Blockchain Papers

Ankit Ganguly, Dipti Dash, Priyabrata Mohapatra

No abstract is available for this record.

Rakibul Hasan, Md Al Amin, Sheikh Dobir Hossain, Md. Ibrahim Abdullah

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized how physical objects in various environments connect and share information over the Internet, ushering in an era of ubiquitous data accessibility. This technology has rapidly gained popularity across diverse sectors, including education, healthcare, agriculture, transportation, etc. However, with the proliferation of IoT devices and the sensitive nature of the data they handle, the primary concern is ensuring robust data security to thwart potential misuse by malicious users. The challenge of securing IoT applications is particularly challenging due to the multifaceted demands of this technology. While traditional centralized approaches to communication provide a level of security, they often entail inherent vulnerabilities. IoT devices, constrained by limited computing power, memory, and energy resources, necessitate a more innovative approach to provide secure communication. This article presents a blockchain-based key-sharing mechanism for enhancing device-to-device (D2D) secure communication, specifically designed to address the intricacies of D2D communication without central intermediaries. This novel approach securely stores all device identifiers (IDs) and public keys on a decentralized, distributed, immutable blockchain ledger. This architecture renders tampering with blockchain records computationally infeasible for potential attackers, ensuring the integrity and availability of shared keys. Based on comprehensive simulations, experimental evaluations demonstrate the feasibility and viability of implementing blockchain-based key sharing in real-world IoT applications and services. Importantly, this approach upholds stringent security requirements while leveraging existing hard-ware, software, network infrastructure, and internet technologies, corroborating its readiness for practical deployment. In essence, this study underscores the transformative potential of blockchain in fortifying IoT device-to-device communication, paving the way for a future where secure, decentralized, and efficient data sharing among IoT devices becomes the new standard.

Paramjit Baxi

Using a distributed ledger, or blockchain technology, transactions may be recorded and verified in a safe, open, and independent manner. The ability to securely communicate data and improve supply chain management will enable the technology to potentially alter a number of sectors, including electronics engineering. This study examines the possible uses of blockchain technology in the field of electronics engineering, including supply chain management, secure data transmission, and product tracing. The article moreover looks at the snags and requirements related with the reception of blockchain innovation inside the domain of gadgets designing.

A. Anitha, M. Priya, M. K. Nallakaruppan, Deepa Natesan · 6 authors

INTRODUCTION: Supply chain management is the management process of the flow of goods, and services related to financial functionalities, procurement of raw materials delivery to the final destination. OBJECTIVES: Since the traditional supply chain process lacks data visibility, trustworthiness, and distributed ledger, the need for the blockchain mechanism to ensure the time-stamped transactions to provide a secured supply chain process has been introduced and integrated. METHODS: The distributed nature of the blockchain helps in organizing the supply chain and engaging the customers with real, verifiable, and immutable data. Blockchain technology enables these transactions to be tracked in a very secure and transparent manner. In this paper, we, therefore, propose a framework that utilizes blockchain and key Escrow encryption systems to optimize the security of supply chains to improve services for global business survivability. RESULTS: The comparative analysis with the existing benchmarking techniques with respect to the key size, key generation time, and key distribution time was carried out with the proposed model and found that proposed work provides better results. CONCLUSION: This proposed system can track the authenticity of the product and details about the manufacturer of that particular product. Thus, the paper concludes the proposed work enhances data’s integrity, traceability, and availability and single-point failure can be resolved or reduced using blockchain mechanism.

Aashima Sharma, Sanmeet Kaur, Maninder Singh

Abstract Technological advancements in the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) enable medical services to provide incredibly challenging real‐time functions. The proliferation of health sensors has improved patient monitoring, both for patient care and medical purposes, giving professionals more data for early diagnosis and treatment recommendations. Privacy and security are critical considerations for collecting and transferring data from these heterogeneous sensors across the database and the IoT network. This study leverages blockchain technology to improve Electronic Health Record (EHR) privacy and security. This article proposes a novel decentralized architecture using IoT and Blockchain technology for storing EHR and monitoring real‐time patient data. The proposed patient‐centric framework and architecture offer a straightforward solution that fulfills data integrity and anonymity and meets the data interoperability demands. Self‐contained encryption–decryption and primitive cryptographic techniques enhance the system's security. The proposed study models IoT health sensors such as body temperature, pulse rate, spO2, and Electromyogram (EMG) in a blockchain‐based IoT framework. The proposed system has been evaluated to determine that it can process and store Remote Patient Monitoring (RPM) data with encouraging results. The article provides performance, security, and threat analysis to contribute toward a robust, secure, and smart healthcare system using metrics such as latency, throughput, IoT sensor activity, and resource usage. Experimental results present that the proposed method beats the standard healthcare system regarding service quality and patient data monitoring.

Anita Sahoo, Rakesh Kumar Lenka, Soubhagya Ranjan Mallick, Pradyumna Kumar Tripathy

The healthcare industry has recently adapted to various cutting-edge technologies, such as the Internet of Things, Blockchain, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning, to transform healthcare into smart healthcare. With the aid of networking technology, real-world objects may communicate and interact with one another under the umbrella of the IoT (Internet of Things) and Blockchain technology. IoT-based healthcare designs have data privacy, network architecture, QoS, and continuous healthcare monitoring issues. This article presents an in-depth analysis of the most recent technologies employed, advances, and studies related to IoT and Blockchain-based healthcare systems. In addition, it analyzed the literature reviews to identify research gaps, challenges, and potential solutions for long-term integration with Blockchain-powered IoT healthcare systems. Moreover, it also discusses the use of multiple encryption techniques in the development of a healthcare system that is scalable, reliable, decentralized, transparent, and secure.

Arup Sarkar, Monideepa Roy

Growing concerns about drug safety have placed greater emphasis on increasing transparency and accountability in the drug supply chain. This is due to the highly regulated nature of the drug and the potential risks associated with any issues arising in the supply chain such as contamination or counterfeiting. To improve drug safety and meet regulatory requirements, pharmaceutical companies have implemented traceability platforms based on centralized or distributed databases. Centralized platforms rely on a single database managed by a central authority, making it easier to track products through the supply chain and identify any issues. In contrast, distributed platforms consist of multiple databases connected through a network, which promotes transparency and collaboration and allows participants to maintain control over their data. Pharmaceutical companies can use non-fungible tokens (NFTs) as a way to increase traceability and accountability in their supply chain. NFTs are unique digital assets that can be used to represent physical goods or assets. Using NFT, pharmaceutical companies can create a secure and immutable record of a drug product’s journey through the supply chain, which can be easily accessed and verified by all stakeholders. The choice between these platforms depends on a company’s specific needs, but both aim to increase supply chain transparency and improve drug safety.By implementing traceability, systems based on centralized or distributed databases and potentially incorporating NFT technology, to quickly identify and isolate any affected product and prevent it from reaching patients, increasing accountability and trust in the pharmaceutical industry and ultimately improving medicine and also Security.

Dur–e–Shawar Agha

This research explores the application of blockchain technology in securing Electronic Health Records (EHRs) while integrating IoT sensors for real-time patient monitoring. The primary goal is to address critical healthcare industry challenges, including security, privacy, data integrity, and accessibility. Our system focuses on enhancing EHR security and reliability through blockchain's decentralized and tamper-resistant features. Additionally, IoT sensors provide real-time monitoring of vital signs, enabling prompt interventions. This study not only delves into technical aspects but also considers practical implementation in healthcare, contributing to improved data security and patient care.

C. Devi Parameswari, M. Ilayaraja

No abstract is available for this record.

R. Rahin Batcha, S. Vignesh, Subathra, D. Saravanan · 5 authors

Cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum use the blockchain technology, that is known for providing significant security advantages. But there is more to Bitcoin and Ethereum than that. They use digital signatures to verify users. A digital signature uses cryptography extensively. There are two different kinds of keys: private and public. The public keys is the location of a bitcoin wallet that a bitcoin user holds. At this address, anyone desiring to send Bitcoins should do so. Blockchain is a method of storing data that renders it challenging or impossible to alter, hack, or deceive the entire system. In this current endeavour, we develop a digital currency (a crypto tokens) that complies with the ERC 20 norm, can be traded on Ethereum platform, and is able to be sold in a public sale. The Electronic Token Exchange (ERC) 20 standard specifies the characteristics of tokens, including token transfer, total token supply, and other factors. Solidity-built smart contracts will be used to govern and control how the tokens are used. A test-driven process is used to build tokens. The production of test cases prior to the building of smart contracts is referred to as "test-driven" development.

B. Sindhusaranya, R. Yamini, Manimekalai Dr.M.A.P., Geetha Dr.K.

The proliferation of Internet and Communication Technologies (ICTs) has ushered in a period often referred to as Industry 5.0. The subsequent development is accompanied by the healthcare industry coining Healthcare 5.0. Healthcare 5.0 incorporates the Internet of Things (IoT), enabling medical imaging technologies to facilitate early diagnosis of diseases and enhance the quality of healthcare facilities' service. Nevertheless, the healthcare sector is currently experiencing a delay in adopting Artificial Intelligence (AI) and big data technologies compared to other sectors under the umbrella of Industry 5.0. This delay may be attributed to the prevailing concerns about data privacy within the healthcare domain. In recent times, there has been a noticeable increase in the use of Machine Learning (ML) enabled adaptive Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) systems with different technologies for medical applications. ML is an essential component of the IoMT system, as it optimizes the trade-off between delay and energy consumption. The issue of data fraud in classical learning models inside the distributed IoMT system for medical applications remains a significant research challenge in practical settings. This paper proposes Federated Learning and Blockchain-Enabled Privacy-Preserving (FL-BEPP) for Fraud Prevention and Security (FPS) in the IoMT framework. The system incorporates numerous dynamic strategies. This research examines the medical applications that exhibit hard constraints, such as deadlines, and soft constraints, such as resource consumption, when executed on distributed fog and cloud nodes. The primary objective of FL-BEPP is to effectively detect and safeguard the confidentiality and integrity of data across many tiers, including local fog nodes and faraway clouds. This is achieved by minimizing power use and delay while simultaneously meeting the time constraints associated with healthcare workloads.

Ammbika Vamanrao MIttapally, Shrinivasa D Rao

Basically operating system is known as distributed ledger technology operating system maintains various records like stamp time record, 51% attack, distributed technology. With the fundamental details this paper suggests formal learning and informal learning with its benefits and limitations which make operating system as innovative technology. From Industrial Era innovation of electric the telegraph and the telephone, the internal combustion engine and the automobile informatics, data science. Operating system used in different sectors like real estate, schools modules information technology. This paper focuses on e-learning appliance and tried to express operating system can be useful to in education system. Article initially focused with benefits of operating system how it overcomes problems associated with students and teachers in Education system related to analysis of students and teacher both parties. Some suggestions on future directions and practical appliance are also included in this paper.

Mohd Mamoon, Ilma Shah

Counterfeit drugs pose a significant and increasingly urgent global problem, jeopardizing the health of consumers and the general population. As drugs pass through various stages in the supply chain, from suppliers to manufacturers to distributors and retailers, the original manufacturers lose track of how their products are used, while consumers remain unaware of the legitimacy of the drugs they receive. This issue leads to substantial economic losses for manufacturing companies and countries. Ensuring the verification of medicine authenticity and monitoring temperature conditions would enable medical professionals and patients to discard ineffective or expired medicines. This article suggests leveraging blockchain technology to combat drug counterfeiting and enhance traceability, security, and visibility in the pharmaceutical supply chain. An experimental system built on Ethereum was implemented and its cost-effectiveness was evaluated. The study utilized a virtual IoT device through the Cooja simulator to monitor the storage conditions of medicines.

Shi Dong, Khushnood Abbas, Mengyuan Li, Joarder Kamruzzaman

In recent years, with the rise of digital currency, its underlying technology, blockchain, has become increasingly well-known. This technology has several key characteristics, including decentralization, time-stamped data, consensus mechanism, traceability, programmability, security, and credibility, and block data is essentially tamper-proof. Due to these characteristics, blockchain can address the shortcomings of traditional financial institutions. As a result, this emerging technology has garnered significant attention from financial intermediaries, technology-based companies, and government agencies. This article offers an overview of the fundamentals of blockchain technology and its various applications. The introduction defines blockchain and explains its fundamental working principles, emphasizing features such as decentralization, immutability, and transparency. The article then traces the evolution of blockchain, from its inception in cryptocurrency to its development as a versatile tool with diverse potential applications. The main body of the article explores fundamentals of block chain systems, its limitations, various applications, applicability etc . Finally, the study concludes by discussing the present state of blockchain technology and its future potential, as well as the challenges that must be surmounted to unlock its full potential.

Nishat Tasnim Haque, Zerin Tasnim, Ananya Roy Chowdhury, Saha Reno

No abstract is available for this record.

Mohammad Aknan, Maheshwari Prasad Singh, Rajeev Arya

No abstract is available for this record.

Shrikant Tiwari, R. Ravinder Reddy, Amit Kumar Tyagi

The convergence of Education 4.0 and Industry 5.0 represents a transformative paradigm shift in both the educational and industrial landscapes, driven by advanced technologies such as blockchain and the internet of things (IoT). This chapter discusses the opportunities and challenges associated with the integration of these technologies within the context of Education 4.0 and Industry 5.0. Next in the industrial sector, Industry 5.0 is characterized by the seamless integration of digital technologies, automation, and data-driven decision-making. Blockchain technology enhances transparency, security, and trust in supply chains, while IoT devices provide real-time data for optimizing processes (including few challenges like scalability, interoperability, cost, etc.). In the educational sector, Education 4.0 emphasizes personalized learning, digital literacy, and lifelong learning. Blockchain ensures the security and immutability of educational credentials, while IoT facilitates personalized learning experiences (with few challenges like data privacy, etc.).

Nipun Setia

Because of the intensive calculations required by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) applications, an embedded device with limited hardware, such an IoT device, cannot execute the apps independently. One approach is to send CNN calculations away from the client devices and have them executed by neighboring edge servers [1], which have more powerful hardware. However, the proposed approach has a number of flaws. Providing incentives for the edge server to host the client applications is a problem of availability. Another issue is a problem with scalability, or how to deploy additional servers to handle increased demand for CNN services. Last but not least, there's the problem of data integrity, which concerns the client's ability to have faith in the output from hidden edge servers. We believe that blockchain technology holds the key to resolving these problems and making edge computing a reality. In this work, we present a new blockchain-based structure for CNN edge computing. Due to the inability of existing blockchains like Ethereum to execute a sophisticated programme, we suggest an alternative blockchain structure and protocol.

Katarzyna Bułkowska, Magdalena Zielińska, Maciej Bułkowski

Implementing blockchain technology in waste management is a novel approach to environmental sustainability and accountability challenges in our modern world. Blockchain, a technology that enables decentralized and immutable ledgers, is now being re-imagined as a tool to revolutionize waste management. This innovative approach aims to improve waste management transparency, traceability, and efficiency, resulting in significant environmental and economic benefits. In traditional waste management systems, the tracking and disposal of waste materials are not transparent and can be vulnerable to fraud, mismanagement, and inefficiency. Blockchain technology provides a secure and transparent platform for recording every step in the waste management lifecycle, from waste generation to collection, transportation, recycling, or disposal. Every transaction in the blockchain is recorded in a tamper-proof manner, enabling real-time monitoring and verification of waste-related data. This paper introduces the concept of using blockchain technology in waste management. The main goal of this work is to show the implementation of blockchain technology in an existing waste management company, using smart contracts in the recycling process to provide transparency. Also, the digital product passport was redefined in terms of circular economy and waste recycling.

M. Geetha Jenifel

No abstract is available for this record.

Ramiz Salama, Sinem Alturjman, Chadi Altrjman, Fadi Al‐Turjman · 7 authors

Artificial intelligence and blockchain are quickly integrating in daily life and business applications. When numerous information systems must access and analyze data in real-time in centralized systems and applications, such as healthcare, a bottleneck develops. This issue would be resolved by blockchain's decentralized database architecture, safe data storage, data exchange, and authentication. Additionally, AI can be present at the very top of the blockchain and produce insights from the shared data that is created and applied to forecasts. Blockchain is a cutting-edge Cybersecurity technology that creates chains by mutual consent between nodes that chronologically link new blocks to those previously stored in nodes. A number of industries, including banking, insurance, cybersecurity, forecasting, healthcare, and cryptocurrencies, among others, are growing more quickly as a result of technology convergence. The likelihood of these systems being hacked increases as more digital technologies are used and these businesses provide services. Blockchain technology and artificial intelligence can work together to create a strong defense against these dangers and security problems. We'll examine how blockchain and AI are merged in cybersecurity in this chapter. We'll go into more detail about how they help secure cyber-physical systems.

Sangeeta Gupta, Premkumar Chithaluru, May El Barachi, Manoj Kumar

Abstract In the current landscape, staying abreast of the latest technological advancements is a formidable challenge, especially given the deluge of data inundating the internet. The realization has dawned that effectively managing the surge in emerging data necessitates the integration of multiple technologies. In pursuit of this objective, the Internet of Things (IoT), renowned for its sensor‐based data capture capabilities, is frequently coupled with blockchain technology to ensure secure data storage and access. This amalgamation, in turn, leverages the cloud environment when data volume surpasses a machine's processing capacity, thus mitigating infrastructure and maintenance costs. This study endeavors to optimize data storage within the blocks of the blockchain (BCT) by storing an index that points to the actual data. This innovative approach not only conserves storage space but also enhances operational efficiency. Furthermore, it simplifies the task of identifying malicious or faulty nodes deployed at different locations for data capture within the prescribed time frame. To exemplify this implementation, a case study is presented, focusing on securing user votes through the creation of contracts. The results showcased underscore the preference for a permissioned blockchain, such as Fabric, over a permissionless one, like Ethereum, particularly in the context of security considerations. The findings reveal that as the number of operations (in this case, votes cast) increases, Ethereum's performance deteriorates, while Fabric exhibits exceptional robustness. Additionally, the study analyzes sensor data simulated via IoT nodes before and after the application of security algorithms to underscore the significance of the proposed Secure Cloud‐Based Blockchain (SCB2) model. The analysis encompasses various facets, including the creation, validation, and computation times of transactions and blocks within a node, and positions the model favorably in comparison to existing literature.

Chaitanya Vijaykumar Mahamuni

The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a common part of our daily lives. It refers to a network of physical objects, such as home appliances and security systems, that can easily connect to the Internet. By utilizing the internet, data storage, analytics, and sensors, IoT improves our daily needs and offers convenience in our fast-paced modern world. Alongside artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud computing, IoT has been a major trend in high-tech. It has great potential in areas like Industry 4.0, Smart Cities, and driverless cars. Advancements in technologies like artificial intelligence, blockchain, 5G, edge AI, and edge computing are driving new trends in IoT. This research paper presents a comprehensive survey of the latest applications of IoT, focusing on cutting-edge developments. The paper also explores the potential of incorporating disruptive technologies like artificial intelligence and blockchain to enhance IoT applications. It covers various aspects related to IoT application areas, including recent developments, significant challenges, and difficulties.

Aditya Sharma, Mritunjay Shall Peelam, Brijesh Kumar Chauasia, Vinay Chamola

Abstract The modern world has its foundation built on data. Data is generated all the time, and many aspects of the society and economy are built upon it. In today's world, data is employed in better decision‐making, innovation, and improving the efficiency of systems. It becomes essential to protect it from being tampered with or misused. Encryptions based on cryptographic systems are used in mainstream data protection these days. There have been newer iterations of mechanisms based on new techniques using blockchain and the zero trust model and even systems that employ fog computing along with content delivery networks. The advent of computation through quantum technologies also helped in developing data security with post‐quantum mechanisms. The critical conditions for the working of these mechanisms hinder their adoption primarily. This also leads current systems to lack one or more of these technologies. Thus, the importance of a unified system that can employ quantum technologies effectively becomes prominent and requires a definitive investigation. In this article, a Quantum‐IoT‐based data protection scheme that can be of value to Industry 4.0 is analyzed. Light is also shed on innovations in quantum computing that can help solve not just current problems but also the future.