Rene Casanova (22631729), Fernan A. Villa-Garzon (22631732), John W. Branch-Bedoya (13936272)
Background Health information systems (HIS) are critical for digital health transformation, yet fragmentation and poor interoperability adoption remains a major challenge. Objectives This study systematically reviews architectural patterns used in HIS and evaluates their alignment with ecosystem-level requirements. Methods Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted across Scopus, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Web of Science (2020–2025). Eligible studies described, evaluated, or proposed HIS solutions. Results From an initial set of 304 records, 89 met the inclusion criteria. Service-based and decentralized/distributed ledger architectures were predominant, with emerging models integrating edge computing and modular design. FHIR-based contracts are found as stabilizers of interfaces, enabling validation and reducing integration costs. However, gaps persist in cross-border care, sustainability, and artificial intelligence integration. Conclusion While microservices dominate current HIS architectures, achieving resilient, interoperable ecosystems requires greater architectural diversity and intersectoral collaboration.
Rene Casanova, Fernán A Villa-Garzón, John W. Branch
Background: Health information systems (HIS) are critical for digital health transformation, yet fragmentation and poor interoperability adoption remains a major challenge. Objectives: This study systematically reviews architectural patterns used in HIS and evaluates their alignment with ecosystem-level requirements. Methods: Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, a systematic literature review was conducted across Scopus, IEEE Xplore, PubMed, and Web of Science (2020-2025). Eligible studies described, evaluated, or proposed HIS solutions. Results: From an initial set of 304 records, 89 met the inclusion criteria. Service-based and decentralized/distributed ledger architectures were predominant, with emerging models integrating edge computing and modular design. FHIR-based contracts are found as stabilizers of interfaces, enabling validation and reducing integration costs. However, gaps persist in cross-border care, sustainability, and artificial intelligence integration. Conclusion: While microservices dominate current HIS architectures, achieving resilient, interoperable ecosystems requires greater architectural diversity and intersectoral collaboration.
The safe handling of patient information is essential in the healthcare industry, particularly as the quantity and sensitivity of health records increase. Present systems frequently depend on centralized databases that are susceptible to unauthorized access and data manipulation, thereby restricting transparency and security. Furthermore, these systems lack the traceability required for efficient patient data management, making them prone to errors and inefficiencies in data processing. This paper proposes a patient data ledger built on blockchain technology, incorporating decentralized data management and secure transactions via Ethereum to enhance patient data handling. By leveraging blockchain, we achieve immutable records and ensure transparent, secure, and tamperresistant data storage. Unlike conventional systems that depend heavily on intermediaries for trust, our blockchain-based ledger minimizes human intervention and employs smart contracts to automate data security and access. Utilizing Ethereum's blockchain along with Web3 and MetaMask, the system enables secure, user-friendly access and effective data logging. This approach provides a reliable and scalable solution, ensuring real-time transparency and efficient handling of patient information while significantly enhancing security.
Due to the high rate of fragmentation, India's healthcare system is faced with stagnant patient data that is isolated in silos involving thousands of clinics and healthcare centers. This disunity is linked to significant gaps in patient care, as individuals carry actual documents and medical professionals struggle to obtain a comprehensive clinical history when necessary. In this study, the authors analyze how blockchain can be used to resolve the healthcare interoperability crisis in India. Compared to the traditional centralized databases, blockchain establishes a distributed ledger, through which records between patients remain securely shared within approved healthcare networks. Immutable feature maintains data integrity and the decentralized system offers high security against cyber-attacks that are being perpetrated more commonly on healthcare institutions. There are three main benefits to the implementation of a blockchain identified in the study. One is increased security due to distributed storage of data that removes single-point failover which hackers usually target. Second, the enhanced interoperability will enable the easy flow of information among the public and private healthcare providers eliminating repetitive tests and delays in care. Third, greater transparency allows the patients more influence on their healthcare data, as well as improves the ability to track clinical trials and outcomes. Nevertheless, a number of problems make the adoption of blockchain in the Indian healthcare industry difficult. The cost of implementation is still extremely high in many institutions especially the smaller clinics and the rural health care providers. The current electronic health records systems have to be upgraded significantly to connect to the blockchain networks. The regulatory frameworks will have to change, such as the Personal Data Protection Bill in 2020 in India, and ensure that they support decentralized data management alongside standards of compliance. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the implementation of blockchain requires the joint work of governmental institutions, healthcare facilities, and technology corporations. Though there exist some technical and financial obstacles, the capability of blockchain to build a single, safe ecosystem in the healthcare industry may bring incredible changes in patient outcomes of the wide variety of healthcare in India.
S. Edwin Raja, K Dinesh Kumar, K. Manikandan, P Senthil · 6 authors
Blockchain adds more value to healthcare since its tools emerge as an increasingly popular way to secure, transparently, and tamper-proof sensitive medical records. Nevertheless, current consensus algorithms (i.e., Proof of Work (PoW), Proof of Stake (PoS), and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT)) use a lot of energy, have latency issues and are not scalable enough or clinically context-aware, which makes them in applicable to healthcare settings. Due to the lack of efficiency of existing solutions, a new lightweight consensus algorithm dedicated to decentralized healthcare systems is proposed, MediCon, in this paper. MediCon incorporates domain-sensitive capabilities, including a Reputation Score (R) where candidates are punished based on their behavior as validators, an Urgency Index (U) that places making progress in clinical transactions in priority, a Committee Rotation Interval (CRI) that maintains dilution of the committee, and a Weighted Voting (WV) system that combines urgency with institutional credibility. Architecture can be summarized as Patient Data Nodes, an Access Layer that is used to provide consent and emergency overrides, Consensus Nodes that are chosen through trust metrics, and a MediCon Core that is used to parse transaction validation. Transactions are put in order of urgency and sensitivity, and then the most reputable validator proposes them. The last block is confirmed with weighted voting and signed with dedicated healthcare compliant standards (e.g., HIPAA, FHIR). Experimental evidence on a simulated multi-institutional healthcare network shows that MediCon leads to latency, throughput, and energy consumption by 48%, 35%, and 60%, respectively, compared to the current consensus models. The similarities in the logic of consensus and clinical priority, as well as trust and patient consent, MediCon provides scalable and secure basis of next-generation healthcare blockchain systems.
Dinu-Ştefan Rusu, Emilia-Oana MÎŞŞ, Andrei Vasilățeanu
Ownership of medical data is one of the most important things a person should aim to achieve. An application that allows the patient to be in full control of his data whilst allowing medical personnel to see it such that they can respond accordingly represents a milestone in the development of a smart and integrated emergency system. Such a system should hold the entire patient data, such as prescriptions, vital data and doctor appointments. In this paper we present a system that uses distributed ledger technology to handle medical data such as prescriptions and patient vital data and we showcase how large language models can be used with these technologies to provide a natural interface for the users whilst allowing the user to be in-control of his data. We have also studied how zero knowledge proofs would improve the use case in which a user presents his prescription to a pharmacist.
Blockchain technology in healthcare is gaining attention for addressing data privacy, interoperability, and health record integrity issues. Standards like HL7 FHIR and OpenEHR ensure data consistency, but privacy concerns persist under regulations like HIPAA, GDPR, and LGPD. Existing methods often store only data hashes, raising validation risks. The MEPCA model introduces a blockchain-based framework for secure health record management, focusing on on-chain EHR data processing. Key elements include Data Steward, Shared Data Vault, and Zero-Knowledge Proofs of HL7 FHIR fields. Experiments with Fully Homomorphic Encryption show enhanced security and reliability for health records, offering a robust alternative to traditional off-chain approaches.
Abstract – This Blockchain technology is driving a major transformation in the healthcare industry by providing a secure and decentralized framework for managing sensitive medical records. Unlike conventional systems that rely on centralized databases—often vulnerable to cyber-attacks and unauthorized alterations—blockchain operates on a distributed ledger where recorded data is immutable. This immutability significantly enhances data integrity and reduces the risk of security breaches. A key strength of blockchain in healthcare is its ability to ensure privacy. Through encryption and decentralized control, access to medical information is restricted to authorized users only. Additionally, blockchain enables efficient and secure data sharing among hospitals, clinics, and specialists, overcoming challenges posed by fragmented or inconsistent health records. This improves the speed and accuracy of patient care. Smart contracts further enhance the system by automating access permissions and updates based on predefined rules. These self-executing protocols minimize manual intervention, reduce administrative overhead, and lower the chance of human error. Most importantly, blockchain empowers patients by giving them full control over their personal health data. Patients can choose who accesses their records, fostering transparency and trust between healthcare providers and individuals. This patient-centric approach encourages active participation in healthcare decisions and supports a more collaborative care environment. Key Words: Blockchain Technology, Medical Records Management, Decentralized Systems, Data Privacy, Smart Contracts, Patient-Centric Healthcare, Secure Data Sharing, Interoperability, Tamper-Proof Records, Healthcare Automation, Distributed Ledger, Access Control, Digital Health Transformation
Blockchain technology has become an essential tool for enhancing reliability and security across several industries, including the healthcare sector. In this work, we use blockchain technology to establish an append-only chain of transaction blocks that guarantees the confidentiality and integrity of patient health records. Our goals in using blockchain are to safeguard user privacy, give authorized professionals restricted access to medical records, and protect patient data. Doctors are only able to access prescription information with the patient's express consent, providing strong protection for both parties. The blockchain's consensus processes, which need approval from current nodes before new transactions can be added, ensure consistency across blocks. Because they are worried about sensitive data leaks, traditional healthcare systems frequently experience delays in data transmission and enforce stringent access controls. To enhance data sharing and lower the likelihood of data tampering and security breaches, this study will incorporate blockchain technology into healthcare records and data management.
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Our EHR Management System (EMS) empowers patients to control their electronic health records (EHR), en-hancing data privacy and access control. The system allows patients to carry their data as modular units on cost-effective, resource-constrained devices like Raspberry Pi, Beaglebone, and ESP32. We implemented EMS in two scenarios: one device per patient and one device shared among multiple patients. Using Blockchain-based Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs), our system ensures secure access and authentication for authorized users. We evaluated our EMS by measuring delays in accessing data and verifying NFTs in a hospital scenario where two types of patients are scheduled to general and specialized doctors hourly. Despite using low-cost devices, scheduling delays were minimal. Among the tested scheduling techniques-Modified Queue-based, Reinforcement Learning (RL), and Deep Reinforcement Learning (Deep RL)-the Modified Queue-based method showed the least delay, proving efficient for our EMS.
BACKGROUND: As digital healthcare services handle increasingly more sensitive health data, robust access control methods are required. Especially in emergency conditions, where the patient's health situation is in peril, different healthcare providers associated with critical cases may need to be granted permission to acquire access to Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of patients. The research objective of this work is to develop a proactive access control method that can grant emergency clinicians access to sensitive health data, guaranteeing the integrity and security of the data, and generating trust without the need for a trusted third party. METHODS: A contextual and blockchain-based mechanism is proposed that allows access to sensitive EHRs by applying prognostic procedures where information based on context, is utilized to identify critical situations and grant access to medical data. Specifically, to enable proactivity, Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) Neural Networks (NNs) are applied that utilize patient's recent health history to prognose the next two-hour health metrics values. Fuzzy logic is used to evaluate the severity of the patient's health state. These techniques are incorporated in a private and permissioned Hyperledger-Fabric blockchain network, capable of securing patient's sensitive information in the blockchain network. RESULTS: The developed access control method provides secure access for emergency clinicians to sensitive information and simultaneously safeguards the patient's well-being. Integrating this predictive mechanism within the blockchain network proved to be a robust tool to enhance the performance of the access control mechanism. Furthermore, the blockchain network of this work can record the history of who and when had access to a specific patient's sensitive EHRs, guaranteeing the integrity and security of the data, as well as recording the latency of this mechanism, where three different access control cases are evaluated. This access control mechanism is to be enforced in a real-life scenario in hospitals. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed mechanism informs proactively the emergency team of professional clinicians about patients' critical situations by combining fuzzy and predictive machine learning techniques incorporated in the private and permissioned blockchain network, and it exploits the distributed data of the blockchain architecture, guaranteeing the integrity and security of the data, and thus, enhancing the users' trust to the access control mechanism.
Blockchains’ power of decentralization, immutability, and transparency has found its application in many fields. The blockchain is an append-only structure. As the blockchain grows, accessing blocks from the past in an efficient manner has become a challenging task. Further, blockchains were not initially envisioned to be read-heavy systems. With the passage of time, more and more applications are using blockchains and therefore blockchains need to provide active support for high read loads concerning the history state as well. To facilitate data querying in blockchain, we have proposed an SQL query processing feature in the Ethereum blockchain through a decentralized application. More specifically, we build an Ethereum-based Electronic Health Record (EHR) system with SQL query support. The following approaches for query processing have been explored and implemented: (i) linearly scanning blockchain, (ii) scanning only from a user-specified block, (iii) replication in database, (iv) indexing in a database, and (v) using smart contracts. Our timing analysis across these implementations reveals that the smart contracts-based approach has reasonable performance gains compared the other approaches.
Web 3.0 represents the next significant evolution of the internet that embodies the underlying decentralized network architectures, distributed ledgers, and advanced AI capabilities. Though the technologies are maturing rapidly, considerable barriers exist to high-scale adoption. The author discusses the barriers and the mitigations through specific technologies maturing to solve those issues in an earlier paper titled Moving Beyond POCs and Pilots, published in 2023 in Blockchain in Healthcare Today. These include privacy-preserving technologies, off-chain and on-chain design optimizations, and the multi-dimensional approach needed in planning and adopting these technologies. As an extension, this paper discusses one such enabler, zero knowledge machine learning (ZKML), which merges two streams of technology in unique ways to address problems in privacy and the cost of inference. Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) allow one party to prove the validity of a statement to another party without revealing any additional information about the statement itself. The ZKML combines the cryptographic principle of ZKP with machine learning (ML) techniques. It is still a maturing technology and needs baselines for applications in global healthcare. In this effort, the authors conceptualize the technical and operational feasibility of using ZKML and implement a reference healthcare implementation using the synthetic International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement (ICHOM) in the evaluation phase in a global healthcare setting for high-volume data collection, including patient-reported outcomes. Model complexity reduction is researched and reported for the ICHOM diabetes dataset to advance the usage of ML models in global standards of healthcare data collection in network decentralized architectures for increased data protection and efficiencies.
Anh Pham, Maxim Edelson, Armin Nouri, Tsung-Ting Kuo
BACKGROUND: The consent protocol is now a critical part in the overall orchestration of clinical research. We aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of an Ethereum-based informed consent system, which includes an immutable and automated channel of consent matching, to simultaneously assure patient privacy and increase the efficiency of researchers' data access. METHOD: We simulated a multi-site scenario, each assigned 10000 consent records. A consent record contained one patient's data-sharing preference with regards to seven data categories. We developed a blockchain-based infrastructure with a smart contract to record consents on-chain, and to query consenting patients corresponding to specific criteria. We measured our system's recording efficiency against a baseline design and verified accuracy by testing an exhaustive list of possible queries. RESULTS: Our method achieved ∼3-4% lead with an average insertion speed of ∼2 s per record per node on either a 3-, 4- or 5-node network, and 100 % accuracy. It also outperformed other solutions in external validation. DISCUSSION: The speed we achieved is reasonable in a real-world system under the realistic assumption that patients may not change their minds too frequently, with the added benefit of immutability. Furthermore, the per-insertion time did improve slightly as the number of network nodes increased, attesting to the benefit of node parallelism as it suggests no attrition of insertion efficiency due to scale of nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Our work confirms the technical feasibility of a blockchain-based consent mechanism, assuring patients with an immutable audit trail, and providing researchers with an efficient way to reach their cohorts.
Secure Electronic Healthcare Records (EHR) data is critical for protecting patient privacy and safeguarding the integrity of medical information. The requirement for strong security measures in healthcare data stems from the sensitive nature of the information involved, which includes personal identifiers and medical histories. This study explores existing techniques to securing healthcare data, outlining their shortcomings and proposing a unique methodology to address these difficulties. To manage healthcare data, the study takes a multimodal approach. It starts from the Synthea TM dataset and uses BERT -CNN for standardization. Game theory-based hyperparameter adjustment is used to maximize its performance. Full homomorphic encryption (TFHE) is then included for improved data security. Using RESTful API on the Ethereum blockchain, authentication is strengthened. An additional degree of protection is added with homomorphic encryption using decentralized identifiers. With the use of blockchain and homomorphic encryption, cloud infrastructure provides scalable and secure health data storage. Integrating the Ethereum blockchain strengthens storage that is both secure and decentralized. Using advanced technologies, this complete technique tackles the difficulties of security, standardization, and storage in the administration of healthcare data. Scalability, accessibility, and strict security requirements are met by this integrated method, which ensures standardized, safe, and privacy-preserving healthcare data management. With an average increase of almost 23%, the suggested Game Theory (GT) with BERT -CNN (99%) approach shows a significant improvement in accuracy over the current methods. The usefulness of the proposed model in improving the accuracy of the classification task over BERT and Random Forest approaches is highlighted by this noteworthy development, as demonstrated by the stated accuracy percentages. Together, these initiatives aim to bring about in a future in which patient outcomes are significantly improved by the secure handling, storage, analysis, and responsible use of medical data across the healthcare ecosystem.
Medical and health related information about patients qualifies as sensitive and personal information. There are many laws such as HIPAA that prohibit sharing of a patient’s intimate medical data to third party organizations without the full consent of the patient. With this in consideration, when the actual medical health record systems are analysed, vulnerabilities that threatens the confidentiality and integrity of the data were found. The other consideration about the current system is the fact that patients do not have control over their data. Therefore, a decentralized ledger can resolve such security issues, where can have control on their own data. Such a decentralization can be implemented by utilizing blockchain technology. Also, within a decentralized system, many number of participants would be connected as network participants. Hence, a permissioned blockchain system using Ethereum helps in facing these attacks. The proposed Ethereum based Electronic Health Record storage system uses InterPlanetary File System (IPFS), for storing the patient’s sensitive data that can be encrypted and only after duly authorized by the patient, a person can view or change it. Further, the proposed Ethereum based Electronic Health Record storage system system can be used to protect other kinds of sensitive data without being limited to health data.
Electronic health records (EHRs) have become the new standard in the healthcare industry, but they have certain disadvantages as well, such as data breaches, data silos, and ownership issues. Blockchain technology, specifically the Ethereum blockchain, offers the potential to resolve these issues by building a decentralized and secure network for the storing and exchanging of health data. This study explores the benefits and drawbacks of using an NFT-based health identification and a decentralized system for storing health records on the Ethereum blockchain. Understanding how these technologies might be applied to build a safe and open system for exchanging and storing health data, is crucial for enhancing the standard of care. In this paper, we propose an open protocol for consent to access the health records of the user using the blockchain network. This consent needs to be given by the user, and no hindrance will be faces while retrieving the medical records of the patient. The study also emphasizes the requirement for a uniform framework in India to enable digital health infrastructure in a safe, decentralized way, with benefits including user consent, portability across national boundaries and ease of access.
The healthcare industry has gone through many rapid changes due to the advancement of technology over the past years. Blockchain technology, cloud computing, microservices, Internet of Things, lab-on-chip, non-invasive surgeries, and so on have simplified several dreadful diseases. The impact of these new technologies on the healthcare industry is very visible. It can be noted that the cloud computing paradigm has helped in many ways to optimize resource utilization by the evolution of the application architecture on cloud. The shift from monolithic to service-oriented architecture to microservices and finally to serverless architecture is leading the industry to more independent and decentralized services in future. The health sensors in IoT support in tracking self-health check, early diagnosis, and treatment guidance by clinicians remotely without being in direct contact with patients. The distributed ledger in blockchain enables building medical information of patients globally with immutable data because of striking features of the blockchain such as data provenance, transparency, decentralized transaction validation, and immutability. We review the clinical trial (CT) processes and various methods used to automate the process in the realm of health.
G. Senthilkumar, Aravindan Srinivasan, J. Venkatesh, Ramu Kuchipudi · 6 authors
Even if big cities are working globally to build the infrastructure for smart cities and there is a greater emphasis on the security of electronic health records, patient privacy is frequently compromised. Previous attempts to combat this have left patients with largely unavailable data. Currently used record-management systems struggle to strike a balance between data privacy and patient and provider access. Blockchain, a new technology, the ability to share data in a decentralized and transactional manner. To balance the accessibility and privacy of electronic health records, blockchain technology may be applied in the healthcare industry. The blockchain-based architecture we present in this work enables patients, healthcare professionals, and third parties to access medical information in a secure, efficient, and straightforward manner while maintaining the privacy of sensitive patient data. Modern cryptographic techniques are used in our architecture, Ancile, to increase security. The usage of smart contracts developed on the Ethereum blockchain improves access control and data obscuration. This article will look at how Ancile works with the varied needs of patients, providers, and third parties in order to understand how the framework might address reoccurring privacy and security concerns in the healthcare industry.
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Electronic Health Records Systems
Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Background: Longitudinal personal health record (PHR) provides a foundation for managing patients' health care, but we do not have such a system in the U.S. except for the patients in the Department of Veterans Affairs. Such a gap exists mainly in the rest of the U.S. by the fact that patients' electronic health records are scattered across multiple health care facilities and often not shared due to privacy, security, and business interests concerns from both patients and health care organizations. In addition, patients have ethical concerns related to consent. To patients, data security, privacy, and consent are based on trustfulness, rather than patients' engagement in ensuring only authorized people can view their PHRs with patient-managed granularity. Resolving these challenges is an important step in making longitudinal PHR useful for patient care. Objective: This research aims to design and implement a blockchain-enabled sharing platform prototype for PHR with desired patient-controlled data security, privacy, and consent granularity. Methods: Built upon our prior work of a blockchain-enabled access control (BAC) model, we design a blockchain-enabled sharing platform for PHR with patient-controlled security, privacy, and consent granularity. We further implement the construct by building a prototypical platform among a patient and two typical health care organizations. Health organizations that hold the patient's electronic health records can join the platform with trust based on the validation from the patient. The mutual trust can be established through a rigorous validation process by both the patient and the built-in Hyperledger Fabric blockchain consensus mechanism. Results: We proposed a system trusted by patients and health care providers and constructed a Web-based PHR sharing platform with patient-controlled security, privacy, and consent granularity. We analyzed the system scalability in three aspects and showed millisecond range of performance when simultaneously changing access permissions on hundreds of PHRs. Consent, security and privacy of the model are ensured by the merits of the BAC model. We discovered the current blockchain model limits the system scalability due to using a non-graphical database. A new graphical database is suggested for future improvements. Conclusions: In this research, we report a solution to electronically sharing and managing patients' electronic health records originating from multiple organizations, focusing on privacy, security, and granularity control of consent in the U.S. Specifically, the system protects data security and privacy, and provides auditability, scalability, distributedness, patient consent autonomy, and zero-trust capabilities. The prototypical instantiation of the designed model suggested the feasibility of combining emerging blockchain technology with next generation access control model to tackle a longstanding longitudinal PHR problem.
Blockchain technology is poised to significantly help the healthcare sector with its high degree of security, privacy, confidentiality and decentralization. In this research, the authors describe how blockchain technology can be used to transform existing medical data systems, and also present a framework that can be used to implement it. The goal of this framework is to provide secure storage of electronic records by defining detailed access rules for users of the proposed framework. The proposed system aims to leverage individual medical details, reduce the rate of duplicate testing, reduce treatment delays, and provide patients with sufficient information to make better decisions. When a patient visits a hospital, the hospital creates a patient record and stores it in a decentralized application [6] (DApp). A DApp is a blockchain-based platform for storing electronic medical records. Doctors can update patient records, and patients can access their medical records from her DApp using public keys. EHRs enable hospitals and doctors to track the information they need to comply with insurance companies and federal regulations. EHR acts as a central data source base where doctors’ orders for laboratory tests, x-rays, and other tests are stored.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Regulations place a high priority on healthcare data security. In 2021, there were over 750 data breaches, and the top seven of those exposed over 193 million personal records to fraud and identity theft. Data security is the process of preventing data from being accessed by unauthorised parties and being corrupted at any point in its lifespan. Data across all apps and platforms is protected via data encryption, hashing, tokenization, and key management procedures. The security solution now in use data encryption software to successfully improve data security by converting plain text into encrypted cypher text using an algorithm (referred to as a cypher) and an encryption key. The encrypted data will be unintelligible to unauthorised individuals. With a permitted key, only that user can then decrypt the data. Yet, when data security becomes more lax, confidential data is lost because the key is so easily hackable due to the use of a single algorithm. This project offers a solution for this issue: an effective data security system that heavily relies on WEB 3.0 and smart contracts to protect data. Additionally, it offers total data protection, ensuring that a hacker is unable to alter the data in any way. The development of a framework known as WEB 3.0 includes a block chain framework to safeguard the data at the backend. Data access does not require an encryption or decryption key, thus there is no need to worry about data breaches or tampering by hackers. Thus, this system offers complete data protection for a hospital's medical records.