Since Manufacturing 4.0 faces various challenges, including the risks of data leakage and privacy violation, the struggle to meet the growing demand for personalization, and the limitations in harnessing human creativity, it has become crucial to embark on a transformation toward Manufacturing 5.0. To this end, we propose a DeFACT framework for parallel manufacturing and Manufacturing 5.0, which focuses on safe, efficient and personalized collaborative production. In DeFACT, different enterprises and parallel workers (i.e., digital, robotic and biological workers) are organized, coordinated and scheduled based on decentralized autonomous organizations and operations to promote mutual benefits among members, even in the context of low or zero trust. This contributes to providing customers with higher-quality personalized products and services while ensuring the confidentiality and safeguarding of data. Additionally, various advanced technologies, such as generative artificial intelligence, scenarios engineering, and blockchain, are leveraged to achieve trustworthy and adaptable decision making, user-friendly humanâmachine interaction, and the federated control and management of parallel workers. Finally, the effectiveness and efficiency of DeFACT are experimentally validated through the design and implementation of three case studies.
Hyperledger Fabric (HLF) is an adaptable blockchain platform that enables the requirement-driven construction of cross-organizational distributed ledger networks. While this flexibility offers many advantages, it also introduces challenges in ensuring Fabric networksâ fit-for-purpose nature and extra-functional requirement adherence, e.g., with respect to fault tolerance. This challenge calls for the use of mathematically precise formal analysis techniques, tooling and models. In this paper, we propose a combination of model-driven engineering principles and diverse graph generation to validate Fabric network designs and to facilitate their design for dependability. Specifically, we present a Fabric network meta-model and a set of well-formedness requirements in the Graph-solver-as-aService tool Refinery. Uniquely, Refinery can check conformance on partial models, enabling analysis already during early design.
The globalization of products and markets increases the distance between the origin of products and consumers. This leads to a condition where customers don't have information about the origins of their products. Thus, traceability has become an essential sub-system of manufacturing supply chain management. However, due to globalization and complexity of supply chain interactions among the suppliers and manufacturing enterprises, it is hard to pinpoint the exact contributions of different actors in a supply chain. Integrated supply network structure with suitable visibility and usage of real time data transfer is another area of great importance. This paper focuses on how NFT (Non-Fungible Token) coupled with smart contracts could utilize blockchain to make it easier to track the products in a supply chain. Explaining how NFT's could help in tracking the contributions of different stakeholders in a supply chain by tracking the product throughout the entire process of sourcing, production, and sale by using a digital twin. In a manufacturing supply chain enabled by NFT Technology, whenever raw materials are transferred and processed through the supply chain, an NFT would be attached to its digital twin which will capture the created values. Each NFT can easily and uniquely be known by its data stored. Data would be updated based on real time information and will enable the stakeholders to trace the product information about how much each company has contributed to the produced products. The data stored in the form of a smart contract in the blockchain prevents the data being entered from being destroyed, eliminated, or changed without permission. Thus, there is a secure data flow among different stakeholders.
This paper investigates the fundamental trade-offs between block safety, confirmation latency, and transaction throughput of proof-of-work (PoW) longest-chain fork-choice protocols, also known as PoW Nakamoto consensus. New upper and lower bounds are derived for the probability of block safety violations as a function of honest and adversarial mining rates, a block propagation delay limit, and confirmation latency measured in both time and block depth. The results include the first non-trivial closed-form finite-latency bound applicable across all delays and mining rates up to the ultimate fault tolerance. Notably, the gap between these upper and lower bounds is narrower than previously established bounds for a wide range of parameters relevant to Bitcoin and its derivatives, including Litecoin and Dogecoin, as well as Ethereum Classic. Additionally, the study uncovers a fundamental trade-off between transaction throughput and confirmation latency, ultimately determined by the desired fault tolerance and the rate at which block propagation delay increases with block size.
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a revolutionary technology that has the potential to transform the manufacturing industry and impact the digital economy. while AM presents opportunities for the digital economy, it is important for AM companies to implement strong cybersecurity measures to protect their designs, software, and equipment from attacks. To address these challenges, this paper discusses a rigorous cyber security measure to regularly assess AM-related threats. This paper outlines a new intelligence and information acquisition system (IIAS) that identifies threat-related information and Indicators of Compromise (IOC) in AM. The system consists of three subsystems: a) acquisition of threat information related to AM with an emphasis on integrity violations of design files in the AM ecosystem, b) quantification and prioritisation of threats based on severity metrics, and c) verifies and detects data breaches and exchanges on Hyperledger Fabric. Furthermore, IIAS verifies the integrity of parts related to a ledger, which helps detect violations and analyse various interactions in AM systems. It also provides the basis for achieving an end-to-end audit trail that ensures tamperproof tracking and delivery of AM artefacts within the acceptable risk profile.
Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
A building lifecycle consists of multiple domains, and building information modeling (BIM) applications involve cross-domain knowledge exchange. In the knowledge spiral theory proposed by Nonaka, externalization facilitates knowledge exchange in designing cooperation, and a model library (ML) contains the necessary information for the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry. However, current MLs are centralized systems that are vulnerable to data tampering and copyright disputes, and the provided models may not match the requirements of current building projects. Therefore, this article develops a blockchain-based parametric ML (BBPML) for BIM collaboration to realize knowledge sharing. The parametric model in our ML can be flexibly applied to a project by adjusting the parameters. A blockchain network provides reliable storage and ensures the upload sequence. The research creates a website based on the proposed system through Ethereum and applies it to a curtain wall project.
In cyberâphysicalâsocial systems, smart manufacturing has to overcome challenges, such as uncertainty, diversity, complexity in modeling, long-delayed responses to market changes, and human engineer dependency. DeFACT is a framework of parallel manufacturing in ManuVerse where the Decentralized Autonomous Organization-based interactions between parallel workers consisting of robotic, digital, and human workers are elaborated to transform from professional division to real-virtual division. In DeFACT, human workers are only responsible for 5% physical and mental work that is complex and creative, and the robotic and digital workers can take care of the rest. The perceptual and cognitive intelligence of digital workers are intensified by a manufacturing foundation model (MF-PC), where calibration and certification (C&C), and verification and validation (V&V) guarantee not only the accuracy of task models, but also the interpretability and controllability of feature learning. As a case study, the workflow of customized shoes of SANBODY Technology Company is illustrated to show how DeFACT breaks the time and space constraints, avoids production waste caused by aesthetic discrepancies with consumers, and truly realizes flexible manufacturing.
The final assembly of appliances and automotive industries is a rigorous process, that has limited capabilities of full traceability associated with: (1) the parts installed, (2) their fabrication processes, and (3) the assembly work. This is also the case for each of its sub-assemblies The many parts and sub-assemblies that compose the final assembly, make full traceability a challenging fit, that is almost unsurmountable. Such full traceability along the entire supply-chain is not existent today and must be based on documentation of most assembled parts, assembly tasks, and inspection tasks that compose the full assembled product. In addition, security measures are needed to prevent hostile hacking and unauthorized approach to the assembly documentation throughout the entire supply chain. The related documentation and repeated verifications require considerable effort and have many chances for human errors. So, automating these processes has a great value. This article expounds a framework that harnesses block-chain and smart-contract technology to offer traceable and protected documentation of the assembly process. We expand the concept of a Bill-Of-Assembly (BOA) to incorporate data from the bill of materials (BOM), the associated assembly activities, the associated activities’ specification parameters and materials, and the associated assembly resources (machines and/or operators). The paper defines the operation of the BOA with blockchain and smart-contract technology, for attaining full traceability, safety, and security, for the entire assembled product. Future research could extend the proposed approach to facilitate the usage of the BOA data structure in constructing a digital twin of the entire simulated system.
Briefing: To tackle the complexity of human and social factors in manufacturing systems, parallel manufacturing for industrial metaverses is proposed as a new paradigm in smart manufacturing for effective and efficient operations of those systems, where Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSSs) and the Internet of Minds (IoM) are regarded as its infrastructures and the âArtificial systemsâ, âComputational experimentsâ and âParallel executionâ (ACP) method is its methodological foundation for parallel evolution, closed-loop feedback, and collaborative optimization. In parallel manufacturing, social demands are analyzed and extracted from social intelligence for product R&D and production planning, and digital workers and robotic workers perform the majority of the physical and mental work instead of human workers, contributing to the realization of low-cost, high-efficiency and zero-inventory manufacturing. A variety of advanced technologies such as Knowledge Automation (KA), blockchain, crowdsourcing and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) provide powerful support for the construction of parallel manufacturing, which holds the promise of breaking the constraints of resource and capacity, and the limitations of time and space. Finally, the effectiveness of parallel manufacturing is verified by taking the workflow of customized shoes as a case, especially the unmanned production line named FlexVega.
Mario Casillo, Francesco Colace, Brij B. Gupta, Angelo Lorusso ¡ 6 authors
Digital Design is becoming more advanced by the year, software more sophisticated, and products of ever-increasing quality. In the design and implementation processes of structural works, Building Information Modeling (BIM) has now established itself as a standard process in professional and non-professional environments. In particular, the creation of BIM families is a topic of great interest to engineers and designers who can focus on describing a single object in every detail before it is included in a larger, more complex project. Since they represent digital products, specific problems could arise, particularly copyright management and certification of digital files, which must be able to be shared within the entire reference project, which is sometimes large and complex. This paper aims to solve these issues by leveraging blockchain technology as a tool for certification and attribution of authorship and/or ownership of a particular file. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) represent an excellent opportunity for the digital design world as they were born precisely to manage the ownership of digital assets in a secure manner certified by the Blockchain. The results show how BIM and Blockchain technologies can work together and benefit from each other.
In the last 10 years, the Extended Reality technology (Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality) has been developing\nrapidly and with these developments a lot of business has started investing in these technologies, which inspired people from\ndifferent backgrounds and experiences to start working and adapting to these technologies, and coming with this raising interest\nin Extended Reality technology and the huge work fields that these technologies offer, a great new workspace and opportunities\nto people who work in the creative field. The Covid-19 pandemic caused a great digitalization movement has been started\nwhich forced a lot of people to rely on digital realities in a lot of their everyday life activities such as work and socializing\nactivities beside entertainment, which eventually led to more and more interest in technologies that are believed to have the\nability to improve the extended reality technology, such as NFTs (Non-Fungible Token). This research aims to understand the\nopportunities that new, modern and uprising technologies such as NFT can offer to Extended Reality technology, the effects of\nthe developments in the field of the Extended Reality technology upon NFTs and creative work, study new ways to develop\nmore opportunities in this field and understand the new form of HCI these technologies are creating and their impact on people's\nlives.
Florian M. Arnold, Gordon Lemme, M Hess, S Witt ¡ 5 authors
Abstract The effort for checking and correcting the spatial movement accuracy of a processing machine with 5 axes is very high. Calibration and recalibration must be carried out directly on the machine by the machine supplier or a company specializing in this. This is associated with high personnel and long machine downtimes. These constraints can be improved by using modern methods. A consistent approach of an AR-supported measurement procedure for the preparation and execution of a required measurement run and the execution of the calibration itself as a digital service is presented. This enables rapid execution by the machine operator himself using a DoubleBallBar measurement system without the need of the presence of the machine manufacturer. The determination of the calibration parameters on the basis of the measurement data is then carried out by the machine manufacturer and provided as a service. The basis for such a secure and auditable service is a digital service platform. This serves as an intermediary between the user and the machine manufacturer and uses distributed ledger technology. The approach presented is the subject of current development work.
In this article, we discuss a valuation framework for Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). As previous work on DAO valuation is limited, we attempt to introduce a formalized framework on the subject. Although we base ourselves on conceptual frameworks from corporate finance, we introduce DAO-native valuation concepts. We argue that DAO token valuation can be mainly done in two ways, namely, according to a fundamental valuation approach and a comparable analysis approach. In the fundamental valuation approach we attempt to value the DAO token according to fundamentals while in the comparables approach we attempt to compare DAO tokens based on various metrics. Finally, we discuss various token specific considerations to potentially take into account in the valuation exercise. A valuation framework would allow the community to gauge DAOsâ performance in value generation for token stakeholders and help introduce more accountability towards the development teams behind the DAO.
Johannes Fottner, Dana Clauer, Fabian Hormes, Michael Freitag ¡ 13 authors
The paper at hand presents a definition of autonomous intralogistics systems and a classification of intralogistics systems with regard to their degree of autonomy. Intralogistics -; a complex interplay of different logistics functions - covers the organization, control, execution and optimization of internal material and information flows. Over the past two decades, numerous authors have observed and proclaimed an increase in complexity in manufacturing and supply chain operations. A key approach to face this challenge is a paradigm shift from centralized, hierarchical organization structures towards, networked and autonomous systems. Autonomous intralogistics systems enable self-contained, decentralized planning, execution, control, and optimization of internal material and information flows through cooperation and interaction with other systems and with humans.Based on the definition of autonomous intralogistics systems, the authors propose a two-dimensional classification framework covering different automation stages for different intralogistics task levels. The developed classification framework is applied to various industry use cases to evaluate and discuss the state of the art regarding the implementation of autonomous intralogistics systems. Finally, the paper provides an outlook on future research and poses key research questions.
Elisa Negri, Roberto La Rocca, Roman Felipe Bastidas Santacruz, Luca Fumagalli
Among the different smart technologies with the highest digitalisation capacity for manufacturing environments, distributed ledger technologies (DLT) has the potential to support one of the main challenges to be faced in the new environment created by the Industry 4.0 paradigm, i.e., the interchange of data through the supply chain. DLT enhances data immutability and transparency and offers new possibilities of interactions and business models to the new industrial networks, allowing a trustable horizontal and vertical data flow between different organisations. Although these possible improvements are in sight, the approach and characteristics that can make the technology suitable with the I4.0 paradigm, are not yet well-defined, and in some cases puzzling for industry managers. In this paper, possible applications, features of DLTs and its available types are reviewed and analysed, giving a clear definition of the most relevant characteristics that these technologies can offer to manufacturing industry.