Blockchain Papers

Ricardo Leon-Ayala, Noe Vicente-Rosas, Nayely Quispe-Quispe, Luis Mesa-Salinas · 7 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

DIT, Pimpri, Pune, Indi, Ajinkya Auti, Dhananjay Patil, DIT, Pimpri, Pune, Indi · 10 authors

Bitcoin is one of the most valuable Crypto currency in the world with the prices as high as 68,078 United States Dollar (USD) in November of 2021. It made Bitcoin a very profitable market for investment but Bitcoin saw many ups and down as well. Prices of Bitcoin have highly fluctuated which make them very difficult to predict. Hence, this research aims to discover the most efficient and highest accuracy model to predict Bitcoin prices from various machine learning algorithms. By using 1-minute interval trading data on the Bitcoin exchange website named bitstamp some different regression models with Scikit- learn and Keras libraries had experimented. The dataset used contains minute by minute prices of Bitcoin of over 5 years and contains almost 3 Million entries. Since, the dataset used is a big data, evaluating the performance of algorithms over a large dataset will give accurate results.

Lin Hu

In order to overcome the problems of smart Library in collecting resources, storing data and disseminating information, this paper proposes an intelligent value-added service platform of smart Library Based on blockchain technology. The smart value-added service platform makes full use of the advantages of blockchain technology, such as decentralization, non tampering, traceability and consensus mechanism, which makes the traditional way of resource acquisition and user communication fundamentally changed in time and space. The research results show that the smart value-added service platform can overcome the security problems of smart library in the aspects of resource collection, data storage and information dissemination, and improve the user experience.

Ninuk Wiliani, Rizki Hesananda, Nidya Sari Rahmawati, Erdham Hestiadhi Prianggara

Predicting a currency Exchange rate and performing analysis is an action to try to determine the price valuation of a currency or other financial instrument traded on an exchange platform. Bitcoin is a consensus network that enables new payment systems and fully digital money. Bitcoin is the first decentralized peer to peer payment network that is fully controlled by its users without any central authority or intermediary. From the user's point of view, Bitcoin is like cash in the internet world. Bitcoin can also be viewed as the most prominent triple bookkeeping system in existence today. The change in Bitcoin's behavior against the US dollar is influenced by many factors. Basic or economic factors that may be affected include inflation rates and money supply. In this study, data was collected by obtaining all data through the API provided by binance.com and labeled with the specified attribute. The modeling is done by using the rapidminer application. The process begins by taking training data that has been provided previously. The next stage is the data testing process, all operators that have been previously determined are connected and tested using the Linear Regression operator. The purpose of testing this data is to predict stock prices from the testing data that has been made by the Split Data operator, which is 19% of the total data that has been prepared.

Zahra SHEIKH

The globally acknowledged accelerating crypto hype has put a lot of work on researchers and analysts. This new marvel of digital currencies requires a lot of attention, for it to become conventional worldwide. Virtual coins or cryptographic forms of money utilize encryption framework, so called the Block Chain technology, that manage the formation and supply of coins and exchanges must be recognized from a financial examination point of view. Subsequently, it is essential to inspect which social, money related & macroeconomic components decide its cost with a specific end goal to know the degree and outcomes of the economy. This paper aims to study different internal and external factors that affect cryptocurrencies’ prices. A sample of four digital coins with largest market capitalization has been selected. Daily price data from the years 2015 to 2020 of Bitcoin with other altcoins such as Ethereum, Ripple and Litecoin has been taken. Internal factors consist of demand and supply variables and also the attractiveness associated with its increasing hype. Other factors include KSE-100 Index (Karachi Stock Exchange), USD-PKR (Dollar to Pakistani Rupee) exchange rate and oil prices from PSO (Pakistan State Oil). ARDL analysis has been done to study the effect of these factors on the prices of crypto coins. Our analysis shows that circulating supply has a significant effect on Ethereum and Ripple prices in the long run. Attractiveness has been significant on the prices of Ethereum only.

Li Duan, Yangyang Sun, Kejia Zhang, Yong Ding

Blockchain technology has been widely used in digital currency, Internet of Things, and other important fields because of its decentralization, nontampering, and anonymity. The vigorous development of blockchain cannot be separated from the security guarantee. However, there are various security threats within the blockchain that have shown in the past to cause huge financial losses. This paper aims at studying the multi-level security threats existing in the Ethereum blockchain, and exploring the security protection schemes under multiple attack scenarios. There are ten attack scenarios studied in this paper, which are replay attack, short url attack, false top-up attack, transaction order dependence attack, integer overflow attack, re-entrancy attack, honeypot attack, airdrop hunting attack, writing of arbitrary storage address attack, and gas exhaustion denial of service attack. This paper also proposes protection schemes. Finally, these schemes are evaluated by experiments. Experimental results show that our approach is efficient and does not bring too much extra cost and that the time cost has doubled at most.

Taher Taiyab Lokhandwala, Arindaam Mandal, J. M. Raj, Sahil Sagar · 5 authors

Blockchain has emerged as a revolutionary technology which provides secure and distributed mechanisms, from wider applications of cryptocurrencies to application areas such as property registration, insurance etc. It has features like distributed ledger that eliminate the need for a trusted third party to facilitate transactions. The emergence of smart contracts – blockchain-based protocols that can automatically execute a contract – has accelerated the spread of the technology to new application areas. Higher education is one field where suitable use-cases are prompting innovators to start using blockchain. With the world moving towards digitisation, there is a need to deliver data and important documents to students in higher education institutions via digital platforms while maintaining the integrity and confidentiality of the data so that it can be trusted with the guarantee that no unauthorised modification has taken place. To solve this problem we propose the utilization of blockchain in the field of education via a blockchain-based university transcript verification system and a blockchain based system for storing and processing examination answers.

Rabia Musheer Aziz, Mohammed Farhan Baluch, Sarthak Patel, Abdul Hamid Ganie

No abstract is available for this record.

K.R. Rohini, P.S. Rajakumar, S. Geetha

Due of transparency, decentralisation, and security qualities, Block chain is a cultural revalution which can be having significant process at current environment. For the process of its very first implementation of Crypto currencies, such as Bitcoin, Block chain has received a lot of attention. Distributed ledger system is designed for evolve at a rapid pace, conduct, and exchange information in future. Educators', corporate executives and scholars have recently been started to examine various elements of Ethereum in modern innovation. Among previous Chain polls that focus on the technology's deployments, difficulties, features, and protection. Researchers further give a comparison of frameworks, a categorization for compromise methods, and an examination on potential threats and unique experiences employed in the Block chain to date. Ultimately, the study discusses critical new approaches, unique application scenarios, and areas for further research that researchers might investigate in addition to making additional progress in this area.

K Madhura, R. Mahalakshmi

In recent years, block chain technology is gaining more popularity due to its unique properties like immutability and fairness. Medical, education and IT industry are the some of the fields where block chain is intensively used for the purpose of digital transformation and security. Similar way, real estate industry is moving towards digitization by replacing the pen and pencil business. For this purpose, real estate industry is embedding block chain technology for keeping records and transactions securely and provide transparency to the customers. The distributed data storage innovation, whose intention is to impart trust in the legitimacy of advanced exchanges and to make proficient answers for business and private land together. This will help them in purchasing property to directing due industriousness to empowering publicly supported ventures, and that's just the beginning. Purchasing of our dream house, renting houses for vacation, buying land property, all can be done directly from the block chain. Blockchain technology provides shareable type of record-keeping method which is intended to be hard to alter. Blockchain innovation works through decentralized shared stages, building versatility against the spread of undermined data and boosting protection from misrepresentation. Block chain can provide the daily rate of real estate transactions, a common database of leases and purchases which are frequently required by the customer. Enhancing the traditional Multiple Listing Service (MLS) database to a block chain-based would create a far more shareable ledger system where stockbrokers and mediators can utilize all the entire past business dealing of a property. This book chapter explains how block chain can help real estate businessmen and customers in selling and buying the properties respectively to improve the security of transactions performed, provide transparency to customers in property dealings and increase the service availability to customers always without any delay.

Miguel Pincheira, Mattia Antonini, Massimo Vecchio

Inspection of mining assets is a crucial part of the maintenance process and is of interest to several stakeholders (e.g., OEMs, owners, users, and inspectors). Inspections require an inspector to verify several characteristics of the assets onsite, typically using legacy and poorly digitized procedures. Thus, many research opportunities arise from the adoption of digital technologies to make these procedures more efficient, reliable, and straightforward. In addition to cloud computing, the ubiquitous presence of modern mobile devices, new measurement tools with embedded connectivity capabilities, and blockchain technologies could greatly improve trust and transparency between the stakeholders interested in the inspection. However, there has been little discussion on integrating these technologies into the mining domain. This paper presents and evaluates an end-to-end system to conduct inspections using mobile devices that directly interact with constrained IoT sensor devices. Furthermore, our proposal provides a method to integrate constrained IoT devices as smart measuring tools that directly interact with a blockchain system, guaranteeing data integrity and increasing the trustworthiness of the data. Finally, we highlight the benefits of our proposed architecture by evaluating a real case study in a mining inspection scenario.

Rane Nikita, S J Subhashini, B S Yashwin, Vishal K Vavle · 5 authors

Cryptocurrency is a computerized method of money where transactions are done in the cyber space. This is a digital/soft currency, unlike currency notes they are not hard copies. Emphasizing the varieties of currencies that are decentralized and do not have any third party involvement, therefore ensuring that users can get all the services. Because of the high volatility the currency impacts the international trade and relations. Etherium, Ripple, Bitcoin, Litecoin some examples of popular currencies that exists. The study on popular cryptocurrencies Bitcoin, Ripple, Etherium are performed every year. An effective way to improve the method of predictions using deep learning models namely Grated Reccurrent Unit (GRU) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM). The research is devoted to the problems related to predicting crypto currency prices using machine learning and data science. The main algorithms used are: RNN and GRU. The data set will include the past price information from the popular crypto currencies for example: Bitcoin, Ethereum and Ripple. LSTM, RNN and GRU algorithms already exist to predict the future price action but the predictability rate is subpar. The main goal is to combine RNN and GRU Algorithms to form a hybrid and possibly increase the accuracy of the predictions.

Suman Mann

Blockchain has been found of great use in various sectors and this technology promises much more because of the high level of security it provides and blockchain provides us trade without the need of any mediators so Land holding system seems to be a very promising area of interest. All the countries around the world are now implementing blockchain in the area of land registrations in India, we should also consider it as a viable option. The blockchain has provided major security benefits in diverse fields. Therefore, this land holding system is implemented using a blockchain architecture. In India main problems in traditional land holding system include space constraints, fraud in land registry, lack of uniformity and poor maintenance of land records, lack of single window title verification and investigation system, fear of destruction of records by force majeure events. Therefore, a blockchain is prepared to aid these problems in order to solve these problems we have analyzed, identified and developed an application with the help of blockchain smart contracts. In this paper we are developing a land holding System to encounter the problems in traditional systems.

Fang Zhou, Ting‐Yu Chen

No abstract is available for this record.

Nafisa Anjum, Pramit Dutta

With the advent of globalization and the evergrowing rate of technology, the volume of production as well as ease of procuring counterfeit goods has become unprecedented. Be it food, drug or luxury items, all kinds of industrial manufacturers and distributors are now seeking greater transparency in supply chain operations with a view to deter counterfeiting. This paper introduces a decentralized Blockchain based application system (DApp) with a view to identifying counterfeit products in the supply chain system. With the rapid rise of Blockchain technology, it has become known that data recorded within Blockchain is immutable and secure. Hence, the proposed project here uses this concept to handle the transfer of ownership of products. A consumer can verify the product distribution and ownership information scanning a Quick Response (QR) code generated by the DApp for each product linked to the Blockchain.

Xiuli Lin

For traditional agricultural product traceability system, there are some problems, such as information asymmetry and serious centralized storage. To solve the problems, a set of an agricultural product traceability information analysis system based on blockchain is designed. The overall framework of the agricultural product information traceability system is built, and the traceability model and process are designed in detail from the data layer, consensus layer, and contract layer. Collaborative verification function modules are added in the data layer to ensure the authenticity of data on the blockchain. The integral penalty mechanism is introduced to improve the practical Byzantine fault tolerance algorithm (PBFT), which ensures the security of the block network and the validity of data. Smart contracts are adopted to ensure that changes in agricultural information are actually recorded on blockchain. The results show that the designed blockchain‐based agricultural product information traceability system solves the problem of difficult sharing and traceability of agricultural product information, which realizes the traceability of agricultural product production information, processing information, transportation information, and transaction query information, and has certain theoretical and practical value for the information traceability of agricultural products and other products.

娜萍 包

No abstract is available for this record.

Eloisa Cadenas-Morales, Edgar Ortiz

Purpose:The objectives of this paper are, first, to synthesize the main events that have influenced the development and volatility of bitcoin, and second to present and apply the Rogers and Satchell range model (1993) for the measurement of bitcoin volatility.Desigh/methodology/Approach: Findings: The results are useful for risk management, searching profitable investments, diversification of portfolios, and the application of a reliable risk parameter for the valuation of bitcoin financial and real options.The evidence suggests further studies extending it, considering leptokurtosis and other moments of the distribution of the series. Practical implications: Finally, the study highlights the need for clear regulations on bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to ensure a fruitful future co-existence with digital currencies created by the central banks. The work suggests the creation of additional IMF's SpecialDrawing Rights in lieu of a global cryptocurrency.That would help to overcome the problems created by the Covid-19 pandemic and member countries would retain their monetary sovereignty.Originality value: These objectives underline the originality and contribution of the work.This is the first time this model is fully recognized and used, highlighting its advantages.

João Vicente Meyer, Ronaldo dos Santos Mello

No abstract is available for this record.

Sarat Chandra Nayak, Sanjib Kumar Nayak, Sanjib Kumar Nayak, Sanjib Kumar Nayak

No abstract is available for this record.

D. Ramı́rez, Javier Andres Muñoz Romero, Carlos Alberto Vanegas

Objective: This article presents one of the Blockchain applications in power systems employing the electrical variables monitoring delivered by a simulated relay.
 Methodology: The electrical variables are verified, compared, and uploaded to a blockchain network created by a network of servers; these are responsible for uploading, validating, and exporting information to the system. This study is carried out through the Python programming language.
 Results: An algorithm capable of integrating these variables from a simulated relay is created, 4 servers are created that are in charge of taking the relay signals every minute, validating that they are unique in the blockchain and uploading them, the first node that completes this task uploads its identification and the information of the relay, the processing times of the information once obtained are approximately 10 seconds
 Conclusions: It is concluded that the algorithm is capable of decentralizing the information collected by the servers in times equal to or greater than one minute, which can be very useful when saving information, in applications such as control by the network operator it falls short by having times greater than or equal to one minute, it should be taken into account that, for the development of a blockchain with a greater number of equipment, it is advisable to use machines with high levels of processing, much higher RAM memories, these characteristics allow the algorithm to run smoothly and in the shortest possible time.
 Financing: Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas

Nader Joojili

Nowadays, digital cryptocurrencies are the most popular asset, especially for international exchanges. Bitcoin is the earliest cryptocurrency that succeeded in being used in financial transactions. Bitcoin stores the transactions in Blockchain technology. Bitcoin price has been unstable during the time from 0.5$ to about 60,000$ since 2010. Many efforts exist to predict Bitcoin value or its fluctuations using machine learning techniques. The price prediction is usually more challenging than fluctuations prediction, and its performance metrics are improved. This study introduces a methodology to predict Bitcoin price in a dataset, including four intervals to evaluate the proposed method in different situations. The experimental results show that the generalized linear model and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) were the best machine learning techniques. The proposed model outperforms the deep learning baseline model with about 18% and 20% relative improvement in mean absolute error and means absolute percentage error, respectively. Deep learning approaches have achieved much better results than other approaches due to the automatic selection of features. Compared to the results reported in the literature, the 1D-CNN+IndRNN proposed approach has reached 81% accuracy, with an 18% improvement. In the proposed approach, 1D-CNN is responsible for feature extraction and IndRNN is responsible for learning features in the form of time series.

Alia Al Sadawi, Mohamed S. Hassan, Malick Ndiaye

The remarkable increase in the number of interconnected smart devices in today’s Internet of things networks introduces more challenges related to security, trust, and centralization, which require more effective solutions. Fortunately, blockchain technology has recently emerged as a potential rescuer for IoT-based solutions due to its decentralization and enhanced security features. It is usual for smart contracts to arise in handling and processing the generated data when IoT devices are combined with blockchain. However, blockchain and smart contracts need to interact with input data of the same level of trust to guarantee correct applications execution. This implies using oracles to provide trust compatibility between inserted information collected from IoT devices and blockchain and smart contracts. Therefore, this study adopts a methodology that was shaped based on current literature and design and experiments to provide a full narrative of the process of combining two of the most intriguing systems in today’s world of technology, namely, blockchain and IoT including a very important part of the comprehensive system, viz. blockchain oracle. Moreover, it was found that the literature lacks a complete view of the IoT-blockchain integration process that covers all its important and related aspects. Therefore, this work is an attempt to fill the gap in literature and contribute to the body of knowledge by surveying the literature about existing IoT-blockchain architectures and shed light on the role of blockchain in addressing IoT issues while demonstrating the concept of oracles as well as their functions in addition to the main operating blockchain oracles. Additionally, this work illustrates a CO2measuring use case where a smart contract is developed and tested as part of two proposed oracle-based designs. The obtained results demonstrate a full picture of a practical integrated IoT-blockchain system architecture.

Liutao Zhao, Jiawan Zhang, Hairong Jing, Jianping Wu · 5 authors

We constructed a cryptographic interaction method museum art exchange protocol (MAXP) for museum digital collections on the basis of blockchain technology. Using our method, we build a digital collection exchange system on Ethereum to realize the digital collection’s online exchange between two museums. Compared with the traditional centralized collection digital resource database method, MAXP can avoid the security risks caused by subjective factors and force majeure factors in the exchange process of digital collections, such as hackers and network viruses. In our exchange system we have built, the expression of content covered by digital collections is more convenient, and copyright disputes can be quickly resolved. Concurrently, given the decentralization and anonymity of the blockchain, a regulatory mechanism has been added to MAXP to avoid fraud, illegal fundraising, money laundering and smuggling. The regulatory mechanism we constructed is a dual receiver public key encryption scheme based on the Diffie-Hellman algorithm and the SM2 elliptic curve public key encryption algorithm. The sender encrypts the collection data, and both receivers can decrypt the messages using their respective private keys. One of the receivers is the museum that obtained the collection information, and the other receiver is the regulator. These two receivers can decrypt simultaneously, and the regulator can regulate the information exchange on the blockchain. The Beijing Planetarium and the Beijing Museum of Natural History have completed the exchange of collections through the system we have built. The analysis results show that the regulatory scheme based on the exchange blockchain system of the museum’s digital collections proves to be feasible, with security and expansibility. Our new encrypted exchange management method of digital collections in museums can effectively promote the exchange of collections between museums, and is of great significance to the promotion of cultural heritage and the dissemination of scientific knowledge.