Intelligent human inputs are required both in the training and operation of AI systems, and within the governance of blockchain systems and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). This paper presents a formal definition of Human Intelligence Primitives (HIPs), and describes the design and implementation of an Ethereum protocol for their on-chain collection, modeling, and integration in machine learning workflows.
The “metaverse” and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), though not necessarily “new” terms or technologies, have risen to mainstream prominence post-2020. This paper, based on survey data obtained from Unity Technologies, examines the metaverse, NFTs, and the future of development within the Unity engine from the perspective of current Unity users. Specifically, the paper examines how users define the metaverse, their goals in metaverse and NFT development, and their future questions and concerns concerning these concepts. This data is then used to place the metaverse and NFTs into broader historical, present, and future contexts. The paper ultimately argues: (1) the metaverse and NFTs follow previous historical trends in communication technology development, (2) development within Unity will continue to be split between game development and non-game development, and (3) arguments of the “newness,” “uniqueness,” or “future-facing” of the metaverse and NFTs help to obfuscate legitimate concerns about these technologies.
Smart contracts are a method for implementing direct democracy in virtual worlds. However, it is not clear whether voting preferences in the virtual world will mirror real-world voting preferences. We present a within-subject study in which participants were asked to allocate voting power in two scenarios. The first scenario probed participants’ opinion about the divisibility of voting rights. The second scenario presented participants with the case of unequal allocation of voting power in a virtual world, enforced by smart contracts. In both scenarios, participants allocated voting power and rated the fairness of their decision. Our study finds that participants’ voting preferences in the virtual world scenario did not mirror their real-world preferences and beliefs. Voting systems in the metaverse need to be carefully designed to align with human values and ethics.
As the global industrial complex gears toward fulfilling the tenets of Industry 4.0 and beyond, technologies such as distributed ledger technologies, digital twins, and artificial intelligence become pivotal enablers. In the last decade, metaverse as a concept and technology found its place among crucial enablers for technology and digital advancement across several engineering domains. Metaverse has the potential to combine the elements from distributed computing platforms, the digital evolution of physical systems, and advanced learning systems to unearth a fully digitized world of comparative properties of the real world. We should ensure the privacy, integrity, and confidentiality of personal data. These requirements will lead to proper identity management in the metaverse. Given the complex nature of the metaverse, traditional centralized systems may not offer a viable identity management solution. Therefore, this study explores a decentralized identity management system called the Self-sovereign Identity (SSI) as a logical alternative to traditional centralized identity management systems. The proposed holistic framework aims to ignite new ideas and discussions related to the combined deployment of DLT (Distributed Ledger Technology), SSI, and metaverse to inspire new implementation areas within the Industry 4.0 environment. The paper also discusses various opportunities, enablers, technical & privacy aspects, legislation requirements, and other barriers related to SSI implementation.
This paper details ethnographic methods, experiences, and insights from an ethnographer and an industry engaged complex systems engineer in how to study resilience in blockchain‐based DAOs as a novel field site. Amidst digitization of numerous elements of government, work, and everyday life, ‘Decentralized Autonomous Organizations’ (DAOs) provide a field site for the generation of ethnographic insights into opportunities and limitations in organizational resilience in human‐machine assemblages. As a broad organizational form, DAOs aim to enable people to coordinate and govern themselves through automated rules deployed on a public blockchain (Hassan & Di Filippi, 2021). DAOs are an experiment in ‘computer aided governance’. These adaptive, socio‐technical infrastructures are envisioned as capable of restructuring the foundations of governance in human societies (Merkle, 2016; Kolestsi, 2019; Garrod, 2016). Ethnography provides a qualitative tool to elicit the social dynamics of governance, adaptability, and resilience in a context of algorithmic governance and automation. By foregrounding the social dynamics of organizational adaptability and resilience, our resilience framework and vulnerabilities mapping tools help us to operationalize complex domains to de‐mystify and re‐humanize algorithmic systems.
Aidin Rasti, Daniel Amyot, Alireza Parvizimosaed, Marco Roveri · 7 authors
Smart contracts (SCs) are software systems that monitor and control the execution of legal contracts to ensure compliance with the contracts' terms and conditions. They often exploit Internet-of-Things technologies to support their monitoring functions, and blockchain technology to ensure the integrity of their data. Ethereum and business blockchain platforms, such as Hyperledger Fabric, are popular choices for SC development. However, there is a gap in the knowledge of SCs between developers and legal experts. Symboleo is a formal specification language for legal contracts that was introduced to address this issue. Symboleo specifications directly encode legal concepts such as parties, obligations, and powers. In this paper, we propose a tool-supported method for translating Symboleo specifications into smart contracts. We have extended the current Symboleo IDE, implemented the ontology and semantics of Symboleo into a reusable library, and developed the Symboleo2SC tool to generate Hyperledger Fabric code exploiting this library. Symboleo2SC was evaluated with three sample contracts. The results shows that legal contract specifications in Symboleo can be fully converted to SCs for monitoring purposes. Moreover, Symboleo2SC helps simplify the SC development process, saves development effort, and helps reduce risks of coding errors.
Abstract Health care interoperability unfolds the way for personalized health care services at a reduced cost. Furthermore, a decentralized system holds the promise to prevent compromises such as cyber‐attacks due to data breaches. Hence, there is a need for a framework that seamlessly integrates and shares data across the system stakeholders. We propose SEquestered aNd SynergIstic BLockchain Ecosystem (SENSIBLE), a blockchain‐powered, knowledge‐driven data‐sharing framework that gives patients complete control of their medical history and can extract rich information hidden in it using knowledge graphs (KGs). By incorporating both blockchain and KGs, we can provide a platform for secure data sharing among stakeholders by maintaining data privacy and integrity through data authentication and robust data integration. We present a Proof‐of‐Concept of the SENSIBLE network with Ethereum to share dynamic knowledge across stakeholders. Dynamic knowledge generation on the blockchain provides a two‐fold advantage of cooperation and communication amongst the stakeholders in the health care ecosystem. This leads to operational ease through sharing relevant portions of complex information while also ensuring the isolation of sensitive medical data.
Rahime Belen-Saglam, Enes Altuncu, Yang Lü, Shujun Li
The blockchain technology has been rapidly growing since Bitcoin was invented in 2008. The most common type of blockchain systems, public (permisionless) blockchain systems have some unique features that lead to a tension with European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and other similar data protection laws. In this paper, we report the results of a systematic literature review (SLR) on 114 research papers discussing and/or addressing such a tension. To be the best of our know, our SLR is the most comprehensive review of this topic, leading a more in-depth and broader analysis of related research work on this important topic. Our results revealed that three main types of issues: (i) difficulties in exercising data subjects' rights such as the `right to be forgotten' (RTBF) due to the immutable nature of public blockchains; (ii) difficulties in identifying roles and responsibilities in the public blockchain data processing ecosystem (particularly on the identification of data controllers and data processors); (iii) ambiguities regarding the application of the relevant law(s) due to the distributed nature of blockchains. Our work also led to a better understanding of solutions for improving the GDPR compliance of public blockchain systems. Our work can help inform not only blockchain researchers and developers, but also policy makers and law markers to consider how to reconcile the tension between public blockchain systems and data protection laws (the GDPR and beyond).
Blockchain technology was created with security in mind. However, in recent years, there has been various confirmed cases of breach, worth billions of dollars loss in Blockchain associated to smart contracts. In order to address this growing concern, it is crucial to investigate detection and mitigation of vulnerabilities in smart contract, and this paper critically reviews and analyses key approaches for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contract within Blockchain. In order to achieve the purpose of this paper, five key approaches, notably the application of OWASP Top 10, SCSVS, vulnerability detection tools, fuzz testing and the AI-driven approaches are critically reviewed and compared. As part of the comparison performed, a penetration testing quality model was applied to study six quality metrics, notably extensibility, maintainability, domain coverage, usability, availability and reliability. Results revealed limitations of the studied vulnerability detection approaches and findings are expected to help in decision making especially when selecting approaches to be used during security analysis and pen-testing.
As the global industrial complex gears toward fulfilling the tenets of Industry 4.0 and beyond, technologies such as distributed ledger technologies, digital twins, and artificial intelligence become pivotal enablers. In the last decade, metaverse as a concept and technology found its place among crucial enablers for technology and digital advancement across several engineering domains. Metaverse has the potential to combine the elements from distributed computing platforms, the digital evolution of physical systems, and advanced learning systems to unearth a fully digitized world of comparative properties of the real world. We should ensure the privacy, integrity, and confidentiality of personal data. These requirements will lead to proper identity management in the metaverse. Given the complex nature of the metaverse, traditional centralized systems may not offer a viable identity management solution. Therefore, this study explores a decentralized identity management system called the Self-sovereign Identity (SSI) as a logical alternative to traditional centralized identity management systems. The proposed holistic framework aims to ignite new ideas and discussions related to the combined deployment of DLT, SSI, and metaverse to inspire new implementation areas within the Industry 4.0 environment. The paper also discusses various opportunities, enablers, technical \& privacy aspects, legislation requirements, and other barriers related to SSI implementation.
Blockchain-enabled smart contracts are subjected to several issues leading to vigorous attacks such as the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) and the ParitySig bug on the Ethereum platform with disastrous consequences. Several solutions have been proposed. However, new threats are identified as technology evolves and new solutions are produced, while some older threats remain unsolved. Thus, the need to fill the gap with a more comprehensive survey on existing issues and solutions for researchers and practitioners arises. The resulting updated database will become an essential means for choosing a particular solution for a specific subject. In this review, the authors embrace mainly codifying security privacy and performance issues and their respective solutions. Each problem is attached to its corresponding solutions when they exist. A summary of the threats and solutions is provided as well as the relationship between threat importance and the given answers. They finally enumerate some directives for future works.
Roberto Garcı́a, Ana Cediel, Mercè Teixidó, Rosa Gil
Recent initiatives related to the Metaverse focus on better visualization, like augmented or virtual reality, but also persistent digital objects. To guarantee real ownership of these digital objects, open systems based on public blockchains and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are emerging together with a nascent decentralized and open creator economy. To manage this emerging economy in a more organized way, and fight the so common NFT plagiarism, we propose CopyrightLY, a decentralized application for authorship and copyright management. It provides means to claim content authorship, including supporting evidence. Content and metadata are stored in decentralized storage and registered on the blockchain. A token is used to curate these claims, and potential complaints, by staking it on them. Staking is incentivized by the fact that the token is minted using a bonding curve. The tokenomics include the resolution of complaints and enabling the monetization of curated claims. Monetization is achieved through licensing NFTs with metadata enhanced by semantic technologies. Semantic data makes explicit the reuse conditions transferred with the token while keeping the connection to the underlying copyright claims to improve the trustability of the NFTs. Moreover, the semantic metadata is flexible enough to enable licensing not just in the real world. Licenses can refer to reuses in specific locations in a metaverse, thus facilitating the emergence of creative economies in them.
Monirah Ali Aleisa, Mona Alshahrani, Natalia Beloff, Martin White
Artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology (BCT) are considered two of the most trending and disruptive technologies. BCT, although commonly associated with cryptocurrencies, has shown a tremendous impact among many other distributed applications domains. BCT characteristics, such as the distribution of data storage among independent nodes and the use of consensus algorithms offer immutability and transparency and remove the need for a central authority making BCT trustworthy. However, decision-makers and stakeholders currently lack the confidence to overcome uncertainty related to AI technology, which affects the acceptance of AI technology in wider application domains, such as the recruitment process. Furthermore, current research literature does not adequately investigate the role of trust as an integral part of an AI-based recruitment application. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate how emerging BCT and AI technologies can improve decision making and stakeholder trust in a job recruitment system that is traditionally focused on just human expert decision-making. In this paper we propose the design of a new solution for trusting AI in recruitment applications through the use of Blockchain Smart Contracts (TAIRA-BSC). TAIRA-BSC integrates Blockchain Smart Contracts (BSC) with the Data Lake (DL), Machine Learning (ML) and AI technologies in our AI Recruitment Model (AIRM) architecture. TAIRA-BSC improves transparency and interoperability in the recruitment process while protecting sensitive job candidate data and ensures data integrity delivery and traceability in the recruiting process through a verifiable decentralized ledger, i.e., the blockchain and associated smart contracts. The paper presents a discussion on the state-of-the-art of integrating AI with BCT focusing on how BCT can be used to bridge trust concerns with AI systems. We also present a conceptual architecture TAIRA-BSC proof of concept that is developed to serve as a foundation for future studies focused on enhancing trust in AI applications through the integration of BCT.
The metaverse gained its momentum after a CEO of the biggest social media made a statement that it would be the next big thing after the Internet. Although there is no single, agreed definition of the metaverse, the common understanding of the metaverse is that the concept combines IoT, AR, VR, XR, and 3D technologies. It is also called the Web 3.0. The market capital and the economic potential of the metaverse are enormous. The market cap was calculated around USD14.8 trillion in October 2021 while the economic potential ranged from USD3,75 trillion to USD12.5 trillion. Hence, it is of importance to discuss the legal aspects of the metaverse. This article is the first to elaborate the legal conundrums of the metaverse in a more proper manner. It includes discussion on the property law and intellectual property law, and whether the time has come to have “a virtual property law”. It also discusses some other legal aspects such as privacy and data protection, contract law and smart contracts, cybersecurity and cyberattacks, monetary and payment systems laws, and regulation of virtual assets (including securities and commodities laws), tax law, anti-money laundering and KYC, and criminal law. To give a more comprehensive view, some governance and ethical issues of the metaverse are also touched upon.
James A. Cunningham, Nigel Davies, Sarah Devaney, Søren Holm · 7 authors
In recent years we have seen the adoption of distributed ledger technology (DLT), originally the mechanism underpinning the operation of the Bitcoin crypto currency, across a wider range of technology sectors including healthcare. DLT allows for the design of informatics systems with the properties of immutability, security, and decentralization. One recent innovation in the space has been the specification and development of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). NFTs are decentralized DLT-based records that represent ownership of a unique digital asset. The predominant current use case for NFTs has been in the representation and sale of digital artwork, however the features offered by NFTs, unique-ness, immutability, transferability, and verifiability, are directly applicable to the design of health informatics systems. In this paper we explore these properties and describe a reference architecture for using NFTs as a means of representing and transferring records of patient's consent for medical data use.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
While the primary focus of 5G has been on industry verticals, future 6G mobile networks are anticipated to become more human-centered. Emerging cyber-physical-social systems (CPSSs) aim at functionally integrating human beings into today's cyber-physical systems at the social, cognitive, and physical levels. CPSSs are instrumental in realizing the human-centered Society 5.0 vision. Society 5.0 envisions human beings increasingly interacting with social robots and embodied artificial intelligence in their daily lives. In this article, we build on our recent work on robonomics in the 6G era. Robonomics is an emerging field that investigates social human-robot interaction and its sociotechnical impact as well as blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies, not only coins but - more interestingly - also tokens. Specifically, we study the tokenization process of creating tokenized digital twins of assets and access rights in the physical and digital world, paying close attention to its central role in ushering in the future Web3 and its underlying token economy, the successor of today's information and platform economies. After introducing our CPSS-based bottom-up multilayer token engineering framework for Society 5.0, we experimentally demonstrate how the collective human intelligence of a blockchain-enabled decentralized autonomous organization can be enhanced via purpose-driven tokens.
Blockchain is a new, emerging technology that is expected to have deep and “disruptive” effects on our economies and societies. It offers a new paradigm for the way in which information is registered, stored, and transacted. Blockchain is actually only one example of distributed ledger technology, which constitutes a physically decentralized and secure database, in the sense data are not held in one central site, rather they are held and updated simultaneously across several sites, theoretically making it more difficult to hack (Weiss and Biermann, 2020). Blockchain allows generated information to be stored in “blocks,” each of which is “stamped” and linked to the previous one, creating an unchangeable record of transactions (Cagigas et al., 2021). The process is conducted and verified via a predefined network protocol or “consensus mechanism” that specifies how the system is ruled. This permissions architecture can be used to determine whether, and to what extent, the blockchain itself will be largely left under the control of a centralized entity or authority or whether access and control of the blockchain will be shared among all those interested in participating. For example, depending on the permissions granted, participation in the verification process can be open and free or restricted to a group of users. In addition, the information registered in the blockchain can be more or less openly shared. At the most general level, then, blockchains are secure, immutable, anonymous, and decentralized digital records (or ledgers) of user-verified digital transactions. The first well-known blockchain product to emerge was Bitcoin, in 2008, which utilizes the technology for its most familiar usage—“cryptocurrency.” Today, there are thousands of cryptocurrencies that have been launched with different degrees of success.1 Since cryptocurrency became well known, there has been a second spike in public consciousness about blockchain around non-fungible tokens (NFTs), where one-of-a-kind digital assets are bought and sold every day. These NFTs can be as trivial as a “signed Tweet,” one of which was sold via auction in March 2021 for almost US$3 million.2 Yet, only 1 year later, the same product was put up for sale again, the highest bid being only US$280, inevitably questioning its intrinsic price.3 As a result, blockchain is sometimes associated with crypto-criminality, money laundering, or questionable frivolities in the digital art market. Despite these better-known commercial applications, blockchain can also be applied to the public sphere: government, public policy, and public services. Indeed, in recent years, governments and international organizations around the world have started to deploy blockchain in a growing number of services, including digital identity management, health, food and agriculture, land registry, public procurement, defense, aviation, value chains, logistics, and more.4 So, while the early hype and possibilities of blockchain were grossly inflated (Tapscott & Tapscott, 2016) and the “blockchain revolution” is still to come in the way that the portable computing, the internet, and cell phones did, there are significant implications to the technology, both as a target and as a tool of public policy and indeed as a possible new form of governance (Campbell-Verduyn, 2018). Among these implications are higher-order questions on the nature of money, law, and democracy—and even the state itself (Atzori, 2015). Cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin have been issued outside of the traditional financial sector and have become a means of financial exchange and wealth-storage beyond the reach of governments—and among their more radical proponents, that is a feature, not a bug. Hence, states are already examining the issue of regulating cryptocurrencies not only because of their potential for being used in illegal transactions and money laundering but also for their potential threat to financial stability (FSB, 2021). It may be attractive too for financial interests to “tame” crypto and turn it into just another investment vehicle. The implications for the nature of law were first forcefully put forward by Lawrence Lessig: “code is law” (Lessig, 1999, 2006). This refers to a species of “algorithmic governance” where the routines and assumptions embedded in computer codes “govern” human behavior (Noble, 2018; Pasquale, 2015). More importantly, the code, for example, in the form of a smart contract, can trump the “law” in the sense of legislation or rules determined by state authorities. For example, remote services can be contracted in one part of the world, paid for through an app such as Satoshipay, and governed by a smart contract. The legal and taxation regimes within which those contracting parties reside become irrelevant. In both the arch-examples of currency and law, we see the potentially radical disintermediation that is either lamented or celebrated by promotors of blockchain technologies. Blockchain can go further and deeper in upending our conventional concepts of democracy and the state. For example, for most purposes, government-issued ID (passports, driver’s licenses, and birth certificates) are considered the foundation of one’s formal and legal identity. Indeed, a pioneer public case is currently being developed in the European Union (EU) within the realm of self-sovereign identity (SSI), namely the European Self-Sovereign Identity Framework (ESSIF).5 Moreover, there are also private initiatives: through Blockchain Helix, people can establish digital identities that give them an immutable record of who they are. The “national” passport could be eclipsed by the digital ID, which can then be used for borderless transactions. The point of these innovations is sometimes difficult to grasp since they seem to be only “added layers” to existing, secure, and accepted forms of ID. All current forms of ID can be counterfeited, hence the lengths that governments go to protect the security, for example, of a passport. We can see the problem more clearly in the case of academic or professional credentials. As labor markets go global, the barriers to “proving” one’s university or training qualifications (e.g., degrees, certificates, and CVs) rise considerably with requirements for attestation from various “official” bodies. Blockchain potentially upends this. The upending is moderate, a mere tilt, if governments (e.g., the ESSIF above) build the blockchain architecture. The upending is radical if individuals no longer need government and if their digital ID is blockchain-solid and accepted anywhere. The digital ID would supplant the government passport or other state-sanctioned ID. The current value of “citizenship” would be further debased. Another example is governance processes, in both private and public spheres. The LiquidFeedback platform promises a “unique democracy software” to promote self-organization of units as small as an association or company or as large as municipalities. Bitnation goes further still and promises “a blockchain jurisdiction in which communities can be built, contracts made, disputes resolved, and agreements positively enforced through reputation. Within this jurisdiction, governance services such as peer-to-peer security, insurance and education can be accessed via third-party dapps.” You can even start your own “nation” if you like. Of course, this seems absurd—until we interrogate the core functionalities of the modern nation-state and consequently of “citizenship.” A contract between two parties who reside in the same “jurisdiction” is subject to adjudication and enforcement by that jurisdiction. When the parties are from different jurisdictions, the contract usually specifies which of the legal frameworks govern the agreement. Alternatively, there are provisions in international commercial law or treaties that will govern such agreements. Once again, blockchain upends this. A contract between parties in Montreal and Mumbai can be forged in blockchain, with its own self-executing provisions that have nothing to do with the jurisdictions within which the parties reside. Some analysts believe blockchain has libertarian and autarkic disintermediation in its DNA,6 but this has not stopped some governments from embracing the technology as the “next big thing” in governance and policy platforms; Dubai, for example, has a blockchain strategy that it claims will make it the “happiest city on earth.”7 This is part of the United Arab Emirates (UAE) Emirates Blockchain Strategy 2021, which aims to transform 50% of government transactions to blockchain.8 Its plan comprises a national system built around a unique digital ID for each citizen/resident, which they can then use to access government documents and services. The EU has a blockchain strategy, which includes the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure that is a joint effort of the EU states, Norway, Liechtenstein, and the European Commission.9 The overarching intent is to provide “legal certainty” and avoid “regulatory fragmentation.” Estonia has been the pioneer in digital governance, embracing e-government as early as 1997. It was the first government to use blockchain technology in 2012 with its Succession Registry, maintained by the Ministry of Justice. The blockchain platform now includes the following registries: health care, property, business, succession, digital court system, surveillance tracking information system: official state announcements, and the state gazette. Anarchists, drug cartels,10 financial institutions, and some governments (from the Baltics to Arab emirates) have embraced blockchain, but the policy research community is alarmingly late to the party. Debate and analysis on blockchain have been dominated by computing science and fintech, and more recently by legal scholars, even though the implications for policy science and public policy are potentially staggering. Even if we think of the implications only in terms of blockchain as a “tool” (something to be used in the delivery of public services) for public policy or as a “target” (threats to be managed), the list of services that could be disrupted by blockchain is significant. It is only in the recent period that the lack of attention to blockchain from the policy research community has started to change. This attention to blockchain can be quantified: a systematic review of the academic literature on blockchain in the public sector shows a sharp increase from 2015 onward (Cagigas et al., 2021). In parallel, there has been a significant increase in the number of policy documents on blockchain produced by international policy organizations, including the EU,11 the OECD,12 the United Nations (United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and UNWOMAN), and the World Bank.13 From the perspective of government and policy, blockchain is being used as a tool, for example, in the following activities: Record-keeping (health records, land registries, and vehicle registration); identity attestation (passports, ID cards, birth certificates, marriage, and divorce) Payments and remittances (Rodima‐Taylor & Grimes, 2019) Central Bank Digital Currencies, mostly known by their acronym CBDCs (although very few are currently considering using blockchain in their final pilots14) Secure and transparent delivery of cash benefits and tokens Smart contracts Supply chain management (tracking) Traceability systems (food safety and conflict minerals) (Muirhead & Porter, 2019) Insurance contracts And, as regards policy targets (threats) associated with blockchain, the following lead the concern: Money laundering (e.g., Financial Action Task Force) Financial services regulation (and experimentation) Carbon footprint of cryptocurrency “mining” Cyber-threats and cyber-warfare Tax evasion It is now timely to bring together a collection of articles by leading international experts that focus on what blockchain might mean for the economy and society, the regulatory dilemmas it presents, and possible policy solutions. The articles selected for this special issue all focus on core characteristics or promises of blockchain technology from a societal perspective and contemplate the regulatory challenges and dilemmas therein. For example, at the most generic level, blockchain technology is expected to be disruptive, meaning it is expected that, after initially taking root in simple, specific applications, it will increasingly replace previous technologies and bring about profound changes in the ways in which processes are completed, bringing about increased efficiencies and greater transparency and data security. However, these potential advantages must be considered alongside blockchain’s high-energy consumption needs, processing speed and cost. Blockchain thus presents trade-off dilemmas for policymakers seeking to promote economic growth, innovation, and sustainability. At higher and more abstract levels, we should also contemplate the potential impact of blockchain on our received notions of state sovereignty, citizenship, and governance. A key question for policymakers today is how can and should blockchain be regulated? De Filippi et al. (2022) pose the question of how policy can be designed to regulate and legalize a technology like blockchain that is “alegal” by design. The public, permissionless version of blockchain was explicitly designed to be decentralized, anonymous, and beyond the control of government. Some of the uses to which it was consequently put were clearly illegal, but many are “alegal” in the sense that they are simply beyond the scope of government to regulate or even “see” and have a self-regulatory, non-state bounded character of simple facticity. Blockchain is neither legal nor illegal, it just is or at least it “just was” in the moment of its creation/design by Satoshi Nakamoto (possibly a person, possibly a pseudonym). It was a completely new economic and payment system that had not existed before and thus was beyond law. The article shows, with a brief example of the attack on The DAO (a decentralized investment fund deployed as a smart contract on Ethereum in 2016), how far beyond normal legal or governmental interventions it was. However, policymakers are not entirely impotent—they can still regulate intermediaries, commercial operators, or mining pools and establish arbitration regimes, and indeed governments in the USA and in Europe have imposed anti-money laundering regulations and blacklists. De Filippi et al. (2022) register the limits of these approaches and instead argue for the creation of “regulatory sandboxes” (already used by the financial industry) that would permit leading and regulatory and from regulatory that would still regulatory The article by and (2022) on another core question to of policy and public distributed ledger technology, and other systems are to be is on specific and such as and rather governance, or conventional transparency and of and even if they are not they are embedded in frameworks that their they are subject to public their can be and on & The of technologies in may to more public services but also to such with a technology that in of digital security. and (2022) focus on the following can public In the case of institutions, what is the way public with technologies or their we a architecture or a The the use of potentially the public sector and how this may in government. then several policy with a to protect in government even if some of the used to do et al. 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Dijital tarihin akışına yön veren blok zinciri teknolojisi sanat tasarım ve ekonomi gibi birçok alanda yankı uyandırmıştır. Kripto ekonomi ağında geliştirilen NFT (Non-Fungible Tokens) varlık birimi ile tasarımcılar ve sanatçılar etki alanlarını genişletmişlerdir. Dijital eserlerin değer kazanması ve sahiplik haklarının lisanslanabilmesi, bilgi çağında sanat ve tasarımın dijital baskınlığının bir göstergesi olmuştur. Bu gelişmeler dijital sanata dair yeni tartışmaları gündeme getirmiştir. Eserin dijital varlığı ile fiziksel varlığı arasındaki kıyas bazı sanat eserlerinin sadece dijitalde var olabilmeleri adına fiziksel varlıklarının yakılarak yok edilmesi gibi durumlarla sonuçlanmıştır.Teknolojinin doğru amaçlarla kullanılabilmesi için öncelikle altyapısının doğru anlaşılması gerektiği göz önünde bulundurularak, NFT teknolojisinin anlaşılabilmesi adına araştırmada blok zinciri teknolojisine ayrıntılı bir şekilde yer verilmiştir. Teknolojideki bu kritik gelişmelerin altyapısının anlaşılması kripto sanat alanında atılacak adımların daha nitelikli olması ve yeni kripto koşullara uyum sağlanabilmesi açısından önemlidir. Araştırma, dijital çağın sunduğu olanakların doğru kullanımı ve bu doğrultuda yaşanan gelişmelerin odağında biçimlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda kripto sanat eserlerinin anlamsal değeri Beeple’ın Everydays: The First 5000 days isimli eseri üzerinden sanat eleştirmenleri ve sanatçıların yorumları ışığında değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırmada, lisanslanarak eşsiz birer dijital varlığa dönüştürülen sanat eserleri fiziksel varlıkları üzerinden irdelenmiş, varlıkların dijital ve fiziksel varoluşları adına ortaya koyulan eserler ve projeler değerlendirilmiş, sonuç kısmında doküman ve metin analizi yapılmıştır. Bu şekilde bir dijital varlığın kendini gerçeklemesi için fiziksel varlığından kurtulunması düşüncesi ve vandallık arasındaki fark ortaya koyulmuştur.
Autonomous connected vehicles are revolutionizing the automotive industry vision and impacting their business model. This trend will likely impact other related industries and their business model such as automotive insurance companies, tier-II automotive manufactures, and automotive maintenance service companies. The growing number of connected vehicles will require new policy formulation by the government about privacy and security issues in the era of massive digitalization and automation. Organizations such as 3GPP and IEEE are evolving standards that address security issues for connected vehicles. However, since Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) will play a significant role in 5G networks and beyond, we address the privacy and security issues with a blockchain-based intelligent digital forensics system for autonomous connected vehicles (ACVs) in a connected smart world incorporating artificial intelligence. The proposed system includes a novel algorithm for the autonomous connected vehicles and the users' security and privacy. We utilize short randomizable signatures to anonymously authenticate witness's identities and to protect the witnesses' privacy. Then, we leverage fine-grained access control based on ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption for evidence access and evaluate the feasibility of the proposed system by simulating the proposed model, its computational costs and communication overhead by implementing a prototype on a local Ethereum blockchain network platform. The simulation results show the proof-of-concept of the proposed system. We envision the application of the proposed system to ensure security and privacy of ACVs and their security applications for use with 5G-V2X and future XG-V2X networks.
Developing secure smart contracts remains a challenging task. Existing approaches are either impractical or leave the burden to developers for fixing bugs. In this paper, we propose the first practical smart contract compiler, called HCC, which automatically inserts security hardening checks at the source-code level based on a novel and language-independent code property graph (CPG) notation. The high expressiveness of our developed CPG allows us to mitigate all of the most common smart contract vulnerabilities, namely reentrancy, integer bugs, suicidal smart contracts, improper use of tx.origin, untrusted delegate-calls, and unchecked low-level call bugs. Our large-scale evaluation on 10k real-world contracts and several sets of vulnerable contracts from related work demonstrates that HCC is highly practical, outperforms state-of-the-art contract hardening techniques, and effectively prevents all verified attack transactions without hampering functional correctness.
Governing emerging technologies is one of the most important issues of the twenty-first century, and primarily concerns the public, private, and social initiatives that can shape the adoption and responsible development of digital technologies. This study surveys the emerging landscape of blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) governance and maps the ecosystem of emerging platforms within industry and public and civil society. We identify the major players in the public, private, and civil society organizations and their underlying motivations, and examine the divergence and convergence of these motivation and the way they are likely to shape the future governance of these emerging technologies. There is a broad consensus that these technologies represent the present and future of economic growth, but they also pose significant risks to society. Indeed, there is also considerable confusion and disagreement among the major players about navigating the delicate balance between promoting these innovations and mitigating the risks they pose. While some in the industry are calling for self-regulation, others are calling for strong laws and state regulation to monitor these technologies. These disagreements, are likely to remain for the foreseeable future and may derail the optimal development of governance ecosystems across jurisdictions. Therefore, we propose that players should consider erecting new safeguards and using existing frameworks to protect consumers and society from the harms and dangers of these technologies. For instance, through re-examining existing legal and institutional arrangements to check whether these cater for emerging issues with new technologies, and as needed make necessary update/amendments. Further, there may be cases where existing legal and regulated systems are completely outdated and can't cover for new technologies, for example, when AI is used to influence political outcomes, or crypto currency frauds, or AI-powered autonomous vehicles, such cases call of agile governance regimes. This is important because different players in government, industry, and civil are still coming to terms with the governance challenges that these emerging technologies pose to society, and no one has a clear answer on optimal way to promote these technologies, at the same time limit the dangers they pose to users.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, we witnessed how sharing of biological and biomedical data facilitated researchers, medical practitioners, and policymakers to tackle the pandemic on a global scale. Despite the growing use of electronic health records (EHRs) by medical practitioners and wearable digital gadgets by individuals, 80% of health and medical data remain unused, adding little value to the work of researchers and medical practitioners. Legislative constraints related to health data sharing, centralized siloed design of traditional data management systems, and most importantly, lack of incentivization models are thought to be the underpinning bottlenecks for sharing health data. With the advent of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of the European Union (EU) and the development of technologies like blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs), it is now possible to create a new paradigm of data sharing by changing the incentivization model from current authoritative or altruistic form to a shared economic model where financial incentivization will be the main driver for data sharing. This can be achieved by setting up a digital health data marketplace (DHDM). Here, we review papers that proposed technical models or implemented frameworks that use blockchain-like technologies for health data. We seek to understand and compare different technical challenges associated with implementing and optimizing the DHDM operation outlined in these articles. We also examine legal limitations in the context of the EU and other countries such as the USA to accommodate any compliance requirement for such a marketplace. Last but not least, we review papers that investigated the short-, medium-, and long-term socioeconomic impact of such a marketplace on a wide range of stakeholders.
Eranga Bandara, Sachin Shetty, Abdul Rahman, Ravi Mukkamala · 6 authors
Federated learning is a collaborative/distributed machine learning system which is designed to address the privacy issues in centralized machine learning systems. The transparency and provenance of a machine learning model are important aspects of federated learning systems since they impact peoples’ lives in various domains (e.g., from healthcare to personal finance to employment). However, most of the existing federated learning systems deal with centralized coordinators which are vulnerable to attacks and privacy breaches. Also, they do not provide any standard transparency and provenance mechanisms for the resulting models. In this paper, we propose a blockchain and Model Card-based integrated federated learning system "Bassa-ML" providing enhanced transparency and trust for the models. Model parameter sharing, local model generation, model averaging, and model sharing functions are implemented using smart contracts. The generated models, model training information, and model reports are stored in the blockchain ledger as Model Card Objects. This results in enhanced transparency and auditability to the federated learning process.
nalele ÈtiinÈifice ale UniversitÄÅ£ii âAlexandru Ioan Cuzaâ din IaÈi, seria ÅtiinÅ£e Juridice reprezintÄ o publicaÅ£ie de tradiÅ£ie în domeniul dreptului. Paginile revistei cuprind munca de cercetare a cadrelor didactice, profesorilor invitaÅ£i, cercetÄtorilor Åi doctoranzilor din cadrul FacultÄÅ£ii de Drept a UniversitÄÅ£ii âAlexandru Ioan Cuzaâ din IaÅi. Anul 1955 marcheazÄ momentul inaugural al Revistei, numerele ulterioare conservând impulsul imprimat iniÈial în continuitate pânÄ Ã®n contemporaneitate. Analele UniversitÄÅ£ii âAlexandru Ioan Cuzaâ, seria ÅtiinÅ£e Juridice conÈin analiza unor chestiuni punctuale de drept, subscrise celor patru puncte cardinale ale taxonomiei juridice â drept public, drept penal Èi ÈtiinÈe penale, drept privat, drept internaÈional Èi european â dublate de recenzii Èi comentarii de jurisprudenÈÄ.