The article examines the use of blockchain distributed ledger technology in various sectors of the economy. It was found that since 2008, blockchain has developed as a tool for cryptocurrency transactions and was later adopted by major transport companies for cargo transportation management, proving its efficiency. The study is based on general scientific methods of cognition, including the dialectical method for understanding phenomena and the comparative legal method for analyzing approaches to the legal nature of distributed ledger technology. Using a systemic-structural approach, the author examined the benefits and risks of digitalization and blockchain application, leading to the article's conclusions. Blockchain is applied in IT, energy, finance, agriculture, logistics, and other sectors, improving efficiency and transparency in business processes. However, Ukraine lacks legislative regulation of this technology. If implemented, blockchain could become a tool for promoting transparent business practices, reducing risks, and minimizing interference from government authorities.
The article explores the impact of technological innovations on the economy and business in the context of digital transformation.It is investigated that key technological trends, such as 5G, Wi-Fi, energy-efficient processing, advanced data recognition, and intellectual data processing, cloud, and edge computing, converge to form the technological foundation necessary for successful digital transformation.As a result, digital transformation is often accompanied by significant losses, and costs exceeding the planned ones, and many projects lead to changes that do not justify expectations from the use of information technologies.Investments in analytics are necessary but do not guarantee a global restructuring of the business, its core transformation, during which even a minor error can halt the supply chain, destroy a product, or even put an end to the business.It is noted that to achieve success, it is necessary to prioritize strategy over technology.Under these conditions, the task of goal-setting comes to the forefront -it is necessary to start with defining the ultimate goal of the business (profit, perspective, strengthening market position, etc.) and only then move on to the search for technology that will allow achieving it.As businesses focus on providing greater mobility for employees, moving most corporate workflows to cloud storage, digitization provides staff with access to what they need and when they need it, supporting a high level of productivity regardless of location.The article also examines the constructs of economic development in the context of information technologies, focusing on the development of ecosystems of crypto assets, metaverses, and non-fungible tokens (NFTs), central bank digital currencies (CBDC), institutional investments in the digital economy, and tokenization of traditional funds.It is emphasized that these Vda a perspektivy 1(32) 2024
Irina I. Glotova, Elena P. Tomilina, Irina P. Kuzmenko
The application of blockchain technologies, as well as the identification of their potential benefits and risks, is an important process of digitalization of society. The authors present a comprehensive view of how blockchain can change traditional processes in various areas, such as finance, healthcare and public administration, and assess the impact of these changes on the social structure and economic models. Aspects of decentralization, increased transparency and data security are considered in detail, along with challenges, including tech-nical, legal and ethical issues. The results of the study show that despite significant benefits, such as reduced costs and increased trust, blockchain also carries risks associated with ineffi-ciency in case of mass application, lack of a regulatory framework and the possibility of using the technology to “circumvent” laws.
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation, David A. Sabanov
The purpose of the article is to study crypto currency as a product of development and a phenomenon of the digital economy. The article determines that the most common definition of this as a means of payment, crypto currency is digital money that does not have physical expression and exists in the digital environment. They are based on block chain technology, which serves to ensure transactions and their security. In a certain sense, we can consider that crypto currency is a modern analogue of the physical money that we use in everyday life. In the modern world, digital assets carry hidden capabilities in terms of circumventing existing sanctions, combating inflation and devaluation within many countries. Although crypto currency has not yet been fully integrated into the international financial sector, it is already having a significant impact on financial markets, which could play a significant role in the future of the international economy. It is concluded that crypto currency, as a product of the digital economy, is a complex mechanism in its structure, which is aimed not only at understanding the very technological base of the crypto currency industry in terms of the versatility of the tools and concepts included in it, but also in attempts to establish a unified international partnership in terms of discussing possible concepts and common opinions. One way or another, while creating great opportunities for financial transformation and adaptation of new technologies, crypto currency also carries great risks and difficulties associated with legal regulation.
Цифрові фінансові технології (криптовалюта, крипто-актив, віртуальні активи, тощо) мають різну природу походження, що створює їхню неоднорідність і породжує специфіку правовідносин, у яких вони знаходять висвітлення через їх особливості. Метою дослідження є проведення правового аналізу їх визначень за джерелами їх висвітлення:1) міжнародні організації; 2) українське законодавство. Як результат, у дослідженні проведено правовий аналіз поняття «віртуальні активи» представлене в українському законодавстві та трактування тотожних понять «крипто-активів», які надають найвідоміші у світі міжнародні організації: Європейський центральний банк (ECB), Група розробки фінансових заходів боротьби з відмиванням грошей (FATF), Рада з фінансової стабільності (FSB), Міжнародний валютний фонд (IMF), Базельський комітет (BIS), Європейська комісія (EС), Міжнародна організація комісій з цінних паперів (IOSCO). На підставі проведеного дослідження через вибірку характерних рис у кожному з досліджених визначень цифрових-фінансових технологій, виявлена загальна прогалина, з урахуванням якої автором сформовано власне їх визначення поняття, виходячи з різних точок зору: фінансової, правової, технологічної, – що на думку автора є взаємодоповнюючими і дає змогу освітити це поняття найбільш повно.
The article examines the characteristics of the transformation of the music industry in the context of digitalization.The article reveals the features of the change in the structure of the music product from 1999 to 2023.There is a clear trend towards a decrease in physical sales and an increase in streaming over the 25 years studied.Moreover, streaming can be considered the main reason for a certain revival of sales in the music industry as a whole.In 2023, streaming continued to dominate global revenues, but revenues from all music formats increased, except for downloads and other digital content.Streaming, performing rights and physical formats such as CDs and vinyl grew faster in 2023 than in 2022.Revenues from physical sales increased by 13.4%, which is the highest growth rate among all formats in 2023.The transformation of the music industry in the digitalization era has been marked by innovations and challenges that have arisen along the way.The article explores the evolution from the period of dominance of physical media, such as vinyl records, cassettes and CDs, to the digital revolution, which introduced formats such as MP3 and AAC.The growth of streaming platfroms, with the leaders being Spotify and Apple Music, has reshaped how consumers access music.It should be noted that there have also been problems, particularly concerning remuneration for musicians.The introduction of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) and the possibility of achieving more equitable compensation through the use of blockchain are potential solutions for the industry.It can be predicted that the music industry will continue to adapt to the challenges inherent in the digital era.In these unique conditions, the interaction between producers, suppliers (distributors), and consumers of a musical product will be crucial.These changes underscore the need for further research in this direction, particularly on the digital distribution of musical products.
Open access
Digital Economy and Transformation
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Most often, the possibilities of the applied digital technologies / tools are not used to their full extent, which is due to either the insufficient level of knowledge and competencies of the staff, or the complexity of the technical program implementation. At the same time, the methodology of digital transformation itself, especially in relation to logistics and supply chain management (SCM), is insufficiently developed, despite the existing works of foreign and domestic specialists in this field. The results of the analysis show the relevance and urgent need for the development of conceptual technological platforms of digital solutions for logistics services in supply chain management at the stage of using artificial intelligence and blockchain technology. A study was conducted on the possibility of using promising digital technologies in logistics and ULP, in particular Blockchain (distributed ledger systems), Cloud Services (cloud services), Augmented/Virtual Reality (AR/VR) (augmented / virtual reality), Big Data (big data analytics), Predictive Analytics, Industry 4.0 (Robots) and the Internet of Thing. The very procedure of digital transformation of supply chains should include a number of project solutions related to the formation of a communication network structure (Multi Party Net-work), in particular, using blockchain technology, an integrated supply chain planning system, as well as a digital platform for controlling and monitoring events in the chain supplies (Supply Chain Control Tower). Warehouse logistics is an industry that actively implements innovations. To work in the warehouse, special robots with the prefix AGV (literally – automatically controlled vehicle) are used. A project analysis is being conducted on the development of unmanned trucks using the existing developments of unmanned technologies of domestic car manufacturers and prototypes of unmanned cargo vehicles. The necessity of researching the prospects of robotization of warehouse operations and the use of unmanned vehicles (drones and trucks without drivers) in the distribution / delivery of Final Mile Logistics is shown.
Open access
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digital Economy and Transformation
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Relevance of the research topic. Blockchain technology has become a new paradigm for<br> building decentralized systems that do not require the creation of a central governing body to organize<br> the cooperation and coordination of participants with different characteristics. The possibilities of<br> blockchain applications have already begun to go beyond digital finance and are increasingly being used<br> for the decentralized organization of communities and participants in digital partnerships. Decentralized<br> autonomous organizations (DAOs) built on blockchain technology represent a new form of collective<br> management in which communities are organized based on the decentralized infrastructure of the third<br> generation of the Internet (Web 3.0). In this context, as an innovative form of economic cooperation,<br> decentralized autonomous organizations have become an object of research interest.<br> Problem statement. The use of decentralized autonomous organizations as a form of cooperation<br> is a new and relatively unexplored area in economics. The role of DAOs in the system of economic<br> relations and their possibilities for digital partnerships remain unexplored. In addition, the use of DAOs<br> poses a number of opportunities and risks that can be identified through analysis and evaluation.<br> Objective and tasks of the research. The aim of the research is to determine the possibilities of<br> using decentralized autonomous organizations as an innovative form of economic cooperation in the digital<br> society. The tasks of the research include analyzing the mechanisms of DAO functioning, comparing them<br> with traditional organizational forms, and determining their possibilities for application in different fields.<br> Methodology of the research. The research methodology consists of analyzing scientific sources<br> and practical experience in the use of decentralized autonomous organizations. The research was<br> conducted by analyzing the main principles of DAO operation, their advantages and disadvantages<br> compared to traditional forms of economic cooperation. A comparative analysis was also conducted<br> to identify the differences between DAOs and traditional organizations. Finally, the possibilities of using<br> DAOs in different fields were assessed, taking into account the potential risks associated with their use. Presentation of the main findings of the study. The results of the research demonstrate<br> that DAO can be an effective form of organizing economic cooperation in the digital society. They<br> provide decentralization and autonomy, which allows avoiding many problems of traditional forms of<br> cooperation, such as management, power, and profit distribution issues. In addition, the application of<br> blockchain technology enables a high level of security and trust among participants.<br> Application fields of the results. DAO can be applied in various economic fields, such as finance,<br> logistics, agriculture, and others. This technology can also find its application in public projects, such<br> as charity and ecology. The digital nature of such an organization allows integrating any modern<br> technological advancements, including tools of artificial intelligence and decentralized finance. With<br> such characteristics, DAO is defined as one of the most interesting organizational innovations of the<br> 21st century.<br> Conclusions of the article. Based on the analysis results, we propose to consider the DAO<br> concept as an innovative technology of organizing economic cooperation, capable of responding to<br> new challenges through fast and remote organization of economic interaction, regardless of the<br> geographic location of partnership participants, based on trust and modern tools using distributed<br> ledger technology. This new form of cooperation, based on decentralization and autonomy, offers DAO<br> technology as a competing form that replaces standard forms of cooperation and Web 2.0 internet<br> organization. The unique feature of this form of economic cooperation is the absence of intermediaries,<br> as the terms of interaction are recorded in the program code and executed automatically, significantly<br> reducing costs and time for interaction realization.
Purpose. The aim of the article is to determine the place of cryptocurrencies in the digital economy, assess their state and development trends, research prospective directions for expanding the scope of their use by introducing innovative technologies and tools, and reducing the risks of investing in crypto assets. Methodology of research. The following research methods were used to achieve the set goal: induction and deduction – in the process of identifying cause-and-effect relationships and trends in the development of cryptocurrencies in the digital economy; analysis and synthesis – in the process of studying the individual essential characteristics of the category "cryptocurrency"; comparison – in the process of researching changes in the market capitalization of cryptocurrencies, the dynamics of the Bitcoin exchange rate, the dynamics of the market capitalization of cryptocurrencies and DeFi; graphic – to visualize the results of the study. Findings. The influence of environmental factors on the dynamics of the development of cryptocurrencies during 2021‒2023 has been determined. The directions of their development in the digital economy are substantiated, which include the correlation of the crypto market with traditional markets and the financial sector of the economy, the emergence of new types of cryptocurrencies that expand the range of offered market tools, the expansion of the scope of use of cryptocurrencies through the introduction of innovative technologies and tools. Alternative directions for investing in crypto assets have been identified. A comparative assessment of the risks of traditional investing and investing in cryptocurrencies was carried out. Originality. Determining the essential characteristics of cryptocurrencies, such as price volatility, investment attractiveness and riskiness, has been further developed. Prospective directions for the use of innovative tools in the crypto industry, in particular, decentralized finance (DeFi), are substantiated. Practical value. Conclusions and proposals substantiated by the results of the research can be used in the process of carrying out operations with cryptocurrencies and making decisions by market subjects regarding directions and instruments for investing in crypto assets. Key words: cryptocurrencies, market capitalization, rate dynamics, price volatility, innovative technologies and tools in the crypto industry, decentralized finance (DeFi), alternative investments in crypto assets.
The article is devoted to the study of cryptocurrency and its impact on the shadow sector of the economy. Operations related to cryptocurrencies are anonymous, so it is very difficult to control all operations, which is why it has become so actively used in the shadow economy. This raises the problem of how to control transactions and what laws should be applied to regulate the digital currency
This paper considers the processes of digitalization of urban management, which forms the prerequisites for solving the problem of the development of the concept of smart cities. As a result, the historical aspects of the formation of the Smart City concept are distinguished. Based on this, elements of the Smart City concept are highlighted at the present stage, such as vision, ecosystem, management, technological background, and financing. Generalization of the results of the study of the processes of digitalization of smart city management has made it possible to distinguish its traditional components, which include transport, energy, utilities, urban environment, security, and "smart" house. In order to ensure effective monitoring of the implementation and development of digital services in the smart city management system, it is proposed to use "city smartophores". The systematization of the Smart City formation experience provided an opportunity to distinguish the relevant models of digitalization of urban governance – decentralized, centralized, and local. The scope of application, initiators, advantages and disadvantages, and prospects for the development of each of them are determined. Unlike other results of the study of the effectiveness of the development of smart cities, it is suggested that the most vivid picture of ensuring a comfortable life in the city is demonstrated by the size of its population. It is proved that it is in the developed cities of any country in the world that there are positive rates of population growth. Quantitative criteria for determining the upper and lower limits of the efficiency of smart city development according to the selected indicator have been developed. The practical application of the results of the study is the possibility of predicting further directions of development of the smart city based on a quantitative assessment of the level of its digital transformation
The article examines the main stages of evolution of blockchain technologies in the activities of various companies from 1991 to the present. The aim of the article is to study the evolution of the use of blockchain technologies in the practice of different companies. The research methodology includes the use of the historical method to study the main stages of development of blockchain technologies and the study of blockchain use practices by different companies. The relationship between the stages of evolution and Tiers of Blockchain has been established: 2008-2013 (Blockchain 1.0); 2013-2015 (Blockchain 2.0); 2015-2018 (Blockchain 3.0); From 2018 to now (Generation X). The main types of blockchain (public blockchains; private blockchains; semi-private blockchains; sidechains; permissioned; distributed ledger; shared ledger; fully private of proprietary blockchains; tokenized blockchains; tokenless blockchains) are systematized. Peculiarities of practical implementation of blockchain technologies in the activity of companies of different sectors of the economy are studied. A SWOT-analysis was conducted, which revealed that blockchain technologies will undoubtedly continue to develop, affecting many industries, including public administration, retail, information technology, travel, health, education, agriculture and entertainment. One of the ways to improve the use of blockchain technologies should be: increasing the confidentiality of operations; scaling of chains of blocks; establishing compatibility between different blockchain systems; strengthening the security of blockchain operations; individual approach to the use of blockchain technologies.
The paper aims to study some aspects of the legal regulation of relations with cryptocurrency in Ukraine and the EU and suggest improvements for Ukrainian legislation on virtual assets.
The problem of managing logistics supply chains in the business processes of interaction of economic entities using smart contracts in economic practice is considered. The objects of the study are the business processes of the movement of commodity-material (physical products) and intangible (digital products) values created by Industry 4.0 factories that carry out activities in the industrial segment of the economy. The purpose of the study is to synthesize an economic management system containing smart contracts in local and global circuits and regulating intra- and inter-company business relations of digital (product development), smart (product production) and virtual (product maintenance) factories. A feature of the regulatory processes applied to the management of economic entities is the deep digitalization of information and communication channels of interaction between factories, through which the mechanism of economic influence on the material and service flows of the logistics movement of products is implemented. The scheme is proposed and the management principle is described, based on cost, time and other criteria and providing end-to-end economic regulation of material, service, financial and information flows that characterize the logistics movement of products in the course of its full life cycle and its individual stages. The novelty of the research results lies in the complementary use in the management system of the advantages of economic regulation of logistics business processes implemented jointly by means of physical and virtual (digital) control circuits.
The main trend of development of modern society is named – it is digitalization that is causing global changes in industries, companies, processes, business models. Recently, an increasing penetration of the latest information technologies into all spheres of modern society, including tourism, which is currently one of the fastest growing areas in Russia, can be observed. The study of logistic in tourism is one of the promising areas of the modern economy, and, at the same time, blockchain is the main trend of digitalization. Despite the novelty of the trend of digitalization of tourism logistics, there is a growing awareness of its importance for economic and social development in Russian and in international practice. The definition of concept and content of the blockchain technology are considered. The main goal of getting familiar with the blockchain technology and highlighting its importance is achieved. The expediency of use is justified and examples of practical application of blockchain technologies in tourism logistics are considered. The assumption is made that the interest of using blockchain technology will increase in the nearest future.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the advantages and risks of using distributed ledger technology in the tasks of logistics and supply chain management. The specificity of the blockchain system makes it possible to solve a number of critical problems of sales management in an enterprise, and, apparently, in one form or another, it will be introduced into economic and business practice. The use of technology will require a number of economic, legal and technological solutions, as well as taking into account new types of risks.
Одним из условий договора аренды в предпринимательстве, если одной из сторон выступает юридическое лицо, является письменная форма. Для признания смарт-контракта заключенным в письменной форме, необходимо наличие условий оферты и акцепта. В данном случае офертой будет выступать предложение заключить договор аренды через смарт-контракт (например, через приложение у номера в отеле, после оплаты которого стороне приходит пароль или выдается ключ от номера с электронным замком, подключенным к сети интернет) и акцепт. Данный способ чем-то напоминает заключение договоров розничной купли-продажи в вендинговых автоматах. Термин происходит от английского глагола «to vend» - продавать, торговать. В настоящее время в юридической и экономической терминологии «вендинг» используется для обозначения особого вида торговой деятельность, а именно - торговли через специальные автоматизированные устройства (торговые автоматы). Также необходимы конклюдентные действия, но основное отличие кроется в том, что для договора аренды, построенном на смарт-контракте необходима ЭЦП стороны и связь системы с интернетом, чтобы информация была внесена в соответствующий реестр данных, была создана новая цепочка блоков. Кроме того, цепочка блоков в смарт-контракте намного сложнее, чем при вендинге. Применение смарт-контракта и интернета вещей кроет в себе также большое количество плюсов, но и недостатков. Существенным является вопрос, связанный с финансовой частью, безопасностью и конфиденциальности. В первом случае, в связи с отсутствием широкого распространения таких отношений -стоимость их оформления в системе смарт-контракт будет колоссальна. One of the conditions of a lease agreement in an enterprise, if one of the parties is a legal entity, is a written form. To recognize a smart contract as concluded in writing, it is necessary to have the terms of the offer and acceptance. In this case, the offer will be an offer to conclude a lease agreement through a smart contract (for example, through an application near a hotel room, after payment of which the party receives a password or a key to a room with an electronic lock connected to the network internet) and acceptance. This method is somewhat reminiscent of the conclusion of retail sales contracts in vending machines. The term comes from the English verb "to vend" - to sell, trade. Currently, in legal and economic terminology, "vending" is used to denote a special type of trading activity, namely, trading through special automated devices (vending machines). Concrete actions are also necessary, but the main difference lies in the fact that for a lease agreement built on a smart contract, the EDS of the party and the connection of the system with the Internet are required for the information to be entered into the corresponding data register, a new block chain was created. In addition, the blockchain in a smart contract is much more complex than in vending. The use of a smart contract and the Internet of Things also has a large number of advantages, but also disadvantages. Financial, security and privacy issues are essential. In the first case, due to the lack of widespread distribution of such relations, the cost of their registration in the smart contract system will be colossal.
Розкрито сутність діджиталізації як механізму управління місцевими фінансами, визначено особливості його практичного забезпечення, принципи та вимоги. Досліджено основні аспекти розвитку діджиталізації та розширення доступу територіальної громади до процесу управління місцевими фінансами в умовах децентралізації влади. Аналізуються недоліки сучасного стану діджиталізації управління місцевими фінансами з точки зору наповнення апаратними можливостями електронних платформ та програм. Визначено напрями та необхідні умови підвищення ефективності управління місцевими фінансами (планування, організація, контроль, нагляд) усіма членами територіальної громади за допомогою механізму діджиталізації. Зроблено висновок, що механізм діджиталізації в сфері місцевих фінансів демонструє необхідність запровадження важливого тренду — переходу від громадського контролю до громадської ініціативи. На сьогодні, в умовах децентралізації влади великого значення набуває розширення форм електронної демократії за допомогою технологічних можливостей та сучасних гаджетів, які значно спрощують та розширюють доступ громади до сервісів управління в режимі реального часу, в тому числі в сфері місцевих фінансів.