamically updating without off-chain negotiation. MBCT can assure confidentiality of on-chain session key, non-repudiation of transmission parties, reliability of message transmission under blockchain attack, unlinkability and obscurity of covert transactions. They are achieved by the three components in MBCT, namely, a sender authentication method, a dynamically on-chain session key updating method and a state feedback method. We implement MBCT in Monero-0.18.1.0 and the experiment results demonstrate its high embedding capacity of MBCT.
K. Kalaiselvi, K. Saravanan, M Shalini, T. Venkatesan · 6 authors
The abstract presents a concise overview of the methodology and key findings of the experimental evaluation conducted for a Blockchain Assisted Electronic Voting System (BAEVS) employing a Secured Authentication Scheme. This study focuses on the design, implementation, and assessment of the BAEVS, aiming to enhance the transparency, security, and reliability of electronic voting processes. The methodology encompasses three main stages: Prototype Development, Blockchain Platform Selection, and Smart Contract Implementation. The prototype is developed using modern web development frameworks to ensure usability and accessibility for diverse users. A suitable blockchain platform, such as Ethereum or Hyperledger Fabric, is chosen to implement the distributed ledger component, considering factors such as scalability and security. Smart contracts, developed in platform-specific languages, govern the voting process and undergo rigorous testing to ensure correctness and reliability. The experimental evaluation reveals promising results, demonstrating the effectiveness of the BAEVS in providing secure and transparent electronic voting. Overall, this study contributes to the advancement of electronic voting systems by offering insights into the design and implementation of blockchain-assisted solutions with secured authentication mechanisms.
Student, CSE, Sir MVIT, B Sumangala, Aman Raj, Amritanshu Bhardwaj · 6 authors
Abstract - CrypticReport is a decentralized crime reporting system designed to make public reporting safer, more transparent, and free from identity risks. Citizens often avoid reporting crimes due to fear of exposure, harassment, or data misuse. CrypticReport overcomes these challenges by combining blockchain technology, decentralized IPFS storage, artificial intelligence or zero-knowledge–based authentication. Using Anon Aadhaar, users can verify their identity without revealing any personal information. AI models classify reports to block spam and detect duplicate submissions. All verified reports and evidence are stored in IPFS, and their hashes are recorded on the blockchain for tamper-proof storage. The platform uses a React interface for reporting, a Flask backend for AI processing, Ethereum smart contracts for record immutability, and the Waku protocol for real-time updates between citizens and authorities. Testing shows that the system improves trust, preserves anonymity, and ensures that no data can be altered once submitted. CrypticReport proves that decentralized systems can make crime reporting more secure, reliable, and citizen-friendly. Key Words: Blockchain, IPFS, Anonymous Reporting, AI Classification, Zero-Knowledge Proof, Decentralized Systems
M. Mahalakshmi, Vedant Bhatnagar, Kumar Adarsh Pandita
Developing a robust electronic voting system that upholds the principles of loveliness and sequestration essential in traditional voting styles, while employing the translucency and rigidity of electronic systems, has posed a patient challenge. This ongoing exploration trials to explore the operation of block chain technology as a means to produce allotted electronic voting systems. The study introduces an ingenious electronic voting model grounded on block chain, leveled at mollifying some of the failings observed in being systems. colorful block chain fabrics are assessed for their felicity in constructing such a system. Through a case study fastening on the electoral process, the paper illustrates the eventuality of allotted tally technologies in enhancing the screen and obscurity of choices. Throughout the design evolution, we remain aware of two intermediary questions Can block chain technology be effectively employed to expedite the deployment of meaningful, high- performing operations that extend distinct vantages over traditional styles? And can block chain grease the deployment of operations while maintaining respectable interpretation within being constraints? We cast to manipulate these inquiries through our exploration bid, which involves expansive testing, dissection, and iterative refinement of the proffered block chain grounded electronic voting system. By using creations in block chain technology and integrating them with established principles of advancing veracity, our end is to establish a complete result that not only meets the rigid demands of secure electronic voting but also sets a new metric for translucency, loveliness, and effectiveness in electoral processes.Through collaboration with stakeholders, policymakers, and experts in the field, we strive to ensure that our result isn't only technically sound but also ultra practical and scalable, paving the expressway for wide relinquishment and trust in electronic voting systems.
Mrs. K. Divya Kalyani, S. Aimen Fathima, Sowndarya Lakshmi, K.S. Hemanth · 5 authors
This paper introduces a novel Digitalized Voting System designed to address the shortcomings of current voting methods employed in India. With a focus on enhancing transparency and trust in the electoral process, the system aims to overcome challenges present in both traditional and digital voting systems, including instances of mishaps and injustice. Leveraging blockchain technology, the proposed system seeks to ensure fair elections and minimise occurrences of injustice. While electronic voting has been introduced as a solution to paper-based voting, it has encountered obstacles primarily related to security and privacy concerns. To address these issues, our framework emphasises the effectiveness of various components such as the polling process, hashing algorithms, contract and block creation, data accumulation, and result declaration.Utilising an adjustable blockchain method, the system aims to provide a robust solution to the security and data management challenges inherent in blockchain technology. By incorporating elements such as blockchain, hashing algorithms, block creation, OTP verification, and Ethereum, our approach endeavours to digitalize the voting process comprehensively. This paper contributes to the advancement of electoral integrity by presenting an improved manifestation of electronic voting, paving the way for more transparent and secure elections
Open access
Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
Blockchain technology has emerged as a transformative approach for decentralized data management, ensuring transparency, security, and trustworthiness in digital transactions. Central to blockchain’s robustness are data integrity and cryptographic mechanisms, which collectively maintain the immutability and confidentiality of data. This article examines the critical role of cryptography in safeguarding blockchain networks, highlighting techniques such as hash functions, digital signatures, and public-key cryptography. Further, it discusses how these cryptographic tools enable data integrity, prevent tampering, and secure distributed ledger systems. Challenges and future prospects of cryptographic methods in evolving blockchain applications are also explored.
In the era of increasing government surveillance driven by national security and law enforcement interests, maintaining individual privacy has become a critical challenge. Cryptographic privacy solutions offer powerful tools to protect communication confidentiality, data integrity, and user anonymity against intrusive surveillance mechanisms. This paper explores the contemporary cryptographic techniques employed to counter government surveillance efforts, including end-to-end encryption, anonymous communication networks, zero-knowledge proofs, and homomorphic encryption. We also analyze the legal and ethical landscape shaping the deployment of these technologies. Emphasis is placed on the balance between privacy preservation and regulatory oversight. Case studies illustrate practical implementations and limitations. The findings highlight the necessity of advancing cryptographic solutions while addressing usability and policy challenges for robust privacy protection.
V Preethi, V R Litheesh, M Vinay, Amith Maiya G · 5 authors
Nowadays, there has been increasing interest in leveraging blockchain technology for secure and transparent electronic voting systems.This paper presents the design and implementation of a blockchain-based e-voting system aimed at enhancing the integrity, security, and accessibility of traditional voting processes.The system architecture utilizes distributed ledger technology to record and verify votes, ensuring immutability and transparency of the electoral process.Our approach addresses key challenges such as voter anonymity, verifiability, and prevention of tampering or fraud.The implementation leverages smart contracts to automate vote counting and result tabulation, thereby minimizing the need for manual intervention and reducing the potential for errors.We discuss the technical components of the system, including the blockchain network setup, consensus mechanisms, and cryptographic techniques employed to safeguard voter privacy and data integrity.Furthermore, we evaluate the performance and scalability of the system, considering factors such as transaction throughput and latency.Real-world deployment scenarios and potential challenges in adopting blockchain-based e-voting systems are also discussed.The outcomes of this research contribute to the advancement of secure and trustworthy e-voting systems, paving the way for more inclusive and efficient democratic processes.
P. Chinnasamy, Ramesh Kumar Ayyasamy, Poovendran Alagarsundaram, S. Dhanasekaran · 6 authors
In today's world, voting online is becoming increasingly popular. It has a lot of power to reduce administrative costs and increase the number of voters. Eliminates the need for ballot papers or polling stations, allowing citizens to vote anywhere via the Internet. Apart from these benefits, online voting methods are viewed with extreme caution as they pose additional risks. One mistake can easily lead to disaster. When used in elections, electronic voting systems must be legitimate, accurate, secure, and competent. However, the ability to have difficulty with computer voting methods can reduce acceptance. Blockchain technology is created to address these concerns and provides separate nodes for electronic voting. It is used to create electronic voting systems because of its ultimate verification benefits. With distributed, non-disposable features, and security protection, this technology is a great way to establish common electronic voting solutions. Blockchain is a system where each item is treated as a block, with a link that connects all these blocks, hence the name Block-Chain. Each block contains all possible data for one business, as well as a timestamp and, in exceptional cases, once. The hashing function is used to determine the hash value of all data in a block. All data blocks are accelerated with the same function. The field across all blockchain blocks contains the precedent block address. Improving security Face recognition is used. Face recognition helps to ensure that the voter is legal or not. It helps election planners identify fraudulent voters and removes them from participating in the voting process. Voting with E using the blockchain facilitates the proper distribution of votes and ensures the security of total data throughout the process. It makes the election clean and protects the vote of the affected people.
Blockchain is a modern technology that has revolutionized the way society interacts and trades. It could be defined as a chain of blocks that stores information with digital signatures in a distributed and decentralized network. This technique was first adopted for the creation of digital crypto currencies, such as Bit coin and Ethereum. However, research and industrial studies have recently focused on the opportunities that blockchain provides in various other application domains to take advantage of the main features of this technology, such as: decentralization, persistency, anonymity, and auditability. This paper reviews the use of blockchain in several interesting fields, namely: finance, healthcare, information systems, wireless networks, Internet of Things, smart grids, governmental services, and military/defense. In addition, our paper identifies the challenges to overcome, to guarantee better use of this technology.
Electronic voting, or e-voting, offers fundamental advantages over paper-based systems, including increased efficiency and reduced errors. The electronic voting system aims to boost user participation by enabling individuals to cast their votes from any location using any device with an internet connection. Blockchain, an emerging decentralized technology with robust cryptographic foundations, holds the potential to enhance various industries. Integrating blockchain technology into e-voting systems could address current concerns and challenges, providing a promising solution for improvement. This paper proposes a blockchain-based voting system designed to mitigate voting fraud, simplify the voting process, and ensure security and efficiency through face recognition. The lack of adequate transparency in many voting systems presents a significant challenge to building trust among voters, making it difficult for the government to secure their confidence. The failure of traditional and current digital voting systems lies in their susceptibility to exploitation. To address this, the paper suggests a framework employing effective hashing techniques to ensure data security. The concept of block creation and sealing is introduced, emphasizing the implementation of hashing algorithms. The proposed framework discusses the effectiveness of the polling process, detailing the implementation of an adjustable blockchain method involving utility establishment, contract formation, block creation and sealing, data accumulation, and results declaration. This approach ensures a dynamic and flexible application of blockchain technology. Key Words: Blockchain, E-Voting, Smart Contract, Face Regconition.
Abstract As a cornerstone of democratic governance, elections hold unparalleled significance, shaping a nation’s trajectory. However, the prevailing ballot-paper based voting systems continue to face trust issues among significant populations. As a result, e-Voting has emerged as an appealing alternative, with numerous countries opting for its implementation globally. While e-Voting systems offer several advantages, they also come with their own set of challenges. Even a minor vulnerability can lead to massive manipulations in voting results. In recent years, there have been efforts to revolutionize the e-Voting paradigm by harnessing the potential of emerging technologies such as biometrics and blockchain. This paper proposes a Internet-based voting that adopts blockchain technology and biometric identification techniques. We use biometric modalities, such as fingerprint and facial recognition, for voter authentication while leveraging Hyperledger Fabric framework as blockchain network and ensuring a secure, transparent, and tamper-evident voting record. We demonstrate the proposed system with 100 participants in a preset environment where we collect the biometrics data. The results indicate that 87% of participants successfully registered with biometrics, while 88% cast their votes with a combination of either voter ID and fingerprint or voter ID with facial recognition. Our findings suggest that the proposed system allows voters to access the system seamlessly and automate identity verification procedures while ensuring a secure, decentralized, and distributed database network that maintains transparency. Future research shall be carried out in collaboration with election officials and voters to improve the system in real-world scenarios.
Tor's original design does not have an incentive mechanism but relies on volunteers to maintain their relay nodes for free, eventually leading to the current situation of centralization and lack of relay nodes. Current incentive schemes designed for Tor generally rely on centralized roles, thus presenting a risk of destroying Tor's anonymity. This paper proposes R2E, a decentralized scheme that treats Tor relay services as cryptocurrency mining and rewards the relays with generated tokens while addressing the challenge of how to design decentralized protocols that quantify workload while ensuring fairness and anonymity. We construct the Proof-of-Relay protocol in R2E that enforces random circuit selection, limits the number of nonce attempts, and exploits one-time keys and zero-knowledge proofs to protect participants' identities. We implemented a prototype of R2E based on Ethereum and conducted the trial operation and several confirmation experiments involving$2^{20}$clients,$2^{10}$to$2^{16}$nodes, and 256 circuits for each client to demonstrate its applicability. Analysis and experimental results show that R2E can effectively ensure the anonymity of participants' identities and fairness of incentive allocation while showing good performance in overhead and scalability, making it easy to be quickly applied in practical deployments.
Chaehyeon Lee, Jonathan Heiss, Stefan Tai, James Won‐Ki Hong
Verifiable decentralized federated learning (FL) systems combining blockchains and zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) make the computational integrity of local learning and global aggregation verifiable across workers. However, they are not end-to-end: data can still be corrupted prior to the learning. In this paper, we propose a verifiable decentralized FL system for end-to-end integrity and authenticity of data and computation extending verifiability to the data source. Addressing an inherent conflict of confidentiality and transparency, we introduce a two-step proving and verification (2PV) method that we apply to central system procedures: a registration workflow that enables non-disclosing verification of device certificates and a learning workflow that extends existing blockchain and ZKP-based FL systems through non-disclosing data authenticity proofs. Our evaluation on a prototypical implementation demonstrates the technical feasibility with only marginal overheads to state-of-the-art solutions.
Nowadays, the Internet has become one of the basic human needs of professionals. With the massive number of devices, reliability, and security will be crucial in the coming ages. Routers are common to provide us with the internet. These routers can be operated in different modes. Some routers use the Wifi Security Protocol (WPA) or WPA2, and the Wifi Alliance introduced WPA3 on 25 June 2018. There are a lot of papers regarding Smart Contract (SC)–based IDS as well as Machine Learning-based IDS. Very few discuss combining SC and ML-based IDS for different authentication processes. In this paper, we will discuss how combining SC and ML plays a vital role in authentication. Also, we play the role of embedded IDS system so that existing vulnerabilities of the WPA2 and WPA3 can be reduced to 99.62%.
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a crucial technology for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) that integrates vehicles with the Internet and other entities. The emergence of 5 G and the forthcoming 6 G networks presents an enormous potential to transform the IoV by enabling ultra-reliable, low-latency, and high-bandwidth communications. Nevertheless, as connectivity expands, cybersecurity threats have become a significant concern. The issue has been further exacerbated by the rising number of zero-day (0-day) attacks, which can exploit unknown vulnerabilities and bypass existing Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs). In this paper, we propose Zero-X, an innovative security framework that effectively detects both 0-day and N-day attacks. The framework achieves this by combining deep neural networks with Open-Set Recognition (OSR). Our approach introduces a novel scheme that uses blockchain technology to facilitate trusted and decentralized federated learning (FL) of the Zero-X framework. This scheme also prioritizes privacy preservation, enabling both CAVs and Security Operation Centers (SOCs) to contribute their unique knowledge while protecting the privacy of their sensitive data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to leverage OSR in combination with privacy-preserving FL to identify both 0-day and N-day attacks in the realm of IoV. The in-depth experiments on two recent network traffic datasets show that the proposed framework achieved a high detection rate while minimizing the false positive rate. Comparison with related work showed that the Zero-X framework outperforms existing solutions.
The blockchain-based electronic voting (e-voting) system, offers universities a safe, easy-to-use platform that enhances accuracy and integrity. Despite that, it is challenging to integrate the blockchain-based e-voting system with current platforms and private data. Managing latency is another requirement during the blockchain transactions (votes/elections). In this work, we suggested a novel system that uses smart contracts on the consortium blockchain to address these constraints. The voters and electors in a university can vote and elect respecting the rules established in smart contracts. The miners validate transactions using proof of work (PoW) and proof of stake (PoS). Data integrity and voter validity are ensured via the SHA-256 hash algorithm and the ECDSA signature. The implementation results demonstrate that the suggested method works better than the state-of-the-art. exceeds the state-of-the-art in terms of gas cost and execution time.
In virtual power plants, diverse business scenarios involving user data, such as queries, transactions, and sharing, pose significant privacy risks. Traditional attribute-based encryption (ABE) methods, while supporting fine-grained access, fall short of fully protecting user privacy as they require attribute input, leading to potential data leaks. Addressing these limitations, our research introduces a novel privacy protection scheme using zero-knowledge proof and distributed attribute-based encryption (DABE). This method innovatively employs Merkel trees for aggregating user attributes and constructing commitments for zero-knowledge proof verification, ensuring that user attributes and access policies remain confidential. Our solution not only enhances privacy but also fortifies security against man-in-the-middle and replay attacks, offering attribute indistinguishability and tamper resistance. A comparative performance analysis demonstrates that our approach outperforms existing methods in efficiency, reducing time, cost, and space requirements. These advancements mark a significant step forward in ensuring robust user privacy and data security in virtual power plants.
To address the challenge of balancing privacy protection with regulatory oversight in blockchain transactions, we propose a regulatable privacy protection scheme for blockchain transactions. Our scheme utilizes probabilistic public-key encryption to obscure the true identities of blockchain transaction participants. By integrating commitment schemes and zero-knowledge proof techniques with deep learning graph neural network technology, it provides privacy protection and regulatory analysis of blockchain transaction data. This approach not only prevents the leakage of sensitive transaction information, but also achieves regulatory capabilities at both macro and micro levels, ensuring the verification of the legality of transactions. By adopting an identity-based encryption system, regulatory bodies can conduct personalized supervision of blockchain transactions without storing users’ actual identities and key data, significantly reducing storage computation and key management burdens. Our scheme is independent of any particular consensus mechanism and can be applied to current blockchain technologies. Simulation experiments and complexity analysis demonstrate the practicality of the scheme.