Ümit Cali, Murat Kuzlu, Onur Elma, Osman Gazi Güçlütürk · 6 authors
With the advancement of green energy technology and rising public and political acceptance, electric vehicles (EVs) have grown in popularity. Electric motors, batteries, and charging systems are considered major components of EVs. The electric power infrastructure has been designed to accommodate the needs of EVs, with an emphasis on bidirectional power flow to facilitate power exchange. Furthermore, the communication infrastructure has been enhanced to enable cars to communicate and exchange information with one another, also known as Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology. V2X is positioned to become a bigger and smarter system in the future of transportation, thanks to upcoming digital technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Distributed Ledger Technology, and the Internet of Things. However, like with any technology that includes data collection and sharing, there are issues with digital privacy and cybersecurity. This paper addresses these concerns by creating a multi-layer Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) architecture to investigate possible privacy and cybersecurity risks associated with V2X. Using the CPSS paradigm, this research explores the interaction of EV infrastructure as a very critical part of the V2X ecosystem, digital privacy, and cybersecurity concerns.
Liwa H. Al-Farhani, Yahya Alqahtani, Hamdan Alshehri, John Martin · 6 authors
The widespread use of the Internet of Things (IoT) technology has both good and bad things about it. There must be a full and reliable security system in place for the Internet of Things so that things can work together in a safe way and intrusions cannot happen. There are now many more ways to keep the Internet of Things safe, thanks to a detecting system. As machine learning and deep learning technologies have become better, a lot of good intrusion detection systems have been made. This kind of study is covered. These two types of security are compared in this study. The current machine-based intrusion detection system is broken down into more detailed categories based on detection technology, data source, architecture, and operating method. These categories are as follows: It is talked about how IoT security will grow in the future and how to understand its intrusion detection system too. In this paper, a cloud-based blockchain security model has been presented for secure data transmission over IoT.
Jaime Fúster de la Fuente, Álvaro Pendás-Recondo, Leon Wong, Paul Harvey
Operation and management of telecommunication networks are increasingly difficult with the demands and behaviors of users exceeding the capacity of network engineers to keep pace. This has led to increased automation of the network, enabled by various forms of intelligent software. One such proposal from the ITU-T Focus Group on Autonomous Networks (standardization group) is an architecture to achieve self-driven automation (i.e. autonomy) of network operation, whereby technology from different operators and third parties is self-assembled and deployed in production networks. This raises questions and challenges regarding transparency, auditability, and trust while maintaining interoperability.This work presents an initial study of a distributed and decentralized marketplace to bring transparent and auditable trust to the proposed architecture without sacrificing interoperable functionality. We demonstrated this by our proof of concept implementation of both the proposed architecture and marketplace based on the combination of Ethereum and IPFS.
Luis Velasco, Marc Ruiz, Pol González, Vincent Lefèbvre · 6 authors
Multi-agent systems (MAS) have been proposed as an alternative to traditional centralized control for near real-time service control. However, MAS also show a distributed attack surface. To overcome their software higher security exposure, we combine a set of scalable techniques fostering enhanced security applied on individual agents and their communications. Specifically, the proposed solution combines: <em>i</em>) binary hardening with secure execution monitoring; <em>ii</em>) distributed ledger technologies for non-real-time MAS management; and <em>iii</em>) VXLAN and encrypted communications for near real-time MAS operation. The solution is designed not only to provide strong security to the MAS, but also to minimize any functional overhead.
In the industrial Internet of things (IIoT), various applications generate a large number of interactions and are vulnerable to various attacks, which are difficult to be monitored in a sophisticated way by traditional network architectures. Therefore, deploying software-defined network (SDN) in IIoT is essential to defend against various attacks. However, SDN has a draw-back: there is a security problem of distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks at the control layer. This paper proposes an effective solution: DDoS detection within the domain using tri-entropy in information theory. The detected attacks are then uploaded to a smart contract in the blockchain, so that the attacks can be quickly cut off even if the same attack occurs in different domains. Experimental validation was conducted under different attack strengths and multiple identical attacks, and the results show that the method has better detection ability under different attack strengths and can quickly block the same attacks.
the framework of relevant moral, safety, and ethical governance, we can generate various transportation planning schemes, different traffic application scenarios, and various ma nagement a nd control algorithms through only a few words.Gone are those days when we had to draw pictures one by one, set parameters one by one, and write code line by line.Meantime, the decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) is on the way.With no doubt, in the near future, with a clear sign of vitality, DAO and decentralized science (DeSci) will gradually become a new stream of scientific research and management organization mode, showing great
The Internet of Energy (IoE) is a distributed paradigm that integrates smart networks and Internet technology. In contrast to traditional centralized energy systems, distributed Energy Internet systems with multiple components and communication requirements necessitate innovative technologies for decentralization, reliability, efficiency and security. Novel blockchain architectures, smart contracts, and distributed federated learning technologies offer new opportunities for decentralized Energy Internet services. In this paper, we classify state-of-the-art solutions utilizing blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning for the IoE domains. In this context, four representative system models are identified and discussed. These models demonstrate various ways in which blockchain, smart contracts, and federated learning can be integrated to support the main domains of IoE, namely distributed energy trading and sharing, smart microgrid energy networks, and electric and connected vehicle management.
Darcy Camargo, Andreas Penzkofer, Sebastian Müller, William H. Sanders
The robust construction of the ledger data structure is an essential ingredient for the safe operation of a distributed ledger. While in traditional linear blockchain systems, permission to append to the structure is leader-based, in Directed Acyclic Graph-based ledgers, the writing access can be organised leaderless. However, this leaderless approach relies on fair treatment of non-referenced blocks, i.e. tips, by honest block issuers. We study the impact of a deviation from the standard tip selection by a subset of block issuers with the aim of halting the confirmation of honest blocks entirely. W e provide models on this so-called orphanage of blocks and validate these through open-sourced simulation studies. A critical threshold for the adversary issuance rate is shown to exist, above which the tip pool becomes unstable, while for values below the orphanage decrease exponentially. We study the robustness of the protocol with an expiration time on tips, also called garbage collection, and modification of the parent references per block.
In 2022, Thailand’s Demand Response (DR) business model was shifting from the Traditional Utility (TU) model to the Load Aggregator (LA) model in accordance with Thailand’s smart grid master plan. This research studied the current demand response model and mechanism to draw possible gaps in operations. This research deals with the data system owned by the individual load aggregator. The load aggregators collect meter data and evaluate demand adaptations before sending the results to claim compensation on behalf of their customers. This approach lacks transparency and facilitates distortion of the facts. Hence, this research introduces the data execution by smart contracts and data records on the blockchain that enhance transparent data sharing among multiple parties and maintain data integrity. Moreover, the proposed bidding algorithm allows customers to offer an expected price under the maximum incentive payment determined by the avoided costs of running the peaking power plants. Hence, the bidding helps reflect the DR operation costs on the customer side and control the budget for incentive payments. This study emphasized the smart contracts and decentralized application layer, so the public blockchain is a reasonable network for the test. However, implementation in real cases using the public blockchain requires careful considerations, such as network fees, transaction speeds, and the security of smart contract codes.
Tianfeng Chu, Xingchen An, Wuyang Zhang, Yan Lu · 5 authors
Virtual power plants can aggregate distributed energy resources and interruptible loads in a region for coordinated regulation and unified transaction. However, with the diversification of competition in the electricity market, the distributed operation mechanism between multiple virtual power plants (multi-VPPs) has gradually become a research focus. Based on this, this paper proposes a new type of distributed transactions strategy between multi-VPPs, i.e., the transaction matching mechanism. A two-stage transaction model based on the transaction matching is constructed for multi-VPPs to participate in the day-ahead and intraday electricity trading markets. In the first stage, each VPP optimizes its own internal units’ output and external interaction power through a cooperative game; in the second stage, it is the transaction matching among multi-VPPs that can match the most suitable counterpart by flexible price setting to increase the benefits of all the VPPs. Considering the efficiency and security of blockchain technology, we choose to complete the transaction matching between multi-VPPs with the support of alliance blockchain technology to improve the speed of system solution.
Rihab Jmal, Walid Ghabri, Ramzi Guesmi, Badr M. Alshammari · 6 authors
By bringing smart and advanced solutions, the Internet of Things (IoT) has opened up new dimensions of innovative services and processing power for contemporary living standards. IoT has a wide range of devices and communication entities as a result of the widespread applications of these services, making network management a challenging task. Therefore, it is critical to redesign the IoT network’s management. The inherent programmability and centralized capabilities of software-defined networking (SDN) make network management simpler, enable network abstraction, make network evolution easier, and have the potential to handle the IoT network. However, security issues still present the IoT dilemma. Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are among the most significant security threats in IoT systems. This paper studies in-depth DDoS attacks in IoT and in SDN. A review of different detection and mitigation techniques based on SDN, blockchain and machine learning models is conducted. A holistic, secure IoT system is proposed on the basis of SDN with multicontrollers. Blockchain is considered to guarantee security in distributed SDN-IoT networks and ANN to improve the detection and mitigation process.
Chenggang Mu, Tao Ding, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Shiqi Liu · 8 authors
Household-level distributed energy sources, such as rooftop photovoltaic, microturbines, and energy storage, become important behind-the-meter (BTM) resources. BTM resources can meet all or part of users’ demands. Establishing a peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading network among these users will further promote the utilization of BTM resources. However, such a proposal faces the problem that cyber trading and physical dispatching are difficult to coordinate. Therefore, this paper proposes the architecture of the behind-the-meter peer-to-peer (BTM-P2P) energy trading system, including the cyber layer and physical layer. To ensure that users strictly execute the cyber trading results in the physical layer, a trading mechanism considering credit is designed, and the user’s credit has an impact on the bidding priority, which in turn urges the user to strictly execute in subsequent tradings. Then, a light blockchain suitable for energy trading is developed, ensuring that both the trading results and the actual dispatching results are not tampered with. Database technology is inserted in the light blockchain to improve efficiency. Finally, a BTM-P2P cyber-physical testbed coupling physical dispatching with cyber trading is built, providing technical support for the implementation of BTM-P2P.
The peer-to-peer energy trading on the decentralized platform among microgrids requires new approaches to be developed. The heterogeneous microgrids may be surplus or deficit power due to uncertainty in power generation and electric power demand. This paper proposes the blockchain-based adaptive non-cooperative game strategy among the owners of microgrids. The power token-based smart contracts have been created for energy trading among the networked microgrids. The smart contracts are made secure, reliable, and trustworthy with blockchain technology. The distributed identity-based microgrid (DIBM) scheme is designed to avoid the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack. For the smart power contracts, the hash key has been obtained with python programming and other simulation work has been done in MATLAB.
The ability for residents to actively trade and generate energy on the demand side is made possible by distributed renewable energy and two-way communication infrastructures. Information exchange is compromised by eavesdropping, lack of dependability, and loss of privacy under the conventional centralized power management model. This article suggests a distributed energy trading system for residential communities that is efficient and protects privacy, powered by a novel smart contract. For the demand side to engage in peer-to-peer energy trading on the real-time market, an effective smart-contract-based bidding mechanism is presented. To ensure that the information exchange is safe, seamless, and traceable using a decentralized system, the full electricity transaction is performed in the smart contract. Results from simulation studies show that the proposed system is both stable and scalable. It could also help to guarantee the security of energy transactions and reduce customers’ costs. As a result, our proposed smart-contract-based trading system is applied to microgrids formed by distributed renewable energy sources, which is proven to reduce the load consumption of residents among communities as well as obtain more significant economic benefits compared to the centralized trading mechanism.
Fernando Richter Vidal, Naghmeh Ivaki, Nuno Laranjeiro
Abstract Smart contracts are nowadays at the core of most blockchain systems. Like all computer programs, smart contracts are subject to the presence of residual faults, including severe security vulnerabilities. However, the key distinction lies in how these vulnerabilities are addressed. In smart contracts, when a vulnerability is identified, the affected contract must be terminated within the blockchain, as due to the immutable nature of blockchains, it is impossible to patch a contract once deployed. In this context, research efforts have been focused on proactively preventing the deployment of smart contracts containing vulnerabilities, mainly through the development of vulnerability detection tools. Along with these efforts, several heterogeneous vulnerability classification schemes appeared (e.g., most notably DASP and SWC). At the time of writing, these are mostly outdated initiatives, even though new smart contract vulnerabilities are consistently uncovered. In this paper, we propose OpenSCV, a new and Open hierarchical taxonomy for Smart Contract vulnerabilities, which is open to community contributions and matches the current state of the practice while being prepared to handle future modifications and evolution. The taxonomy was built based on the analysis of the existing research on vulnerability classification, community-maintained classification schemes, and research on smart contract vulnerability detection. We show how OpenSCV covers the announced detection ability of the current vulnerability detection tools and highlight its usefulness in smart contract vulnerability research. To validate OpenSCV, we performed an expert-based analysis wherein we invited multiple experts engaged in smart contract security research to participate in a questionnaire. The feedback from these experts indicated that the categories in OpenSCV are representative, clear, easily understandable, comprehensive, and highly useful. Regarding the vulnerabilities, the experts confirmed that they are easily understandable.
Blockchain is the fundamental component of smart contract applications. Testing technology plays a special and irreplaceable role in the development of smart contract applications in blockchain-based applications, especially in distributed renewable energy transaction scenarios in the energy industry. In practice, the formulation of blockchain technology as a standard infrastructure is an essential means to improve the reliability of blockchain-based applications in the energy industry. However, the quality of the organization-level blockchain still encounters many challenges, such as password attacks, and double spending attacks, which attract much attention from both research and academic area. Much research has focused on quality improvement through testing to fulfill the requirement toward functional, performance, and security requirements of the industry. However, the framework to accomplish the specific testing task was not present comprehensively yet. In This paper, an investigation was given on the supervision and testing of blockchain-based applications in the energy industry after its operation online. The existing testing indicator, model, and application scenario combined with the practice in the state grid industry were illustrated, in which the process, models, and methods were shown, and also suggestions were given on promoting the blockchain-based smart contract testing evaluation in the energy industry.
Exchanging information and data within smart grids is crucial to improve interoperability among system users. Traditional cloud-based data exchange schemes are centralized on a single trusted third-party platform. The schemes consequently suffer from single-point failure, a lack of data protection, and uncontrolled access. Blockchain enables data exchange in a decentralised and secure manner. A new platform is proposed in this work for exchanging data within smart grids using blockchain. It allows users to securely exchange data without losing ownership. This platform provides solutions to three critical problems: privacy, scalability, and user ownership. Particularly, the blockchain-based smart contract technology gives participants the programmability to access data. All interactions are authenticated and recorded by the other participants in the tamper-resistant blockchain network. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed blockchain platform is enhanced by integrating it with an artificial neural network (ANN). The proposed method is used to predict the network’s throughput and latency, and the network administrator uses these predicted values to change the network’s settings for a high throughput and low latency. Throughout the results, the proposed model achieves performance improvements in blockchain-enabled information and data exchange and adapts well to the dynamics of smart grids.
Ali Menati, Yuting Cai, Rayan El Helou, Chao Tian · 5 authors
Proof-of-work computation used in cryptocurrencies has witnessed significant growth in the U.S. and many other regions around the world. One of the most significant bottlenecks for the scalable deployment of such computation is its energy demand. On the other hand, the electric energy system is increasing the need for flexibility for energy balancing and ancillary services due to the intermittent nature of many new energy resources such as wind and solar. In this work, we model the operation of a cryptomining facility with heterogeneous mining devices participating in ancillary services. We propose a general formulation for the cryptominers to maximize their profit by strategically participating in ancillary services and controlling the loss of mining revenue, which requires taking into account the disparity in the efficiency of the mining machines. The optimization formulation is considered for both offline and online scenarios, and optimal algorithms are proposed to solve these problems. As a special case of our problem, we investigate cryptominers' participation in frequency regulation, where the miners benefit from their fast-responding devices and contribute to grid stability. In the second special setting, a risk-aware algorithm is proposed to jointly minimize the cost and the risk of participating in ancillary services with homogeneous mining devices. Simulation results based on real-world Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) traces show more than 20\% gain in profit, highlighting the advantage of our proposed algorithms.
- With the ever-increasing integration of distributed generation in the distribution system and the deregulation of power industry, some new-type entities emerge and could play both roles as producers and consumers of electricity, i.e. the so-called prosumers. The occurrence of prosumers promotes local electricity energy utilization and enhances the accommodation capability for small-capacity intermittent renewable energy-based generation units through peer-to-peer (P2P) transactions. In this context, an event driven P2P electric energy trading mechanism based on the blockchain platform is proposed. Firstly, an event driven electricity trading mechanism is established based on the smart contract in blockchain technology. Secondly, the market clearing model is established, and a distributed algorithm is used for market clearing and settlement. Finally, an energy trading platform is built through the Ganache client in the Ethereum network. Case studies and numerical analysis demonstrate that the proposed trading mechanism is feasible and effective.
Smart grid is considered as next generation power system which performs automated control and monitoring operations to make it self-resilience. Advanced Metering Infrastructure is an essential part of smart grid which enables two-way communication thereby providing real-time communication link between consumer and grid operators. Emergence of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) at end user make AMI's operation more challenging. Smart Meters (SMs) are key components in AMI that sends Power Consumption Data (PCD) of home appliances to Distributed System Operator (DSO). PCD received at DSO can be used for real time pricing applications, real time energy consumption, automatic diagnostic, daily energy metering and tasks such as billing, monitoring, planning and predicting of energy usage. In the context of selling of excess energy generated at DER's to the grid, SMs participates in Demand Response (DR) applications to perform energy trading. Revealing PCD of a home leads to privacy breach, hence it is necessary to achieve secure communication between SM and DSO. At the same time, it is essential to make energy trading transparent. To address this issue, this paper proposes a cloud based private blockchain framework to accomplish secure communication between SM and DSO without compromising privacy. Furthermore, trust between SM and DSO is achieved through smart contracts. Performance evaluation of the proposed blockchain shows its applicability to the said environment.