Blockchain technology, when used to authenticate academic credentials, introduces new approaches to dealing with age-old issues like as fraud and inefficiencies. This paper informs readers on the primary roles that education-based enterprises can perform on both Ethereum and Polygon, boosting the possibilities for developing certification systems based on NFTs. Ethereum is popular among developers and has helped to formalize the sector by establishing foundations and adopting standards such as ERC721. Polygon is a Layer 2 scaling technique designed to reduce transaction costs while also improving transaction functionality. The proposed system includes steps around creating NFTs and governing their distribution and lifecycle to ensure genuine tamper proof of academic records with the help of blockchain. This paper will explore the scalability of system and its cost-effectiveness along with simplicity for ease of choosing appropriate blockchain platform for providing secure certificates issuance and verification.
The 21st century has seen the advent of technologies. One of these technologies is the blockchain. A blockchain is a sort of digital ledger that comprises a growing list of documents, called blocks that are cryptography linked to the preceding block. A non-fungible token (NFT) is a data unit (token) kept on a blockchain that is incompatible with other digital assets. To demonstrate ownership of digital assets, such as songs, paintings, video game components, or even recipes, NFTs are utilized. Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are a type of digital asset on public blockchains that are both fungible and unique, and their market has experienced explosive growth since early 2021. Our product is a platform for these NFTs to be freshly minted, stored, collected, sold, bought and resold. We feel that a robust market like environment is a must while dealing with such a disruptive technology that changes the way we look at assets. This project focuses on security, automatic price detection system and a useful recommendation algorithm that will connect the customer with the best NFTs.
The proliferation of online multimedia content demands effective approaches for semantic exchange of videos and data authentication for information transfer. Video summaries offer an efficient way to enhance user experience by providing a concise, meaningful overview of video content, reducing bandwidth strain while maintaining relevance. The emergence of Web 3.0, an evolution that incorporates blockchain, edge computing, semantic communication, and artificial intelligence, has revolutionized decentralized information sharing, aiming for a user-centric, interconnected, and trustless Internet. However, current Web 3.0 approaches often underutilize cutting-edge technologies that extend beyond blockchain. This article presents a pioneering blockchain-based semantic exchange framework for video summaries within a wireless edge intelligence network, with a special focus on keyframe extraction for secure and reliable transmission. By leveraging blockchain through Non-Fungible Tokens for integrity verification, this framework ensures tamper-proof access to critical video summaries on user devices.
In a time characterized by mounting apprehensions regarding data security and confidence in digital transactions, there's a growing need for a reliable and transparent framework to oversee the origin and legitimacy of goods along the supply chain. Concerns such as counterfeiting, deceit, and operational inefficiencies are prevalent across various sectors, causing skepticism and financial setbacks. The primary issue stems from the absence of an immutable and decentralized ledger to uphold the accuracy of product data from production to distribution. Through facilitating stakeholders in monitoring product trajectories from inception to delivery, our goal is to bolster trust and alleviate fraudulent activities. In centralized systems, control and decision-making authority are vested in a singular entity or a small group of entities. This concentration of power enables streamlined direction and oversight over all activities within the system. Conversely, decentralization distributes authority across multiple entities or individuals, empowering them to make decisions autonomously within their spheres of influence. Decentralized systems often promote greater flexibility, adaptability, and resilience as decision-making is dispersed, allowing for localized responses and innovation. In today's digital age, individuals and businesses face an overwhelming deluge of textual data, spanning social media updates, customer feedback, and online commentary. Yet, deciphering this unstructured text presents a formidable hurdle, impeding the timely comprehension of public sentiment, viewpoints, and trends. Consequently, there arises a critical necessity for an effective and automated sentiment analysis solution capable of swiftly and accurately gauging sentiment within text, empowering users to glean insights into public perceptions and make well-informed decisions. Our sentiment analysis application endeavors to address this challenge by offering an automated, scalable, and precise sentiment analysis tool suited for diverse applications, encompassing marketing, customer service, brand management, and market research.
Zejun Lin, Bin Chen, Yi Chen, Peichang Zhang ยท 5 authors
A campus public resources (CPRs) sharing model is proposed by applying Decentralized Identifiers (DIDs) and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) in smart campus. The integration of DIDs empowers users with enhanced autonomy and control over their digital identities, providing improved security and convenience while extending resource accessibility to off-campus individuals. Furthermore, the model employs the NFT standard of ERC4907 to achieve a clear separation between resource ownership and usage rights. Leveraging the inherent distributed and transparent nature of blockchain technology, the CPRs sharing model effectively eliminates data barriers between departments, fostering a collaborative environment. A high-performance platform based on the model is developed to meet the requirements of sharing CPRs within a university setting.
Innovation in Digital Healthcare Systems
Technology and Data Analysis
Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
In the blockchain architecture, there are various consensus methods, such as Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS) and Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) for validator selection. A DPoS protocol works similarly to an election, where token holders vote for validator candidates. Elected validators generate blocks and receive block generation rewards. BNB Chain adopting DPoS has implemented a leveling mechanism to prevent the concentration of votes on a small number of validators. However, voting token holders do not always act in economically rational ways. This causes disparity in rewards to votes by token holders. We investigated the BNB Chain and factors related to the reward rates. We calculated Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between reward rates and several factors: the number of delegate-related transactions, the amount of delegated tokens, the rate of change in the amount of delegated tokens, and the average number of voting validators. As a result, we found that the number of delegate-related transactions has the strongest correlation with reward rates, and that there is a non-linear correlation between the reward rate and the average number of voting validators.
Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), recognized for their uniqueness and irreplaceability, serve as an effective mechanism for copyright protection of digital works. Utilizing NFTs to build trading platforms facilitates copyright authentication, monitoring, and circulation of artworks. To alleviate the immense storage pressure on blockchain networks, NFT artworks are often stored in the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). However, as IPFS is a decentralized file system lacking encryption mechanisms for data, the absence of privacy protection could render copyright protection measures ineffective if malicious users access and utilize the data outside the trading platform. This paper proposes a tri-layered protection mechanism for NFT artwork data, encompassing access control, image watermarking, and data encryption. The proposed scheme ensures artwork protection against theft without compromising the circulation and transaction of works. Experimental results demonstrate that the scheme meets the privacy and security needs of the artworks efficiently and at a low cost.
Asad Ullah Khan, Saeed Ullah Jan, Muhammad Naeem Khan, Fazeelat Aziz ยท 8 authors
Purpose Blockchain, a groundbreaking technology that recently surfaced, is under thorough scrutiny due to its prospective utility across different sectors. This research aims to delve into and assess the cognitive elements that impact the integration of blockchain technology (BT) within library environments. Design/methodology/approach Utilizing the StimulusโOrganismโResponse (SOR) theory, this research aims to facilitate the implementation of BT within academic institution libraries and provide valuable insights for managerial decision-making. A two-staged deep learning structural equation modelling artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was conducted on 583 computer experts affiliated with academic institutions across various countries to gather relevant information. Findings The research model can correspondingly expound 71% and 60% of the variance in trust and adoption intention of BT in libraries, where ANN results indicate that perceived possession is the primary predictor, with a technical capability factor that has a normalized significance of 84%. The study successfully identified the relationship of each variable of our conceptual model. Originality/value Unlike the SOR theory framework that uses a linear model and theoretically assumes that all relationships are significant, to the best of the authorsโ knowledge, it is the first study to validate ANN and SEM in a library context successfully. The results of the two-step PLSโSEM and ANN technique demonstrate that the usage of ANN validates the PLSโSEM analysis. ANN can represent complicated linear and nonlinear connections with higher prediction accuracy than SEM approaches. Also, an importance-performance Map analysis of the PLSโSEM data offers a more detailed insight into each factor's significance and performance.
Jelena Gjorgjev, Nexhibe Sejfuli-Ramadani, Valentina Angelkoska, Pero Latkoski ยท 5 authors
This paper performs a comparative examination of well-known blockchain networks and their corresponding layers, with a specific focus on their effectiveness and appropriateness for developing decentralized applications (DApps). The evaluation of platforms like Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Solana, and Cardano involves a combination of literature review, empirical data collecting, and qualitative assessments. The parameters used for evaluation include transaction speed, scalability, fees, and community support. The research delineates distinct attributes of Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions that impact the performance of DApps and their adoption by users. The findings suggest that Ethereum continues to be the most inclusive platform for developers, thanks to its advanced smart contract capabilities and wide range of tools. However, Solana and Binance Smart Chain have distinct benefits in terms of transaction speed and cost-effectiveness, making them more suitable for DApps that require a large number of transactions with minimal user interaction. Cardano's Ouroboros consensus algorithm offers a combination of sustainability and scalability, making it well-suited for DApps that demand robust security procedures. The results indicate that the selection of a blockchain network and layer should be strategically aligned with the operational needs and target audience of the DApp, with a focus on the trade-offs between decentralization, security, and performance efficiency.
The conventional real estate registry system exhibits numerous shortcomings, being both costly and time-consuming. Vulnerabilities to fraud, particularly through impersonation of false property ownership, further undermine its effectiveness. This paper proposes a methodology for accurately identifying the legitimate property owner and ensuring secure ownership transfers. Leveraging the immutable characteristics of Blockchain and Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), this approach addresses the deficiencies of traditional property transfer systems. The automation of processes through smart contracts, powered by the Ethereum Blockchain, streamlines the transfer of property ownership. NFTs, uniquely tied to individuals and resistant to replication, eradicate fraud and eliminate challenges associated with verifying the identity of the authentic property owner. Possession of the NFT signifies true property ownership. The integration of NFTs and blockchain not only enhances transparency and security but also accelerates and fortifies the reliability of the traditional real estate transfer process.
Patikiri Arachchige Don Shehan Nilmantha Wijesekara
Access Control (AC) in networking attempts to make sure that only authorized devices perform actions formed upon privileges defined for them with a view to prevent malicious users' entry and interaction in the communication grid. Blockchain solutions contain an arrangement of related blocks that naturally safeguards the trustworthiness, defending the incontestability, defend masked-identity of its transactions/transfers due to scattered consensus strategies and cryptographic solutions. Our survey comprehensively reviews BC-formed AC in broad scope of networking considering AC techniques while breaking down into 4 propositions and assessing them in terms of blockchain roles, AC technique and approach, network elements, and rest. We stockpiled a primary sample of 79 bibliographic references by weeding out them for screening criteria sought from scientific information reservoirs exploiting a qualitative and extensive strategy. Formed upon this survey, in blockchain-formed AC, blockchain can be exploited as an AC manager to administrate network devices and access information, implement automatic AC by means of smart contracts, secure storage of AC related data to reinforce overall AC security, and for safe data exchanging in the operation of AC. Minute assessment highlights that from blockchain-formed AC, 52.5% provide AC using blockchain itself or using smart contracts, 92.5% exploit sequential blockchain, 35% exploit PBFT consensus, provide 100% fine-grained and host-formed AC, 85% decentralized AC, 87.5% have single-factor authentication, 92.5% provide dynamic AC, and 45% have opted for IoT. Finally, we evaluate the chances and difficulties of the principle of blockchain-formed AC and then giving recommended actions to beat them.
In healthcare systems, blockchain technology plays a crucial role in transmitting COVID-19 data among multiple entities.Over time, various blockchain-based medical applications have emerged to handle medical information confidentially.One such system is the Scalable eHealthChain system (SeHealthChain), which utilizes a sharding scheme consisting of transaction chain and reputation chain structures to enhance throughput and security.However, the system employs a modified Raft-based Synchronous Consensus Scheme (RSCS) for generating the transaction blockchain, which can potentially introduce illegitimate transactions to the Hyperledger fabric network if a rogue node transfers them to the orderer.This poses a significant security risk in the worst-case scenarios.Additionally, as the hash rate fluctuates exponentially, the generation period of transaction blocks and computation difficulty increase.To address these issues, this article proposes an Optimized SeHealthChain (OSeHealthChain) system.It integrates a Tuna Swarm Optimization Algorithm (TSOA) with the modified RSCS to dynamically adjust the blockchain parameters in response to significant changes in the hash rate.The TSOA optimizes two variables, namely the Block Interval (BI) and Difficulty Adjustment Interval (DAI) of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) for the transaction blockchain, based on objective functions that consider the Standard Deviations (SD) of the mean BI and difficulty.By selecting appropriate variables, the system generates new transaction blocks with minimal nodes and overhead, effectively validating transactions and blocks to enhance the security level.Extensive simulations show that the OSeHealthChain achieves a throughput of 3918tps and a user-perceived latency of 63.8s for 1000 nodes, outperforming the SeHealthChain, eHealthChain, Permissionless Proof-of-Reputation-X (PL-PoRX), and hybrid Proof of Stake-Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (POS-PBFT) algorithms in blockchain systems.It also achieves throughputs of 7051tps, 6418tps, and 6290tps for simple, camouflage, and observe-act attacks, respectively, with 1000 nodes and a shard dimension of 200 during 20 epochs.
Blockchain has been recognized as a secure technology with which unique and tamper-proof certificates can be issued. Today the secure and immutable storage of vital records, such as birth certificates, is of paramount importance. Traditional systems for recording and managing such documents are complex, tedious, and inaccessible for many. At present, issuing a certificate involves three stakeholders; Parents, Hospitals, and Registrars. The Parents must visit the Registrar and report the birth after which the Registrar verifies the birth, which is a time-intensive process for the Registrar. To address these challenges, we present a web application that leverages blockchain technology to record and manage birth certificates. By utilizing a decentralized and distributed ledger, our application improves accessibility, transparency, and increased security. This paper outlines the design, implementation, and evaluation of our birth certificate recording system, highlighting its benefits for hospitals, registrars, and individuals. Furthermore, limitations and the future work of this technology are discussed.
Advancements in technology have exposed significant vulnerabilities in academic credentialing systems; they are costly, time-consuming, and susceptible to sophisticated forms of fraud.This research proposes an innovative solution that can be implemented to make an almost complete overhaul of the traditional methods used to verify educational documents much faster, more secure, and more credible.In contrast to popular approaches that involve manual checks or third-party services, we propose a solution based on decentralized and immutable ledger tech.Similar attempts have been made before, such as the Blockers tool and Educt system, and although adequate, they need to catch up in the grand scheme of a more refined concept and interface.Our system goes further than these constraints because it uses QR codes for direct verification and a user-focused approach.A quantitative analysis utilizing Kaggle for secondary data demonstrates significant improvements: Our prototype significantly enhanced performance metrics compared to existing systems.Specifically, it facilitated a 30% increase in interactions per minute, providing a baseline of interactions from previous systems for more precise comparison.Additionally, user satisfaction improved markedly, with the prototype achieving a 40% increase in the proportion of users reporting high satisfaction, based on comparative satisfaction rates from conventional systems.By integrating the use of the prototype, improved security and organizational performance were seen, and students, teachers, and employers' feedback showed high satisfaction due to the usability and effectiveness of the developed system.It has been observed that the blockchain system is handy in this regard as it can easily connect and interoperate with the existing education systems while providing pseudonymity and scalability without compromising security.Future developments of the software include the new directions of its application in the further expansion of the guidance section, the enhancement of compatibility issues, and regular safety scan checks.
The need for more people in the world to connect with one another via use of networked computerized distributed information systems is on the rise in different sector as well as in the medical sector.With many medical information systems being complex and private owned, networking such systems to aid interoperability in order to allow secure sharing of the electronic medical records remains a challenge.This calls for secure connections of different medical system platforms that will aid easy and timely sharing of electronic medical records across different medical facilities.Distributed ledger technologies such as enhanced blockchain is one of the such technologies that when implemented in the healthcare sector have ability to support secure sharing of electronic medical records.The study used exploratory and a survey-based descriptive research design.Information was gathered through both a literature review and a questionnaire survey involving a sample of twenty (20) companies specializing in the development of medical systems software.For this survey, two (2) domain experts from each company were purposefully selected as respondents, totaling forty (40) respondents.The response rate was substantial, with seventeen (17) companies participating, contributing a total of thirtyfour (34) domain experts, representing an 85% response rate.The aim of the study was to explore the factors that are hindering secure interoperability and sharing of electronic medical records across different medical systems.The findings revealed that technical factors like data formats, syntax, organization and protocols are the factors affecting structural interoperability levels while data meaning, models codification schemes and data definition standardization are the factors affecting semantic interoperability.Other factors include financial, organizational, human, cultural, security and privacy.The study proposes integration of Distributed Ledger Technologies (DLTs) into the medical systems to mitigate the factors that affect secure interoperability of medical systems and to enhance secure sharing of electronic medical records (EMRs) across medical systems.
Germรกn Abu Arab, Juan Ignacio Cogliatti, Cristina Mayr, Juan Abu Arab ยท 6 authors
The advent of Web3 technologies and blockchain has opened new avenues for exploring decentralized solutions to pressing environmental issues. A blockchain-based Web3 application for the management of CO2 absorption rights could be a very effective solution to combat climate change. Blockchain technology allows the creation of permanent and transparent records of transactions in a decentralized network, which makes it an ideal tool for monitoring and managing CO2 absorption rights. The rights could be registered in the blockchain and transferred through smart contracts, which would guarantee the validity and traceability of these transactions. In addition, the Web3 application would allow greater accessibility for users, since it could be accessed from anywhere without the need to have proprietary systems installed. Decentralized applications could also be used to verify CO2 emissions and removals by users, which would increase transparency and trust in the system. This paper presents the development of a novel Web3 application that leverages blockchain technology for managing CO2 absorption rights using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). The proposed application allows for the secure, transparent, and efficient management of CO2 absorption rights, significantly enhancing the effectiveness of carbon offsetting initiatives.
As the utilization value of personal information increases, discussions on how to provide personal information are active, but information required by institutions to utilize personal information is being exposed more than necessary. Therefore, personal privacy protection is essential to overcome the problems and limitations of personal information protection. In this study, a decentralized identity information management model that overcomes the problems and limitations of the centralized identity management method of personal information and manages and selectively provides personal information by the information owner himself and demonstrates the excellence of personal information by implementing the Smart Personal Information Provision System (SPIPS) in the PBFT consensus algorithm through experiments.
Metaverse has received significant attention as more individuals are interested in developing virtual environments and exploring digital worlds. The educational Metaverse has attracted particular interest, as it offers the potential for highly immersive and interactive learning experiences. Nevertheless, developing an educational metaverse faces several challenges, such as system robustness, latency, and data privacy and security. Blockchain technology provides a decentralized and secure approach to data management and storage. This paper provides a privacy-preserving lecture-sharing scheme for the educational Metaverse by using attribute-based encryption. Our approach ensures that only authorized students can access lecture materials while maintaining data privacy and security. Furthermore, we implemented a prototype of this platform on the Ethereum test network, illustrating the effectiveness of our solution in improving the efficiency of lecture sharing while guaranteeing data privacy.
This paper reviews the network security in 6G applied in various emerging technologies. The content of the paper discusses the 6G, which is expected to be merged with multiple sorts of slicing enabled by new technologies and paradigms to make the system more intelligent and safeguard the network infrastructure. This literature review was performed through a systematic review using a meta-analysis review to draw a conclusion. This paper identifies the issues and challenges of the 6G network and discusses the current research areas in network security, such as AI and DLT, which were found as solutions which can be employed for security at many cybersecurity protection and defense stages. The value of these technologies is based on the benefits of autonomy, increased accuracy, and predictive capabilities for security analytics. Additionally, this study compares which approach is the most viable solution to address network security issues. The researcher wants to investigate further 6G cloud computing for future work, addressed by centralized data centers accessed via the leading network.
Open access
Innovation in Digital Healthcare Systems
Technology and Data Analysis
Diverse Approaches in Healthcare and Education Studies
saving the patient medical record electronically is done via electronic medical records (EMRs) where all the patient-related information that consider private and sensitive is usually related to the treatment process, as well as the diagnoses process of a specific patient usually this information needs to be shared and re-submit by many peers doctors with each, In this paper, propose a novel approach for electronic medical records system using a non-fungible token (NFT) based on a customized permission blockchain built with secret sharing technology to reduce the key management overhead as well as provide a readable extension of the ledger to ensure it is easy to read and easy access from any type of computer. The system that uses NFT for electronic medical records (NFT-EMR) ensures easy access and guarantees availability, privacy, and security providing authority to the patient over his data as well as proof of ownership which is done using proof of secret shares and consistency this system can be used in real-world between hospitals and medical centers and within metaverse world. The NFT-ERM system was evaluated using the main evaluation factors used to evaluate blockchain and compared to the standard ERM system.
Ritika Singh, Mirza Moiz Baig, Shrikant V. Sonekar, Supriya Sawwashere
The potential of distributed ledger technology (DLT) to transform various industries, such as healthcare, has been widely acknowledged. Due to the increasing interest in the technology's use in monitoring health data. One of the most important advantages of DLT in monitoring is its ability for creating secure and reliable records. This feature allows for the preservation of sensitive information, and it can be used to protect the data of various individuals. In addition, it can allow researchers and healthcare providers to share information between themselves and other healthcare organizations. One of the main advantages of DLT in the monitoring of health data is its ability to improve interoperability. This technology can help create a decentralized system that will allow healthcare providers to store and share health data. This eliminates the need for central data hubs and enables them to access and use the information they need to improve patient care. Another advantage of DLT in monitoring is it's ability to allow healthcare organizations to use smart contracts. This feature can help them automate various processes, such as drug supply chain management and claims management. Despite the various advantages of DLT in monitoring, there are still many challenges that need to be addressed in order to successfully implement it in the field. One of these is the lack of interoperability. This issue can prevent DLT systems from being able to work seamlessly with other systems. Also, the lack of regulations is a major concern when it comes to the use of DLT in healthcare. The potential of DLT to significantly impact the monitoring industry is immense. Its ability to improve data interoperability and secure storage can lead to the creation of more effective and efficient systems. However, it's important to note that the technology still has a long way to go before it fully realizes its full potential. This paper aims to review the literature on the subject.
Mohammad Hadi Zahedi, Elham Farahani, Karim Peymani
Metaverse is a new type of social network based on Web3 and has multi-technology, decentralized and hyperspatial temporal features. In the Metaverse world, people play roles online and in 3D in the form of avatars. Therefore, the fields of electronic education can also take advantage of this new potential and provide the path of changes for availability and sustainability in the future. Until now, most of the research regarding the discussion of Metaverse and e-Learning has been around the benefits and the possibility of implementing educational systems on this platform, and they have focused more on the progress that Metaverse has made so far, and an educational system based on Metaverse has not yet been operationally implemented. All items are at the design level and in the best case, only a 3D environment is created to present the content non-dynamically. In this paper, we will present a Metaverse virtual e-Learning environment model, all the basic and infrastructural elements, and we will show the ideal mechanisms and technologies and their challenges. This model will lead to the easy development of Metaverse applications in the field of e-Learning.