Sasi Kala Rani K, Jeyasiba Ponmani Sami, R. Rajesh, Sridhar D · 5 authors
Abstract Sustainable development in the modern era depends on three major aspects: social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Evaluating the dimensions of environmental sustainability reveals that carbon emissions are a high-risk threat that significantly contributes to climate change and global warming. The dire need to curb the threat has led to the opening of many sustainable and mindful avenues, such as carbon credit trading. It is a major initiative to alleviate carbon emissions by the process of providing incentives. Traditional systems of carbon credit processing may lead to inefficiencies like lack of transparency and vulnerability. The drawbacks of traditional systems can be overcome by using Blockchain technology, which is decentralized and immutable in nature. The consensus algorithm Proof-of-Work (PoW) based blockchains consume high energy, which contradicts sustainability. To address the challenge, a hybrid mechanism of Proof-of-Stake (PoS) and Proof-of-Work (PoW) is proposed for carbon credit transfers. The hybrid mechanism is efficient for small to medium-scale applications. Hence, for large-scale applications, Osmosis, a decentralized finance (DeFi) platform built on the Cosmos blockchain, is explored. Experimental results show that the hybrid mechanism reduces energy consumption and carbon emissions by 47%, latency by 80% and increases throughput by 328%. Consequently, this performance enables the increase in transfer of carbon credits by 50%. In case of carbon credit trading of carbon credits, Osmosis exhibits greater energy efficiency, improving the throughput by 14–20 times and 12,500 times lower latency compared to the hybrid mechanism. Further Osmosis emits 200,000 times less CO₂ and transfers twice the number of carbon credits per hour compared to the hybrid mechanism.
IoT is the new frontier through which things are connected and production systems are made to work across various industries. However, as more and more IoT ecosystems are being implemented and extended there are a number of concerns that follow such as trust, security and efficiency. Some challenges implicitly involved in these levels of accountabilities are due to its decentralized, transparent and secure distributed ledger technology; Blockchain provides reasonable solutions to these challenges. This chapter also presents the IBoT system, which is a combination of Blockchain and IoT to address challenges arising from IoT systems. The first section of the chapter discusses the conceptualization of strategies between the two technologies, Blockchain and IoT, and how the interoperability is relevant to accomplishing major issues like data credibility, openness and decentralization. More specifically, it goes through key components that make up IBoT such as smart contracts, consensus algorithms valid for IoT and decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs). Thus, analyzing this process, the given chapter outlines the possibility of IBoT to revolutionize IoT environments by providing safe authentication, shared encryption keys, as well as easily controlled and not trustful data sharing processes. The major issue of trust and inefficiency in the original IoT system is discussed and specific points of how the problem can be solved with the help of Blockchain are defined. In this chapter, the reader should be able to get a clear understanding of how IBoT can instead of transforming IoT, can augment IoT by improving on its security, latency and energy consumption. From the observations, it is clear that IBoT not only builds more reliable and transparent IoT network but it also greatly contributes to the effectiveness of the operation through data processing and analysis that happens in real-time. This chapter thus brings out the implication of IBoT, considering the challenges, the legal and policy implications and the future research agenda. They provide the outline of further developments and general impact on the fields like smart production, telemedicine and self-driving cars and place IBoT among actors initiating the following generation of IoT infrastructure and networks.
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the Edge Computing industry from technological, business, and strategic perspectives in the era of Artificial Intelligence and 5G. It examines emerging business models, key innovations, industry opportunities, and critical challenges shaping the sector. The study also aims to identify future growth trends and provide insights for organizations pursuing digital transformation through edge-enabled intelligent systems. Methodology: This study adopts an exploratory qualitative research methodology to systematically examine the Edge Computing industry using data gathered from Google Search, Google Scholar, and AI-driven GPT tools. The collected information was organized and analyzed using established frameworks such as SWOC, ABCD, PESTLE, Porter’s Five Forces, and Impact Analysis to generate comprehensive insights into the industry's technological, strategic, and business dimensions. Results/Analysis: The analysis reveals that Edge Computing is emerging as a transformative industry that enables real-time data processing, decentralized intelligence, and low-latency services across diverse sectors through the integration of AI, IoT, and 5G technologies. The study identifies strong growth opportunities driven by Edge AI, smart industries, autonomous systems, and digital transformation initiatives, while also highlighting challenges related to cybersecurity, interoperability, scalability, and infrastructure costs. Overall, the results indicate that Edge Computing is evolving into a strategic digital infrastructure with significant potential to reshape business models, industrial operations, and future intelligent ecosystems. Originality/Value: This study offers a comprehensive industry-level perspective on Edge Computing by integrating technological, business, strategic, and future-oriented analyses within a single framework. Its originality lies in combining analytical tools such as SWOC, PESTLE, Porter’s Five Forces, ABCD, Value Chain, and Technology Adoption analyses to evaluate the industry beyond purely technical dimensions. The article provides valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, technology developers, investors, and business leaders seeking to understand the evolving role of Edge Computing in the AI- and 5G-driven digital economy. Type of Paper: Qualitative Exploratory Case Study Research.
Internet of Things and AI
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
Ramya K, Anbu Karuppusamy Dr S, Ragunathan Dr Aravindhan
The internet has become integral to daily life, facilitating commerce, communication, and services; however, it also presents significant security vulnerabilities. I have been looking at 2025 online security, accumulating patterns both popular and non-popular until March. AI plays a critical role in identifying security threats in real time. However, it also empowers malicious actors to orchestrate more sophisticated attacks, it's also but it also empowers malicious actors to orchestrate sophisticated cyberattacks. Another major issue is Zero trust architecture, which aligns with decentralized and remote environments, it's all about not believing anyone until they prove it. Web3 comes next, a free-for-all paradise where decentralization seems great until you run across issues—hacks are plentiful. The worst things? ransomware that keeps individuals from using the internet, outdated injection methods, IoT trash that basically gives crooks access. People aren't just sitting there, though; cloud trickery and privacy breaches are fighting the war and keeping momentum. Still, it's a fight with absurd costs, inadequate help, and thieves always changing the goalposts. Remarkable, isn't it? Innovations such as prospective quantum shielding and self-repairing technologies intrigue me. I am presenting my findings regarding our current situation, the factors contributing to our failures, and potential solutions for overcoming these challenges—not a traditional lecture This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of the author’s research and analysis aimed at enhancing internet resilience in 2025.
Blockchain consolidated as a disruptive technology across various domains and gained widespread adoption in the last decade. It enforces data integrity and traceability by storing data in an immutable chain of blocks, each linked to the previous one with a cryptographic hash value. Smart contracts enable decentralized applications by enforcing logic directly on the blockchain, eliminating the need for trusted intermediaries or central authorities. Despite their rapid adoption, immutability makes their development and maintenance particularly challenging, and current approaches provide limited support for continuous assurance after deployment. Existing research focused on security vulnerabilities and protocol design, with limited attention to lifecycle management, post-deployment maintenance, and empirical characterization of development practices. These characteristics require novel approaches that enable smart contracts to be observed, tested, and evolved without violating the constraints imposed on the chain. In this context, Digital Twin offers a promising paradigm for mirroring and analyzing smart contract behavior in a controlled, off-chain environment. Engineering the development process for smart contracts will help developers reduce errors and improve the lifecycle in blockchain-based applications. This thesis investigates how to support the continuous monitoring, testing, and controlled evolution of smart contracts throughout their lifecycle. The thesis introduces SmartCoach, a framework inspired by the Digital Twin paradigm that establishes a synchronized virtual counterpart of smart contracts. SmartCoach monitors deployed contracts, mirrors their state and behavior, executes test scenarios in a virtual environment, and supports controlled evolution through proxy- based upgrade mechanisms. By integrating existing tools for static and dynamic analysis, SmartCoach helps developers identify vulnerabilities, validate fixes, and safely evolve contracts. To address the lack of large-scale empirical evidence on how smart contracts are actually designed in practice, the thesis also presents a comprehensive study of micro patterns in Solidity smart contracts, grounded in the observation that recurring coding idioms influence structure, security, and maintainability. Using a custom detection pipeline, more than two million verified contracts across eight different EVM- compatible blockchains were analyzed. The study identifies the prevalence, co-occurrence, and evolution of micro patterns, providing a vocabulary for understanding structural properties of decentralized codebases. Together, the proposed framework and empirical findings bridge the gap between software engineering and blockchain research. They demonstrate how lifecycle-aware engineering approaches and data-driven insights can improve the reliability and maintainability of smart contracts. The thesis also discusses limitations and open challenges, including the development of fully autonomous contract evolution and the validation of detection precision, outlining directions toward more robust, maintainable, and future-proof smart contract ecosystems.
This paper underscores the vital role of blockchain technology in Industry 4.0, aiming to inspire researchers and industry professionals to recognize its transformative potential in creating decentralized, automated, and data-driven industrial settings. It explains core concepts, components, and varieties of blockchain systems, and assesses their uses across various sectors. The research delves into security and privacy issues, particularly relating to Ethereum platforms and smart contracts. It meticulously details common vulnerabilities of smart contracts and their implications for industrial systems. A critical comparison of existing vulnerability-detection techniques reveals current limitations. The paper also investigates the potential of artificial intelligence to enhance security analysis in blockchain contexts, systematically reviewing machine learning and deep learning strategies for identifying smart contract issues. A novel detection framework is introduced and tested against real-world datasets, showing improved accuracy and robustness compared to traditional methods. Ultimately, the paper aims to foster the development of secure and trustworthy blockchain infrastructure for applications in Industry 4.0.
Currently, tickets scams and counterfeits are the main issue within the ticket purchasing platforms. This creates an unfair pricing strategy and diminishes users' confidence in them. Traditional platforms have issues with transparency, cannot control unauthorized re-selling and excessive buying. Rexell uses a combination of blockchain technology and artificial intelligence for solving these problems. The tickets are generated from smart contracts in the form of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) for providing security and traceability. The AI anti-scalping component monitors users' actions and informs about any potential scam activities, including use of bots and fast transactions. The implementation of the controlled resale process with permission from the organizers prevents price manipulation. The system strives to be convenient, safe, transparent and have fraud prevention algorithm. The experiment proves that the proposed approach is effective in preventing the scam attempts and increasing the integrity of the system.
The rapid digitalization of agriculture has significantly improved operational efficiency, precision farming, and supply chain transparency. Traditional centralized information systems can face problems in offering enough security, traceability, and trust in complicated multi-stakeholder agricultural supply chains. This paper explores the possibility of blockchain as a cybersecurity architecture to provide data integrity and secure transactions in agricultural applications. A qualitative research method and structured analysis of 47 scholarly papers and four real-world blockchain deployments (IBM Food Trust, AgriDigital, TE-FOOD, and Ambrosus) are used in the study. The results show that blockchain technology can substantially improve the security and transparency of agricultural value chains through various mechanisms such as distributed ledger, consensus validation, smart contracts, decentralized identity management, and role-based access control. By leveraging case studies, it is evident that traceability has improved significantly, fraud prevention has increased, auditability has been enhanced, and transaction security has been bolstered; in some deployments, traceability time is in the order of seconds rather than days. Various mitigation measures such as IoT data attestation, HSMs, consortium governance models and harmonising policies are explored. The study concludes that blockchain technology offers a strong and durable cybersecurity infrastructure for the modern agricultural ecosystem by providing a platform for transparent and trusted data sharing, tamper-resistant data recording, and safe digital transactions throughout the supply chain.Keywords—Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Agricultural Supply Chain, Data Integrity, Smart Contracts, Distributed Ledger Technology, Food Traceability, IoT Security, Secure Transactions, Consortium Blockchain.DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.24321/3051.4304.202605 How to cite this article:Afroz M, Vishnu D, Alam I, Lamkuche H S, Patheja P S, Blockchain for Cybersecurity: Ensuring Data Integrity and Secure Transactions in the Agricultural Industry and Supply Chain Management. J Adv Res Comp Tech Soft Appl 2026; 10(2): 26-32. DOI: https://www.doi.org/10.24321/3051.4304.202605
The rapid proliferation of blockchain technology has fundamentally transformed global finance through the introduction of decentralized digital assets. However, the intrinsic characteristics that define cryptocurrencies namely decentralization, pseudonymity, and transactional irreversibility have simultaneously rendered the ecosystem a primary target for sophisticated cyber-attacks. This study investigates the critical dichotomy between the "code is law" philosophy and the imperative need for robust cybersecurity frameworks within a rapidly expanding market capitalization. This paper provides a multi-layered architectural analysis of vulnerabilities across the network, infrastructure, and application layers of the cryptocurrency ecosystem. Specifically, it examines systemic threats such as 51% attacks, smart contract exploits (including reentrancy and logic bugs), decentralized finance (DeFi) rug pulls, and sophisticated social engineering schemes. To address these vulnerabilities, the study evaluates the efficacy of current defense-in-depth mechanisms, including air-gapped cold storage solutions, multi-signature protocols, third-party smart contract auditing, and privacy-enhancing Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs). Furthermore, the research explores the integration of regulatory frameworks (AML/KYC standards) and proactive technological defenses like real-time on-chain analytics. Ultimately, this study proposes an enhanced, holistic threat prevention strategy designed to mitigate systemic risks, eliminate single points of failure, and safeguard the future integrity of digital asset platforms.
India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI) processes billions of transactions monthly across dozens of Payment Service Providers (PSPs). However, a structural architectural gap persists: no single entity maintains a unified, real-time, immutable view of an individual's complete financial transaction graph across competing platforms. This fragmentation has become the primary mechanism enabling complex UPI digital payment fraud and mule-account networks. Scammers easily spin up identities across multiple platforms, quickly cascade stolen funds across PSP boundaries, and discard the handles, leaving a broken trail that takes weeks for law enforcement to piece together. This white paper proposes the Universal Financial Identity (UFI) system—a sovereign, mobile-number-anchored financial identity layer that federates all of a user's UPI handles, bank accounts, and Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC/e-Rupee) wallets into a single, immutable distributed ledger record. Key Architectural Features: Zero-Action Trigger Mechanism: The permanent UFI record (formatted as <mobilenumber>@ufi) is generated automatically in the background at the exact moment a user links any bank account to a UPI application, requiring zero user friction. Immutable Distributed Ledger Layer: Operates as a permissioned Hyperledger Fabric network managed by sovereign nodes (RBI, NPCI, and authorized banks), rendering transaction trails cryptographically non-erasable and resilient against app-side account deletions. Graph Intelligence Layer: Integrates native Neo4j graph analytics for real-time, cross-PSP fraud ring detection, rapid fund-movement velocity tracking, and automated fan-in pattern profiling. Programmable Money Integration: Leverages India's e-Rupee infrastructure to enable purpose-bound, geography-restricted, and expiry-enforced smart contract payments for public welfare disbursements (DBT) and B2B settlements. DPDP Act 2023 Compliance: Built with privacy-by-design principles, using salted SHA-256 identity tokenization and multi-tiered, consent-gated access frameworks via the Account Aggregator network. This protocol layer sits seamlessly below existing Third-Party Application Providers (TPAPs) and above core settlement switches, offering real-time cross-PSP fraud tracing and post-deletion identity recovery without introducing latency into synchronous payment pathways. This paper is released for open public community review, protocol exploration, and technical feedback prior to formal provisional patent filings with the Indian Patent Office (IPO).
The realms of metaverse and finance have been completely revolutionized through the application of blockchain technology. This technology offers convenience, transparency, security, and decentralization to the virtual world while overcoming the inefficiencies of the traditional financial landscape. The present chapter highlights the various services offered by blockchain technology in the metaverse, such as security, interoperability, and ownership status, especially in the area of finance. A digital landscape with a large number of users sharing information from various geographical locations using an internet connection is called the metaverse. Blockchain technology ensures transparency and security in the metaverse by building trust among users. The users get complete authority over their digital assets, thereby enhancing their participation in the digital realm. In the financial sector, the traditional financial system is transformed through the introduction of blockchain technology, such as cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum, decentralized finance (DeFi), smart contracts, and asset tokenization. Cryptocurrencies, like Bitcoin 506 and Ethereum, provided by blockchain technology, are digital currencies that ensure secure transactions and do not need any authority to act as a middleman. Decentralized finance (DeFi), based on decentralization, facilitates peer-to-peer financial transactions. Smart contracts are automatically executed agreements or contracts made using blockchain technology, which makes the process of transactions easier. Asset tokenization is a representation of the value of assets as digital tokens. However, blockchain technology also presents challenges in various services, necessitating the need to address them to improve opportunities.
This research paper provides a comprehensive examination of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology two of the most transformative innovations of the 21st century. We explore the foundational principles of distributed ledger technology, the diverse taxonomy of cryptocurrencies, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, and decentralised finance (DeFi). Additionally, this paper investigates the security landscape of the crypto ecosystem, cataloguing major hacking incidents, attack vectors, and mitigation strategies. The paper concludes with an outlook on future developments and regulatory trends.
Blockchain technology has provided the transformation of a decentralized system as the concept can make transparency, immutability, and security available without centralized authorities. However, standard algorithms of consensus such as Proof-of-Work (PoW) consume excessive resources and energy with the cost of sustainability, and limiting the scalability of the blockchain and its performance in the environment. The energy efficient consensus algorithm has turned out to be an axiom in limiting the challenges and also protecting the network security and, performance. They are Proof-of-Stake (PoS), Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT), Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS), hybrid consensus and adaptive validation techniques to reduce energy consumption and enhance throughput. Recent work has been done on streamlining selections of the validators to be more efficient, minimize pointless calculations and integrate crafty resource control in order to enhance the performance of consent [15]. It is presumed in the study that energy efficiency research will be conducted through consensus research consolidation based on adaptive validation, participation and weighted node of the consensus strategy that allows optimization in terms of sustainability. The methodology evaluates the energy consumption, throughput and latency and scalability together on behalf of simulated blockchain environments. The facts of the experiment results indicate that the specified framework can be used to reduce the number of energies consumed and guarantee the high degree of security and performance. The results confirm that the implementation of optimal consensus algorithms can be used to provide sustainable blockchain in such tools as IoT, healthcare, and supply chain. The current research contributes to the development of environmentally safe blockchain chains on an efficient consensus innovation.
To deliver the change needed in the developing world, a transformative leader needs to have a vision of a reimagined future and the will to develop systems or infrastructure that consolidate their socially just policies to ensure long-term benefits to the people. To be truly transformative, these policies must be systemised. Blockchain is a technology which enables us to store transactions and other types of information in a digital format. Unlike a typical computer database, information is stored in a ledger format. The database is only appended to and never edited. Each transaction is timestamped to promote traceability. Unlike regular databases, the ledger is replicated and stored on a network of computers. As the ledger is distributed across the network, the term distributed ledger technology is often used to describe a blockchain. Each computer, referred to as a node, constantly verifies the contents of its ledger against every other copy of the ledger stored on the network. A blockchain network can track business information like payments, orders, production processes, etc. Because of how the blocks are stored and verified, the block can't be changed without changing every copy of the blockchain simultaneously, reducing the risk of fraud or exploitation through hacking. Much of a blockchain's value lies in its transparent and shared nature and potential to save costs for the user by reducing system intermediaries. The blockchain systematises trust, negating the need for power brokers.
Andrada-Cristina Artenie, Catalin Daniel Morar, Daniela Elena Popescu
The integration of blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI) represents a transformative paradigm for intelligent decentralized systems. This review examines integrated blockchain–AI architectures that leverage AI's optimization capabilities to enhance blockchain scalability and security, while blockchain provides immutable data provenance and decentralized trust for AI systems. We explore applications across multiple domains including Internet of Things (IoT), finance, healthcare, secure information sharing, and supply chain management, with particular emphasis on blockchain and AI integration in clinical trials for improving patient recruitment, data integrity, and regulatory compliance. Furthermore, we analyse AI's role in blockchain governance, including optimization of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) and automated compliance monitoring. Despite promising developments, significant challenges persist, including technical limitations such as computational overhead, interoperability constraints, and scalability issues, as well as critical data privacy and security concerns. This review provides a structured analysis of current blockchain-AI integration strategies and identifies key research directions for developing robust, secure, and ethically governed intelligent decentralized systems.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is changing the healthcare industry by automating the process of medical records, diagnostic, and clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, the growing dependence on data-driven systems is of concern in terms of patient privacy, data integrity, and system security. To deal with these challenges, blockchain technology, in combination with smart contracts, can be used as a decentralized and transparent solution. The paper is a systematic review of the current developments in smart contract frameworks based on blockchain technologies and safe AI-driven healthcare systems. The review addresses four key aspects, which include data privacy preservation, secure information exchange, decentralized access management, and AI-blockchain integration. The recent technologies like federated learning, zero-knowledge proofs, and deep learning-based blockchain validation are examined in terms of their contribution to the improvement of patient confidentiality and system-level security. The paper also assesses a suggested multi-layered infrastructure combining artificial intelligence processing, authorized blockchain, and role-based smart contracts. The comparison indicates that the federated learning approach with permissioned blockchain has an optimal security- versus-computational efficiency ratio. The review establishes that smart contract automation has a substantial potential to benefit healthcare data governance, but notes that scalability, interoperability and energy efficiency issues remain a challenge. This overall overview confirms the potential of blockchain and smart contracts to facilitate dependable, most open, and efficient healthcare frameworks that may meet the security and privacy requirements of the contemporary healthcare setting.
Dappfort is a blockchain-focused Web3 development company that helps businesses harness the power of decentralized technologies to build secure, scalable, and future-ready digital solutions. Headquartered in Madurai, India, with additional presence in London, Dappfort works across a broad range of industries — including finance, healthcare, gaming, retail, and supply chain — delivering tailored blockchain and Web3 applications to startups, enterprises, and global organizations. The company’s core services include the design and development of decentralized applications (DApps), crypto exchanges (centralized and decentralized), crypto wallets, NFT marketplaces, DeFi platforms, token creation, smart contract development, and enterprise Web3 integration. Dappfort also expands into related areas such as Web3 e-commerce, AI-powered blockchain solutions, and metaverse experiences, supporting clients from strategy and consulting through deployment and ongoing support. With expertise in major blockchain networks like Ethereum, Solana, Binance Smart Chain, and others, Dappfort positions itself as a full-stack partner for businesses aiming to enter or grow in the decentralized digital economy. While the company promotes a strong innovation- and security-oriented approach, external reviews on third-party platforms show mixed feedback from users about project delivery and quality.
Open access
2 source records
Internet of Things and AI
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Innovations and Analysis in Business and Education
The Block chain is basically decentralized technology and Block chain has distributed ledger that secure and transparent transactions without using central authority. mostly block chain developed for Bitcoin. Blockchain has initially used different applications in multiple industries like healthcare, finance, supply chain management. This paper presents a basic study of block chain Technology including basic block chain architecture, consensus mechanisms,and operation flow. This also gives real world applications.
Nour Kattawi, Farah Abu-Dabaseh, Mohammed H M Qeshta, Hadeel Alfreihat
The rise of blockchain technology usage has been a fundamental revolution to the FinTech environment, allowing the provision of secure, transparent, and decentralized financial services. Although there is an increased concern with implementing blockchain-based FinTech solutions, there is little empirical research on how blockchain technology potentials can be converted into working decentralized financial services. This paper examines how Blockchain Technology Capability (BTC) can be utilized in making decentralized financial services more effective, especially the moderating effect of trust and transparency. It was based on the Resource-Based View and the Trust Theory, which is the reason why a quantitative research design was adopted, with data gathered among the users of blockchain-based FinTech applications, such as digital wallets, platforms of blockchain payments, and decentralized finance apps. 300 valid responses were obtained. The analysis was performed with the help of Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS -SEM). The findings indicate that there is a strong positive impact of Blockchain Technology Capability on trust and transparency that subsequently positively affect the effectiveness of decentralized financial services. Moreover, the ability of Blockchain Technology has a direct positive effect on the service effectiveness. The mediation analysis has shown that trust and transparency mediate the relationship between blockchain capability and decentralized financial service effectiveness to some extent. The results add to the literature in the FinTech domain because they explain how blockchain potential generates value in decentralized financial systems and offer practical implications to FinTech companies that seek to promote trust, transparency, and service delivery.
Abstract This research presents a comprehensive blockchain-based solution for supply chain traceability. The system ensures secure, immutable, and transparent tracking of products from origin to delivery. Unlike conventional centralized systems, the proposed model leverages distributed ledger technology to eliminate data tampering and improve stakeholder trust. Smart contracts automate validation, reduce delays, and enhance operational efficiency. The framework demonstrates scalability and applicability across industries including manufacturing, food, and pharmaceuticals. Keywords: Blockchain, Supply Chain, Traceability, Hyperledger Fabric, Smart Contracts, Transparency
AbstractData security has become a growing concern for individuals, businesses, and governments because of increasing cyberattacks, data tampering, and unauthorized access in centralized systems. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology, blockchain technology addresses these challenges by providing a tamper-evident and tamper-resistant distributed ledger that is implemented without a central authority and records transactions across multiple computers. Its decentralized structure eliminates reliance on a single authority, reducing the risk of system failures and targeted attacks. This Article reviews core blockchain security features, including cryptographic protection, decentralization, consensus mechanisms, immutability, transparency, and smart contract security. Cryptographic tools such as hashing and public-private key systems protect data confidentiality, ensure integrity, and verify user identities. Consensus models like Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance enable secure transaction validation. The immutability of blockchain records makes unauthorized changes difficult, supporting trust and auditability. The study also examines threats such as 51% attacks, Sybil attacks, private key theft, and smart contract vulnerabilities, and recommends security practices to mitigate these risks. Finally, the Article explores blockchain applications in healthcare, banking, supply chains, voting, and digital identity. The findings indicate that, despite technical and operational challenges, blockchain offers a promising approach to securing digital transactions, protecting sensitive data, and building trust in the digital environment.
The Internet of Things (IoT) has become a major issue that has gained significant attention in the research community. Advances in IoT technologies have resulted in the emergence of various security issues and raised concerns about potential privacy breaches of IoT data. Utilizing Blockchain (BC) is seen as a promising solution for addressing security issues in the IoT. This paper offers a clear overview of IoT security threats, including the related security characteristics and the challenges that come with integrating BC with IoT. A brief discussion of various consensus protocols and existing security techniques is presented. A comparative study of several Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) platforms based on both qualitative and quantitative evaluation criteria is also presented. This paper explores the role of BC Technology in improving security in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and other applications in the IoT environment. Additionally, the paper identifies open issues and highlights potential research opportunities that can benefit future studies.