الأهداف: يهدف البحث لبيان ماهية الرموز غير القابلة للاستبدال (NFTs)، وتكييفها الفقهي وحكم التعامل بها، وشروط التوثيق من خلالها، كما يهدف إلى توضيح حقيقة (NFTs)، وآلية عملها، ونشأتها، وحكم التعامل بها، وتم اختيار الموضوع نظرا لحداثته، والحاجة الملحة لوضعها في الإطار الفقهي المناسب، وإثراء المكتبة الإسلامية الفقهية على وجه التحديد، بمواضيع شكلت نقلة نوعية في عالم التكنولوجيا، مما يعني مواكبة كل ما يستجد. المنهجية: اعتمد البحث المنهج الوصفي الشارح للنصوص المتعلقة بـ NFTs، والمنهج الاستقرائي باستقراء عمل الرموز تقنيا للتوصل للتعريف الأقرب لطبيعتها، والمنهج التحليلي لتحليل المفاهيم الواردة والآراء المتعلقة بـها، ومناقشتها، وإلحاقها بأقرب التكييفات الفقهية الملائمة. النتائج: إن التكييف الفقهي الملائم لطبيعة عمل هذه الرموز، هو تخريجها على دفتر البياع والصراف، وشريجة البقال، حيث كانت وسائل مناسبة لحفظ الحقوق بحسب ما تعارف عليه أهل ذلك الزمان، وكذا هذه الرموز، فقد تعورف على كونها وسيلة لتوثيق الحقوق في العالم الرقمي، خاصة أنها قد استوفت الشروط الواجب توافرها في التوثيق بالكتابة، من كونها مرسومة ومستبينة، وجازمة، مع مراعاة مجلس العقد، وهي متناغمة كذلك مع الشروط التي أقرتها منظمة التجارة الإلكترونية في العقود الإلكترونية، من الشفافية والاستمرارية وعدم القابلية للتغيير والتبديل. الخلاصة: أن الـ NFTs هي عبارة عن نوع الشبكات اللامركزية تستخدم لإثبات الحقوق والملكيات من خلالها، وتتم عبر شبكات البلوكتشين الإيثيروم- على وجه التحديد، حيث تتوافر فيها الشروط الواجب توافرها في التوثيق بالكتابة برموز خاصة، تتناسب مع معطيات العصر الرقمية، وتوصي الباحثة بمزيد من البحوث على كل ما يستجد حول تلك الرموز لاستيضاح ملابساتها في جميع جوانب استعمالاتها، كما وتوصي بالاستفادة العملية من تجارب الدول في استخدامها، مما يساعد في اكتشاف الثغرات وسدها.
Objective: The study aims to explore the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technology into the halal certification process, focusing on improving accuracy, transparency, and efficiency. It evaluates how these technologies can enhance the halal certification system in Indonesia, mainly through the SiHalal platform developed by the Halal Product Assurance Agency (BPJPH). Research Design & Methods: This study uses a qualitative approach, reviewing the literature and analyzing the implementation of AI and blockchain technologies in halal certification in Indonesia through case studies and interviews with key stakeholders to assess the effectiveness and potential impact of integrating these technologies. Findings: The study found that AI and blockchain improve efficiency, transparency, and security in the halal certification process. AI automates error detection and improves accuracy, while blockchain prevents fraud through immutable records. The SiHalal platform successfully integrates the two to simplify the process and increase public trust and user satisfaction. Implications & Recommendations: The study recommends the expansion of the SiHalal platform and further development of AI and blockchain integration to improve scalability and security, policy support for technology infrastructure and training of halal auditors, and adoption of SiHalal by halal businesses to improve efficiency and transparency, with suggestions for technology developers to continue innovating in addressing scalability and interoperability challenges. Contribution & Value Added: This study contributes to the literature on modernizing halal certification systems by showing how integrating AI and blockchain can revolutionize the process. It also provides insights into how technology increases trust, reduces fraud, and enables regulation, positioning Indonesia as a global halal market leader.
Ahmad Al Izham Izadin, Rosylin Mohd Yusof, Ahmad Rizal Mazlan
Purpose This study aims to examine the integration of Maqasid Shariah principles in evaluating stablecoins and traditional cryptocurrencies within Islamic investment portfolios. The focus is on enhancing returns and reducing risk, providing a Shariah-compliant framework for Islamic investors. Design/methodology/approach This study uses quantile regression and Monte Carlo simulation to analyse the diversification benefits of stablecoins (Tether [USDT] and Tether Gold [XAUT]) and traditional cryptocurrencies (Bitcoin [BTC]) across different Islamic indices by market capitalisation size from 31 December 2020 to 1 July 2024. Findings BTC increases returns but with higher volatility, which may conflict with the principles of Islamic finance. However, when viewed from a portfolio perspective, pairing BTC with stablecoins like USDT and XAUT can provide stability and risk mitigation. This strategy aligns better with Maqasid Shariah by minimising excessive uncertainty (Gharar) and offering tangible asset backing. These strategies are particularly relevant to large-cap indices. However, the increased risk in Islamic Mid and Islamic Small portfolios suggests that the diversification benefits are less pronounced for these indices. Practical implications The results offer practical insights for investors, portfolio managers, Shariah advisors and policymakers in asset allocation and risk management. Incorporating stablecoins and cryptocurrencies can optimise risk-adjusted returns in Islamic portfolios. Originality/value To the best of the authors knowledge, this study is the first to integrate Maqasid Shariah principles in the evaluation of stablecoins and traditional cryptocurrencies, extending the literature on Islamic finance and digital assets. This research offers empirical evidence on the performance and compliance of these assets within Islamic portfolios, providing a comprehensive framework for Shariah-compliant investment strategies.
The global Ayurvedic medicine and herbs industry is projected to reach approximately $23 billion by 2028 (Research, 2022). Ayurveda, a 5000-year-old system of traditional medicine, relies on natural ingredients sourced from diverse ecosystems. However, the Ayurvedic supply chain faces numerous challenges, including raw material authenticity, regulatory compliance, procurement inefficiencies, and counterfeit risks. This research explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies in modernizing Ayurvedic procurement. AI-driven demand forecasting models (LSTM, ARIMA, XGBoost) optimize inventory management, while machine learning-based supplier risk assessment (Gradient Boosting, NLP, Random Forest) enhances vendor selection and fraud detection. Blockchain smart contracts (Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum) ensure end-to-end traceability, preventing counterfeiting and ensuring compliance with AYUSH, WHO-GMP, and FDA regulations. Additionally, IoT-enabled storage monitoring and hyperspectral AI-based quality authentication maintain herbal potency and safety. The proposed AI-powered procurement framework demonstrates significant improvements in procurement lead time, cost reduction, supply chain transparency, and quality control compared to traditional Ayurvedic sourcing methods. This paper highlights AI’s transformative role in optimizing Ayurvedic procurement, ensuring sustainability, efficiency, and authenticity in global herbal medicine markets.
Funlade Sunmola, George Baryannis, Albert Tan, Kenneth T. Co · 5 authors
The global halal market is growing, driven by rising stakeholder populations and increasing consumer interest in ethical and sustainable food choices. This surge in demand necessitates robust halal compliance throughout complex supply chains. However, there are several challenges, including fragmented information, increased understanding of halal requirements among stakeholders, and difficulties in tracing product provenance. This paper proposes a holistic framework for halal certification and compliance, addressing these challenges through the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain technologies. AI can automate halal compliance checks, identify potential irregularities in sourcing and composition, and facilitate risk management. The blockchain offers an ideal platform for tracking product provenance throughout the halal supply chain. This ensures trust and confidence among consumers by providing verifiable information on ingredient origin and production processes. This paper further strengthens the potential of this framework by presenting an illustrative example that utilises knowledge graphs, machine learning, and smart contracts. This exemplifies the potential application of the proposed framework in the context of halal pre-certification processes. By fostering transparency and streamlining compliance procedures, the proposed holistic framework, empowered by AI and the blockchain, can significantly enhance trust and confidence among stakeholders within the halal food industry.
Yahaya Saidu, Shuhaida Mohamed Shuhidan, Dahiru Adamu Aliyu, Izzatdin Abdul Aziz · 5 authors
The need for sophisticated traceability systems has become essential in increasingly complex and globalized supply chains. The convergence of Blockchain (BC), Internet of Things (IoT), and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies offers promising solutions to enhance traceability systems across various sectors, particularly supply chain management (SCM). This paper presents a comprehensive bibliometric and systematic literature review to explore emerging trends, research patterns, and methodologies in integrating BC, IoT, and AI into traceability systems. In the study, 530 documents from the SCOPUS database for bibliometric analysis were examined, alongside a detailed review of 43 selected articles from multiple databases. The findings highlighted a significant increase in research output in recent years, with a dominant focus on agricultural supply chains and SCM. Notably, India and China lead the field in publications and citations. Furthermore, key authors and influential journals significantly contributed to advancing the research. The analysis also revealed a predominance of experimental and hybrid research methodologies, with Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric emerging as the most widely adopted platforms for system implementations. The study identified critical research trends, including the growing role of AI-driven analytics, the importance of real-time IoT data collection, and the critical need for secure, tamper-proof data provided by BC. However, challenges, such as interoperability, scalability, and standardization, remain hindering the widespread adoption of these technologies. The paper proposes a four-layer conceptual framework for integrating BC, IoT, and AI into future traceability systems, emphasizing their potential to enhance transparency, security, and efficiency across various application areas. The paper concludes by offering directions for future research, highlighting the need for more empirical studies, industry-specific frameworks, and standardization to overcome existing limitations.
Muhammad Asghar Shahzad, Shafiqul Hassan, Hafiz Ghulam Abbas
Islamic banking, firmly rooted in Sharīʿah principles, has emerged as a resilient alternative to conventional banking systems on a global scale. The adherence to Sharīʿah principles distinguishes Islamic banking from its conventional counterparts, shaping the ethos of its products and services. While various models of Sharīʿah supervision exist worldwide, Pakistan stands out with its adoption of a hybrid model blending centralized and decentralized approaches. This paper focuses on exploring the necessity and significance of a centralized Sharīʿah supervisory model through qualitative research methods. By delving into the unique features and challenges of centralized supervision, it provides valuable insights into strategies aimed at enhancing the efficacy of Central Sharīʿah Advisory Boards (CSABs). These strategies are pivotal in advancing the harmonization agenda within Islamic banking, reinforcing integrity, trust, and sustainability within the industry. Furthermore, the paper underscores the broader impact of CSABs on Islamic finance, emphasizing their role in promoting financial inclusion and socio-economic development not only in Muslim-majority countries but also beyond. By aligning banking practices with Sharīʿah principles and fostering transparency, CSABs contribute to a more equitable and resilient financial ecosystem, resonating with the core values of Islamic finance.
Zainab S. Attarbashi, Akram M. Zeki, ME Haque, Md Hossen
ينمو إنفاق المسلمين على المنتجات الحلال بنسبة 6.3% سنويا، حيث وصل إلى 2 تريليون دولار هذا العام 2024. ويأتي توريد المنتجات الحلال من أجزاء مختلفة من العالم من مورّدين مسلمين وغير مسلمين. وقد أدى ذلك إلى زيادة قلق المستهلكين المسلمين بشأن مصداقية الادعاءات الحلال بسبب عدم القدرة على تتبع المنتجات عبر سلسلة التوريد. ومع ذلك، لا يمكن لنماذج سلسلة التوريد الحالية تتبع هذه المنتجات الغذائية طوال سلسلة التوريد من المزرعة وطوال عملية النقل. يهدف هذا البحث إلى تحقيق هدفين رئيسيين: الأول هو تقييم وعي المستهلكين بتطبيقات تقنية سلاسل الكتل (blockchain) في صناعة المنتجات الحلال، والثاني هو تطوير نموذج لامركزي لتتبع المنتجات الحلال باستخدام تقنية سلاسل الكتل لتمكين التسجيل الشفاف وغير القابل للتلاعب بالبيانات المتعلقة بالمنتجات الحلال، بما في ذلك معلومات المنشأ والجودة والتعامل والمعالجة. سيؤدي ذلك إلى تحسين شفافية سلسلة التوريد، وتعزيز كفاءة حفظ السجلات، وتعزيز سلامة الأغذية وضمان الجودة، وتمكين التتبع الشامل، وبناء ثقة المستهلك. يتضمن تطوير نموذج سلسلة التوريد الحلال استخدام العقود الذكية وتقنيات التشفير وتحليلات البيانات. تم استخدام منصة تطوير Ethereum 2.0 blockchain وWeb3.js بشكل تفاعلي لتنفيذ نموذج أولي للنظام. تظهر نتائج اختبار النظام المطبق قابلية توسع ملحوظة، وإدارة الأحمال المرتفعة دون التضحية بالكفاءة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، أظهرت إجراءات الاختبار مدى التزام النظام بالمبادئ التوجيهية والمعايير المحددة مسبقًا، مما يعزز الثقة في الجودة العامة للنظام.
Cryptocurrencies, underpinned by blockchain technology, present significant challenges to Islamic law due to their volatile nature, speculative tendencies, and lack of intrinsic value, which introduce elements of gharar (uncertainty) and maysir (gambling), both prohibited under Sharia. Additionally, cryptocurrencies' decentralized and pseudonymous nature has raised concerns about their potential misuse in money laundering and other criminal activities, further complicating their alignment with Islamic principles. The research emphasizes the need for a multi-faceted regulatory approach, incorporating Sharia advisory boards, asset-backed cryptocurrencies, and advanced RegTech solutions such as blockchain analytics and E-KYC protocols. By fostering collaboration among scholars, regulators, and financial experts, this study aims to bridge the gap between innovative financial technologies and Islamic law, promoting ethical growth and stability in the cryptocurrency market.
Takua Mokhamed, Omnia Abu Waraga, Mohamed Al Hemairy, Manar Abu Talib
The Non-Fungible Token (NFT) market has witnessed rapid growth, significantly impacting various sectors, including the arts. NFTs, unique digital assets on public blockchains, have revolutionized how digital art is created, sold, and owned. This technology provides a secure method for verifying ownership and protecting art rights while enabling the generation of royalties. As a result, NFTs have introduced new dynamics into the traditional art market, highlighting their potential for broader applications such as cultural heritage preservation. Our paper proposes a blockchain-based conceptual framework to preserve Arabic and Islamic cultural heritage, initially focusing on the UAE and extending to the Middle East. We developed a prototype using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) on the Bitcoin SV (BSV) blockchain to demonstrate the feasibility of this framework. This solution will securely store, preserve, and verify the ownership of valuable cultural assets as immutable digital records. Physical inheritance items, like family treasures and estates, can be digitized as NFTs and transferred via smart contracts without third-party involvement. Furthermore, these digital assets can be symbolically represented in the Metaverse, offering an immersive platform for showcasing and interacting with cultural heritage. Utilizing Blockchain, our innovative blockchain solution will enhance the authenticity of inherited assets and mitigate risks of trading fake or stolen items through the blockchain's immutable properties. The integrated system will include components for digitizing and preserving heritage assets such as NFTs and creating a marketplace for trading these original assets.
Istianah Zainal Asyiqin, M. Fabian Akbar, Manuel Beltrán Genovés
The rapid advancement of the digital age has driven significant developments in payment systems, influencing financial decisions and fostering economic activity. This study explores the use of cryptocurrencies as digital currencies in financial transactions, particularly in the context of investments, while assessing their compatibility with Islamic law. Employing a normative legal approach and a descriptive-analytical method, the research examines legal principles and facts concerning cryptocurrency regulation in Indonesia. The findings reveal that, despite the potential benefits of cryptocurrencies, their usage remains contentious from both regulatory and Islamic law perspectives. In Islamic law, cryptocurrency transactions are classified as haram lighairihi due to elements of uncertainty (gharar) and speculative risks, making them non-compliant with Sharia principles. As a solution, this study proposes a framework for integrating cryptocurrency exchanges with Rupiah transactions in accordance with Sharia economic principles. This integration aims to mitigate risks while maintaining the flexibility of digital transactions, ensuring they align with both regulatory standards and Islamic legal frameworks.
The world is currently experiencing the emergence and expansion of non-fungible tokens (NFTs). Typically, NFTs utilize the same blockchain technology as Ethereum, distinguishing each token by its uniqueness, rendering it non-interchangeable with other tokens. These tokens can represent various forms of digital assets, including photographs, videos, drawings, music, or even tweets. Experts anticipate that the total investment in the NFT market from 2022 to 2026 will reach an estimated 14 billion US dollars. The objective of this research is to elucidate the concept of NFTs and to determine the Shariah rulings pertinent to them, employing both descriptive and analytical methodologies. This study encompasses a legal examination of the subject matter, focusing on the financial characteristics of NFTs, their potential benefits, and their projected economic value. Furthermore, the study examines NFTs from a Maqasid perspective, considering their potential risks and advantages.
Purpose This paper aims to examine the Islamic marketing literature to uncover potential customer adoption behaviours and enhance the effectiveness of blockchain-based halal logistics services in catering to customer demands. The findings of this paper provide substantial contributions to the realms of both halal logistics services and Islamic marketing literature, delineating future paths for research. By delving into halal logistics practices, integration procedures and service provider performance, this paper assists stakeholders in enhancing halal logistics services to meet the changing demands of customers effectively. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a systematic review incorporating bibliometric analysis to examine past and contemporary research topics, selecting and appraising contributions while analysing and consolidating data. A methodical approach has been used to identify, assess and incorporate pertinent studies on Islamic characteristics, traceability technology, blockchain integration and halal logistics practices. Findings After screening and analysing 139 selected documents with the VOS viewer, it is evident that among a 1,000 keywords, 15 stand out in terms of frequency and link strength. The research highlights the considerable academic interest in themes such as “blockchain”, “halal logistics” and “supply chain”, underscoring their importance. The findings of this paper help bridge the gap in Islamic marketing by linking technology with religious values. It suggests that the integration of blockchain technology in halal logistics enhances operational efficiency while aligning with both operational and Islamic marketing principles, promoting ethical conduct and transparency as key enablers. Practical implications The theoretical significance of this paper lies in establishing a correlation among three key research domains: technology, symbolised by blockchain; customer-centric operations, incorporating the halal supply chain and logistics within Islamic marketing. The outcomes reflect consumer behaviour and Shariah compliance. This integration has the potential to introduce innovative theoretical frameworks that encompass religious ethics in marketing, logistics and technological advancements. Originality/value This paper comprehensively analyses the intersection between blockchain technology, halal logistics, supply chain management and Islamic marketing. The paper has comprehensively analysed previous studies and outlined the future research path for blockchain technology in halal logistics and its application in Islamic marketing literature.
The demand of the halal food products is increasing rapidly around the world. The consumption of halal food product is just not among the Muslims but also among non-Muslims, due to the purity of the halal food products. However, there are several challenges that are faced by the halal food consumers. The challenges raise a doubt among the halal food consumers about the authenticity of the product being halal. Therefore, a solution that can address these issues and can establish trust between consumers and producers. Blockchain technology can provide a distributed ledger of an immutable record of the information. Artificial intelligence supports developing a solution for pattern identification. The proposed research utilizes blockchain an artificial intelligence-based system for developing a system that ensure the authenticity of the halal food products by providing the traceability related to all the operations and processes of the supply chain and sourcing the raw material. The proposed system has been tested with a local supermarket. The results and tests of the developed solution seemed effective and the testers expressed interest in real-world implementation of the proposed system.
Cong Doanh Duong, Thanh Tung Dao, Trong Nghia Vu, Thi Viet Nga Ngo · 5 authors
Although the role of blockchain technology application in the organic food supply chain has been scholarly acknowledged, our understanding of how blockchain-enabled food traceability impacts consumer trust and purchase decisions is still limited. Adopting the lens from the stimulus-organism-response theory, this research draws a moderated mediation model to explore the direct and indirect impacts of blockchain-enabled food traceability system on organic food purchase behavior underlying a moderated mediation mechanism of blockchain knowledge and trust in the organic food chain. The PROCESS macro was approached using a purposive sample of 5,326 consumers in Vietnam to test the formulated hypotheses. The findings reveal that blockchain-enabled traceability significantly enhances trust in the organic food chain, which in turn positively influences organic food purchase behavior. Additionally, the study identifies blockchain knowledge as a crucial moderating factor, amplifying the direct and indirect effects of the traceability system on trust and purchase behavior. The study offers significant contributions to the literature by extending the application of the SOR model to technology-mediated environments and highlighting the role of consumer knowledge in moderating technology adoption outcomes. Some practical implications for practitioners are discussed.
Abstract This study examines how smart food‐sharing platforms (SFSP) can help reduce food waste and suggests a method for using smart contracts to share extra food among different partners effectively. For smart contracts to work automatically and prevent food wastage, artificial intelligence systems can recognize how smart clauses should be executed. This will involve analyzing several factors like the selling price, expiration dates, offers from other partners, transport costs, wholesale price, shelf life, donation rates, and demand rates. The findings indicate that adopting an SFSP is an efficient solution for preemptively adopting redistribution strategies and improving social outcomes through donations as well as achieving positive environmental outcomes through reduced waste. However, we also identify cases in which reducing food waste to achieve social sustainability may negatively impact economic performance.
Fish Supply Chain (FSC) industry faces a significant challenge in terms of maintaining fish quality and authenticity throughout the chain. The main goal of modern FSC systems is tracking and tracing the fish products at each stage, from harvester to consumer, while also ensuring their quality and authenticity. Integrating FSC with new technologies, such as Blockchain (BC), Artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT), enhances fish product traceability, authenticity, visibility, and security. In this work, we propose a BC-based FSC framework characterized by a layered architecture consisting of a SC layer, an IoT layer, and a BC layer. BC enhances traceability, ensures transparency, and facilitates automation as well as incorporates distributed ledger technology (DLT) that ensures the integrity and security of FSC data. We integrate an innovative AI-based hand-held device, a Quality, Adulteration & Traceability (QAT) device, that is developed by our team to identify fish species and assess fish quality. We leverage the key features of BC and smart contracts, deployed over the Ethereum platform, to support the proposed framework. This integration, alongside QAT technology, is introduced to enhance efficiency and transparency within FSC processes. Extensive validation of smart contracts is conducted to prove its practical feasibility.
Savera Hanif, Ahsan Raza Khan, Ehzaz Mustafa, Mazhar Ali · 6 authors
Quran is the Holy book of Muslims revealed to the last Prophet (SAW) during the previous 1400 years. The internet has made everything available to everyone in the modern world. The existence of digital copies of the Quran and its verses creates tampering opportunities for groups with malicious intents. False Quranic verses are available online containing symbols that are missing or incomplete statements. Globally, followers of the Holy Quran are concerned about the spread of falsehoods. A trusty framework using blockchain technology is being developed to ensure the integrity of the Holy Quran. Blockchain technology is used in the study to build digital trust, which is an emerging distributed ledger technology. Based on the Hyperledger fabric framework, the suggested architecture is tested on the IBM blockchain platform. Three phases make up the proposed architecture: execution, ordering, and validation. The components of the framework include participants, a Quran-distributed ledger, consensus, and chaincode. The blockchain storage system sets the Quranic hash in the Quran distributed ledger. Consensus is reached to agree on a specific transaction to be validated. Chaincode specifies the logic and endorsement policy, allowing interaction with the ledger. The suggested frame-work shows how users and establishers collaborate with the network to validate and verify Quranic verses. The research suggests using blockchain technology to ensure the integrity of Quranic verses, which aids in the conservation of the text while also demonstrating a method for verifying its authenticity.
Etikah Karyani, Ira Geraldina, Marissa Grace Haque, Ahmad Zahir
Purpose Halal certification is an acknowledgment of the halalness of a product or service issued by a halal regulator based on Islamic law. This study aims to investigate the intentions of consumers and regulators toward blockchain-based halal certification. Blockchain is useful for storing and verifying halal certificates, thereby increasing trust in products or services because the public cannot change or access data once it is stored. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a triangulation approach by distributing online questionnaires to consumers as a research instrument of a quantitative approach processed with smart partial least squares. Meanwhile, the qualitative approach is carried out through observation, in-depth interviews with the Ministry of Religion’s Halal Product Assurance Organizing Agency (BPJPH) and Halal Examination Agency (LPH), and forum group discussions (FGDs) with several related parties. Findings The observation results show that most consumers expect the government to provide an easy-to-use application to check halal food products and restaurants. Consumers’ intention to use this technology is influenced directly by attitudes and indirectly by their beliefs. Furthermore, the results of interviews and FGDs reported that LPH was not ready to apply blockchain technology, while BPJPH strongly supported adopting blockchain technology in the certification process. Practical implications This finding recommends that the Indonesian government apply blockchain technology to gain transparency and accountability regarding the halal product process. Originality/value This study fills the research gap by observing three perspectives from different stakeholders and using a triangulation approach to analyze the need for adoption of blockchain-based halal certification of halal food products.
Purpose The demand for halal food products is increasing globally. However, fraudulent activities in halal products and certification are also rising. One strategy to ensure halal integrity in the food supply chain is applying halal blockchain technology. However, to date, a few studies have assessed the factors and variables that facilitate or hinder the adoption of this technology. Thus, this study aims to assess the significant factors and variables affecting the adoption of halal blockchain technology. Design/methodology/approach A Delphi-based approach, using semi-structured interviews, was conducted with three food companies (chicken slaughterhouses, milk processing plants and frozen food companies). The cognitive best–worst method determines the significant factors and variables to prioritise halal blockchain adoption decisions. Findings The results showed that the most significant factors were coercive pressure and halal strategy. Nineteen variables were identified to establish a valid hierarchical structure for halal blockchain adoption in the Indonesian food industry. The five significant variables assessed through the best–worst method were demand, regulator, supply side, sustainability of the company’s existence and main customers. Practical implications The proposed halal blockchain decision structure can assist food companies in deciding whether to adopt the technology. Originality/value This study proposes 19 variables that establish a valid hierarchical structure of halal blockchain adoption for the Indonesian food industry.
Soraya González-Mendes, Fernando E. García‐Muiña, Rocío González Sánchez
This paper investigates the application of blockchain technology in the tourism industry, reviews its evolution and develops a future research agenda. A semi-systematic literature review was conducted of 98 publications from 2017 to the first quarter of 2023, indexed in the Web of Science database. This is followed by an in-depth analysis of the most recent papers (2022 to March 2023). The research focuses on the improvement of processes, their interaction with other technologies and adaptation to the environment. However, the studies show the need for further study on social and legal aspects. In addition, blockchain technology could be an enabling tool in the face of new sustainability paradigms or crisis environments. Finally, considering new lines of research, five dimensions were identified (social, organisational, technological, sustainable and economic) as well as the need to develop a regulatory framework and interaction with other technologies.
Currently, the halalness of a product may only be determined by the halal certificate or halal label displayed on the product packaging. Simply put, several halal-related issues, like cross-contamination, logistical issues, halal counterfeiting, global halal acceptance, and so forth, keep coming up. To address the numerous issues raised above, it is believed that a framework that can support worldwide halal provisions is necessary. The objective of this research is to create a blockchain smart contract framework for halal transparency, integrity, and traceability. Blockchain technology along with smart contracts can solve classic tracing problems including data leakage, manipulation, and invisible data. Organizational consistency across the halal production process and the availability of raw materials that adhere to sharia laws are two more basic challenges with halal certification that blockchain and smart contracts can resolve. The usual traceability problems, such as data explosion, material cross-contamination between halal and haram, and revelation of private information, can all be resolved by smart contracts that make use of on-chain, off-chain, and electronic product code information services (EPCIS).