Blockchain Papers

Mahdi Pourgholi, Aslan Gholami

No abstract is available for this record.

Min Zhang, Jing Wang

Decentralized bio-hydrogen systems, integrating localized biomass gasification, hydrogen cogeneration, and HVAC absorption cooling, offer a viable pathway for decarbonizing commercial real estate. However, existing control strategies fail to co-optimize second-law thermodynamic exergy efficiency with dynamic grid carbon intensity and fluctuating carbon-tax pricing, a gap consistent with the broader finding that carbon-pricing frameworks only translate into emission reductions when paired with dispatchable technology able to respond to the price signal. This paper formulates a nonlinear thermo-economic optimization model for building-integrated bio-hydrogen systems operating under regional emission-trading schemes, together with an explicit capital-recovery-factor-based definition of the Levelized Cost of Building Energy (LCOBE) tying the dispatch objective to the building's actual 20-year capital and financing profile. Evaluated across three distinct climate zones (Cold, Mixed, Tropical), the proposed Carbon-Exergy Co-Optimization (CECO) algorithm increases annual exergy efficiency by an average of 21% relative to conventional heat-led operation, and reduces LCOBE by up to 21.4% under a strict $130/ton carbon-tax framework.

O.D. Ohijeagbon, M.A. Waheed, O.O. Ajayi, S.O. Ismaila · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Michele Fabi, Viraj Nadkarni, Leonardo Leone, Matheus V. X. Ferreira

<div> We develop an axiomatic theory for Automated Market Makers (AMMs) in local energy sharing markets and analyze the Markov Perfect Equilibrium of the resulting economy with a Mean-Field Game. In this game, heterogeneous prosumers solve a Bellman equation to optimize energy consumption, storage, and exchanges. Our axioms identify a class of mechanisms with linear, Lipschitz continuous payment functions, where prices decrease with the aggregate supply-to-demand ratio of energy. We prove that implementing batch execution and concentrated liquidity allows standard design conditions from decentralized finance-quasi-concavity, monotonicity, and homotheticity-to construct AMMs that satisfy our axioms. The resulting AMMs are budget-balanced and achieve ex-ante efficiency, contrasting with the strategy-proof, expost optimal VCG mechanism. Since the AMM implements a Potential Game, we solve its equilibrium by first computing the social planner's optimum and then decentralizing the allocation. Numerical experiments using data from the Paris administrative region suggest that the prosumer community can achieve gains from trade up to 40% relative to the grid-only benchmark. </div>

Adama Sarr, Aldo Bischi, Umberto Desideri, Cheikh Mouhamed Fadel Kébé

Achieving universal electricity access in Senegal by 2030 remains a major policy challenge due to persistent spatial disparities in infrastructure, population density, and resource availability. This study conducts a nationwide, spatially explicit assessment of least-cost electrification pathways using OnSSET. The analysis develops context-specific scenarios to plan optimal technology mixes across rural and peri‑urban areas, based on differentiated tiers of electricity access. By integrating high-resolution geospatial, demographic, and techno-economic data, the model identifies the most economically viable solutions for achieving universal access. Results indicate that grid extension is the least-cost option for approximately 93.7 % of the population, largely concentrated in peri‑urban areas with high population density and proximity to existing grid infrastructure. In contrast, solar PV mini-grids (MG PV) and stand-alone PV (SA PV) systems are optimal for 0.7 % and 5.6 % of the population, respectively, mainly in remote, sparsely populated rural settlements. The total investment required to achieve universal electricity access by 2030 is estimated at USD 269.8 million, corresponding to 116.1 MW of additional installed capacity. Beyond quantifying cost-optimal solutions, the study demonstrates the potential of open-source geospatial models like OnSSET to support transparent, data-driven planning in developing country contexts. It also highlights key policy implications, emphasizing the need for integrated national electrification strategies that combine centralized and decentralized systems to address regional disparities. Limitations of the study include uncertainties in input data quality, static demand assumptions, and the exclusion of non-technical barriers such as institutional capacity and financing constraints. Nonetheless, the findings provide a valuable decision-support basis for Senegal’s ongoing energy transition and broader Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7) objectives.

Lefeng Cheng, Mengya Zhang, K.J. Wang, Minmin Yuan · 8 authors

Virtual Power Plant (VPP) trading mechanisms confront unprecedented challenges from behavioral complexities and technological uncertainties that conventional rational choice models inadequately address. This research develops an integrated framework combining prospect theory-driven decision modeling with evolutionary smart contracts and multi-stage negotiation protocols to enhance trading effectiveness in cross-regional energy markets. We establish mathematical foundations incorporating loss aversion, probability distortion, and reference-dependent preferences into VPP decision-making, while developing adaptive contracts capable of autonomous evolution responding to market changes. Through composite game-theoretic analysis examining nested interactions between contract evolution and negotiation dynamics, we validate the framework across three comprehensive scenarios: emergency dispatch under extreme weather, renewable energy integration, and cross-regional collaboration. Simulation results demonstrate 15–25% negotiation efficiency improvements compared to traditional mechanisms, with behavioral models capturing significant heterogeneity in loss aversion coefficients (2.1–3.4) across VPP configurations. The evolutionary contracts successfully adapt within 72-hour windows to policy changes and technological developments, while maintaining system stability. Cross-regional analysis reveals how cultural distance and information asymmetries influence trading outcomes, with the framework achieving superior market integration despite these barriers. These findings establish new paradigms for behaviorally-informed energy market design, offering transformative implications for renewable integration and decentralized electricity systems.

Nugun P. Jellason, Daniela Salite

No abstract is available for this record.

Kelvin O. Yoro, Orevaoghene Eterigho-Ikelegbe, Rasaq Olawale Medupin

No abstract is available for this record.

Ashkan Safari, Kamran Taghizad Tavana, Mehrdad Tarafdar Hagh, Ali Esmaeel Nezhad

No abstract is available for this record.

Nan Geng, Can Zhou, Jiafeng Feng, Xin Zhang · 7 authors

The advancing integration of Cyber-Physical-Social Systems (CPSS) within the modern power industry has highlighted the need for enhanced data integrity and multi-entity coordination. In this context, the pursuit of secure and trustworthy lifecycle management for power materials, regarded as a foundational component in ensuring system stability and operational efficiency, has attracted increasing attention. However, existing systems often face limitations such as information opacity, insufficient data accuracy, and the absence of a secure trust mechanism, hindering intelligent development and long-term sustainability. Blockchain technology, distinguished by its distributed ledger, transparency, immutability, and smart contract capabilities, offers a promising solution by enhancing data security and ensuring information reliability. This study introduces a blockchain-based framework for the secure and trustworthy lifecycle management of power materials within CPSS environments, which ensures lifecycle traceability, real-time monitoring, and trustworthy information exchange. By integrating key application scenarios, such as refined equipment management and paperless execution of contracts, the proposed approach addresses crucial operational needs. A multidimensional analysis with conventional systems reveals its advantages in improving management efficiency, optimizing resource allocation, enhancing data security, and reducing operational costs. The proposed framework thus provides both theoretical foundations and practical pathways for leveraging blockchain in power material lifecycle management, enabling digital transformation, managerial innovation, and collaborative industry development.

Anis Ur Rehman, M. J. Sanjari, Rajvikram Madurai Elavarasan, Taskin Jamal

Transformation of the energy sector is necessary to meet climate targets and ensure universal access to reliable and affordable energy. Despite progress, more than 675 million people still lack electricity and 770 million face an unreliable power supply. Renewable energy now provides nearly 30 % of global electricity generation and represents approximately 17.9 % of total final energy consumption. This amount is insufficient for the 1.5 ∘ C pathway and requires a tripling of renewable capacity by 2030. Energy efficiency also lags with average annual gains of 1.6 % compared with the 4 % required for climate-aligned energy scenarios. Therefore, this paper reviews pathways toward decentralized low-carbon solutions that can accelerate global energy transformation. The review paper examines how technologies such as microgrids, virtual power plants, energy storage systems, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) solutions are reshaping modern energy systems. It highlights that digitalization, smart grids, and sector integration are key to building flexible and consumer-focused networks. However, achieving sustainable energy access requires more than new technologies. Strong governance, fair financing, and social inclusion are equally important to ensure a just and balanced energy transition. Case studies from Asia, Africa, and Latin America show how policy, innovative financing, and regional cooperation can drive progress despite challenges such as underinvestment, fossil fuel dependency, and energy poverty. The review demonstrates that an integrated approach, combining technological innovation, financial mechanisms, and inclusive policies, can collectively build low-carbon, resilient, and equitable energy systems. • Research gaps in sustainable energy supply on technology, policy, and equity are identified. • Sustainability-aligned pathways toward decentralized low-carbon solutions are reviewed. • Governance and planning are key for sustainable energy transitions. • A comprehensive framework of technical, economic, and social insights for sustainable transition is introduced.

Mohammad Nasrinasrabadi, Maryam A. Hejazi, Arefeh Jaberi, Hamed Hashemi‐Dezaki · 5 authors

Cryptocurrencies utilize blockchain technology to ensure transparency, decentralization, and immutability in financial transactions. It is expected that blockchain applications will significantly impact renewable energy markets. However, there is a lack of studies addressing the energy requirements of digital currencies. This research proposes optimizing a hybrid energy system consisting of distributed renewable and non-renewable energy sources, focusing on cryptocurrency mining. Although previous studies have not yet addressed energy system optimization considering cryptocurrency mining farms, the increasing prominence of such farms highlights the growing need for research in this area. The primary renewable sources in the proposed hybrid system include photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. We employ diesel generators as backup systems to compensate for the intermittent nature of solar and wind energy production. Besides meeting the demands of urban loads, cryptocurrency mining devices will be considered a major energy consumer. In this article, the optimal configuration of the energy system will be determined based on technical and economic indicators. Additionally, economic evaluations will be conducted to assess the income generated from cryptocurrency mining farms, and appropriate approaches will be identified from both technical and financial perspectives, focusing on return on investment (ROI).

Saqib Mehmood, Rudsada Kaewsaeng‐on

The clean energy (CE) industry is rapidly expanding due to improvements in technology, policy objectives, and global interest in sustainable financing. This chapter presents important technological improvements—including energy storage systems, smart grid networks, hydrogen as an energy carrier, and newer renewable sources—which have enhanced the efficiency, reliability, and attractiveness of CE investments. However, the outlook for the CE sector is robust, where the International Energy Agency predicts that by 2025 renewables will lead all net capacity additions across the globe. Furthermore, the expansion of decentralized energy systems and green finance, like green bonds, is set to provide different investment opportunities. Still, some strategic recommendations for investors include developing technological and geographical diversification, having a long-term view, being aware of policy changes, and including environmental, social, and governance (ESG) factors in their investment decisions to achieve sustainability objectives. Investments in CE have economic rewards, but the investments are also good for core social issues of global context in areas like clean energy, combating climate change, and innovative sustainability solutions. Toward the end of the chapter, it is suggested that to sustain continued growth within the CE sector, there has to be a continuous emphasis on technological advancement and active supportive policies, international collaboration, and a focus on inclusivity and resilience in CE initiatives.

Abhirup Khanna, Divya Srivastava, Anushree Sah, Sarishma Dangi · 8 authors

The increasing complexity of urban energy systems requires decentralized, sustainable, and scalable solutions. The paper presents a new multi-layered framework for smart energy management in microgrids by bringing together advanced forecasting, decentralized decision-making, evolutionary optimization and blockchain-based coordination. Unlike previous research addressing these components separately, the proposed architecture combines five interdependent layers that include forecasting, decision-making, optimization, sustainability modeling, and blockchain implementation. A key innovation is the use of Temporal Fusion Transformer (TFT) for interpretable multi-horizon forecasting of energy demand, renewable generation, and electric vehicle (EV) availability which outperforms conventional LSTM, GRU and RNN models. Another novelty is the hybridization of Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), to simultaneously support discrete and continuous decision variables, allowing for dynamic pricing, efficient energy dispatching and adaptive EV scheduling. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) which is improved by sustainability shaping by including carbon intensity, renewable utilization ratio, peak to average load ratio and net present value in agent rewards. Finally, Ethereum-based smart contracts add another unique contribution by providing the implementation of transparent and tamper-proof peer-to-peer energy trading and automated sustainability incentives. The proposed framework strengthens resilient infrastructure through decentralized coordination and intelligent optimization while contributing to climate mitigation by reducing carbon intensity and enhancing renewable integration. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed framework achieves a 14.6% reduction in carbon intensity, a 12.3% increase in renewable utilization ratio, and a 9.7% improvement in peak-to-average load ratio compared with baseline models. The TFT-based forecasting model achieves RMSE = 0.041 kWh and MAE = 0.032 kWh, outperforming LSTM and GRU by 11% and 8%, respectively.

Suqi Wang, Yanbo Li, Yi Cui, Junyi Yu · 8 authors

Abstract Buildings contribute significantly to global energy consumption, positioning them as pivotal to achieving global sustainability and climate goals. Although renewable energy technologies hold significant transformative potential, their integration into building systems is hindered by fragmented technological, economic, policy, and social dimensions. This systematic review addresses the existing lack of holistic synthesis by examining peer-reviewed studies published from 2019 to the second quarter (Q2) of 2025. Methodologically, the study adheres to the PRISMA 2020 framework to ensure transparency and replicability and employs bibliometric analysis to map thematic clusters across disciplines. Five major themes emerged from the synthesis: photovoltaic integration, retrofitting strategies, governance frameworks, smart grid applications, and stakeholder acceptance. Analysis highlights notable regional disparities, with Western Europe and East Asia demonstrating higher integration rates due to robust policy structures and established financial incentives. Conversely, regions like Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America continue to experience significant barriers linked to financing constraints, regulatory fragmentation, and infrastructural limitations. Community-led microgrid initiatives in Kenya and Brazil emerge as exemplars of successful context-sensitive, low-cost renewable integration, emphasizing the value of inclusive governance and localized solutions. The review reconceptualizes buildings as active socio-technical nodes within decentralized energy networks rather than passive energy infrastructures. For renewable energy integration to progress effectively, coordinated systemic efforts spanning technical innovation, adaptive governance, and behavior-sensitive policy design are imperative. These insights carry substantial implications, offering actionable guidance for policymakers, engineers, and urban planners seeking equitable, contextually appropriate, and scalable renewable energy transitions within the built environment.

Muhammad Kazim, Harun Pirim, Om Prakash Yadav, Chau Le · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Dauren Amanbek, Akzhan Tursunbek, Balzhan Azibek, Nurkhat Zhakiyev

Achieving global sustainability goals requires integrating renewable energy sources (RES) into the electrical grid, but their intermittent nature poses challenges to grid stability and supply-demand balance. Energy storage systems (ESS) offer a solution, yet their deployment remains complex and costly. This study proposes an optimized conceptual model for ESS placement using blockchain-powered smart contracts to automate decentralized energy trading. The research methodology involves a comprehensive literature review and the development of a conceptual model for optimal storage placement. A thorough examination of the literature and the creation of a conceptual model for optimal storage location serve as the foundation of the research approach. Smart contracts are proposed to enhance energy trading and storage management with transparency and efficiency. Energy trading and storage management will be automated through the design and implementation of smart contracts. Expected outcomes include improved grid reliability, lower operating costs, and greater integration of renewable energy sources. A decentralized energy market is made possible by the model’s use of blockchain technology, which allows producers and consumers to exchange energy directly without the need for centralized utilities. This study advances blockchain applications in energy, offering innovative solutions and insightful information to grid operators, policymakers, and market participants, fostering a more sustainable and efficient electricity grid.

Homa Rashidizadeh‐Kermani, Mostafa Vahedipour‐Dahraie

No abstract is available for this record.

Na Sun, Wei Zhang, Binyang Lv, Jichen Gu · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Kehinde A. Adeyeye, Charles Mbohwa

Abstract Nigeria’s urban areas continue to face unreliable electricity supply, rising demand, and dependence on costly, polluting petrol and diesel generators. Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) — integrating solar, wind, and battery technologies — offer a viable pathway to provide clean, decentralized, and resilient power. This review critically examines the policy, institutional, and governance factors shaping HRES deployment in urban Nigeria, identifying the key barriers and reforms required to scale adoption. Findings reveal that expansion is constrained by fragmented regulation, weak institutional coordination, limited access to affordable finance, and fossil-fuel subsidies that distort energy prices and discourage renewable investment. Institutional overlap among the relevant agencies further constrains implementation. Technical barriers, such as limited local expertise, high component import costs, and poor grid integration, further elevate project risks and reduce system reliability. The study recommends regulatory harmonization under the new Electricity Act (2023), implementation of performance-based fiscal incentives, and expansion of green financing mechanisms to lower investment risk. Strengthening local manufacturing, research and development, and workforce capacity will be essential to reduce dependence on imports and sustain long-term growth. Finally, promoting gender equity, community participation, and inclusive business models can enhance social acceptance and promote fair distribution of the benefits associated with HRES across all urban populations. Collectively, these measures can accelerate Nigeria’s transition toward a cleaner, more reliable, and climate-resilient urban energy future.

Jizhong Zhu, Zhou Jialin, Di Zhang, Wei Gan · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Tanveer Ahmed

In the face of escalating environmental concerns and the urgent need for sustainable development, this research article embarks on a meticulous examination of the intricate landscape of sustainable energy economics. Our comprehensive review navigates through recent advancements, challenges, and potential pathways, shedding light on the economic implications of transitioning towards sustainable energy sources.The introduction sets the stage by emphasizing the critical role of sustainable energy in mitigating climate change while simultaneously fostering economic growth. Against this backdrop, the literature review meticulously dissects existing research, providing a foundation for the exploration of recent developments.The analysis begins by scrutinizing global sustainable energy policies, dissecting their economic implications. Policies targeting renewable energy sources are evaluated for their effectiveness, laying the groundwork for a nuanced understanding of the economic ramifications of sustainable energy initiatives.Delving into the financial dimensions, the article explores innovative investment and financing models propelling sustainable energy projects. This includes an examination of public-private partnerships, green bonds, and other mechanisms that mobilize funds for the critical transition towards eco-friendly energy sources.A pivotal aspect of this comprehensive review is the scrutiny of technological innovations. Advancements in solar, wind, and other renewable energy sources are evaluated, along with an exploration of energy storage, smart grids, and decentralized systems. This section underscores the transformative potential of emerging technologies and their consequential economic impacts.Beyond the monetary considerations, our research investigates the broader socio-economic co-benefits associated with sustainable energy adoption. Job creation, poverty alleviation, and improved public health are discussed as positive externalities, contributing to a holistic understanding of the multifaceted impacts of sustainable energy initiatives.However, the research doesn't shy away from addressing challenges and potential trade-offs. Intermittency issues, infrastructure costs, and potential disruptions to existing industries are examined, providing a balanced perspective on the hurdles that must be navigated in the pursuit of sustainable energy solutions.The article further reinforces theoretical concepts through insightful case studies, showcasing regions that have successfully implemented sustainable energy strategies. These real-world examples offer practical insights into effective policy design and implementation, enhancing the applicability of the research findings.As the review concludes, it synthesizes key findings, emphasizing the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of sustainable energy economics for shaping a resilient and environmentally conscious future. The future outlook section provides foresight into potential advancements and challenges, offering practical recommendations for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders navigating the complex landscape of sustainable energy.In summary, this comprehensive review encapsulates the dynamic interplay between economics and sustainability in the realm of energy. It serves as a valuable resource for policymakers and stakeholders alike, providing a roadmap towards a future where economic prosperity aligns seamlessly with environmental stewardship through advancements in sustainable energy economics.

Alex Hongliang Zhang, Selahattin Murat Şirin

Abstract Non-technical summary DPV systems, typically small to medium-sized solar power installations on buildings, which primarily and directly supply electricity to industrial, commercial, or residential consumers in proximity. DPV is an advocated renewable substation for climate change and energy saving for merits of low installation costs, high energy efficiency, and the ability to provide decentralized power supply. Our research has theoretical significance in explaining and understanding the development and policy evolution of DPV in China and provide valuable suggestions for future industry policies during grid parity. Technical summary Since 2021, China has been phasing out its decade-long feed-in tariff policies, reducing the photovoltaic industry's dependency on subsidies. Despite the challenges posed by declining electricity prices and slowdown in economic growth, the authorities continue to prioritize the development of DPV due to its low investment costs, high energy efficiency, and decentralized power supply, and these technologies have already achieved demand-side parity. Driven by this phenomenon, this study examines the trajectory of DPV diffusion and the evolution of related policies over the last decade. It unravels the dynamic mechanism of DPV investment through theoretical analysis and develops a macro model to identify optimal installation strategies and renewable energy proportions. Our findings highlight the increasing role of green energy and suggest that green finance is crucial for stimulating DPV investment in the era of grid parity. The study concludes with practical recommendations for overcoming DPV challenges in China. Social media summary DPV has become a prominent renewable energy solution in other countries but not in China. We probe the system dynamics modeling to give explanation and solution during grid parity.

Zhifeng Huang, K.Y. Soh, M.R. Islam, K.J. Chua

No abstract is available for this record.