Abstract The aim of the paper is to present the phenomenon of the new virtual currency bitcoin, and analyse its economic significance. The paper examines the origin, notion, functions and mechanism of emission of the BTC. The theoretical aspects of creation of the BTC and its advantages and weakness are also explained. The results of the analysis show that bitcoin does not eliminate current problems of traditional currency but also generates new risks for its users. The risks could as well affect the central banks (the legal risk, the risk to payment system stability, and the reputation risk). Three contributions of this paper to the problem of the BTC are worth distinguishing. Firstly, the scientific literature lacks information and data about the BTC - the main source of information is the Internet which reliability cannot be fully guaranteed. Secondly, periodical examination of development of the risk connected with the BTC is necessary. Thirdly, it is a basis to begin discussion on the new virtual currency which bitcoin is.
Hava Mucolları, Alba Dumi, Zaim Korsı, Elisabeta Duçellari
This paper includes partnerships with community-based organizations, public and private colleges, universities, public school teachers, public health departments. Additionally, more number of community leaders have been trained to deliver educational workshops; PSI has developed a robust workshop leader database, which permits remote access to (and entry of) service delivery information. This will be an important point of administrative changes in Albanian public policies as an obstacle to the operating foreign investments, comparison of EU. Entrepreneurship ambition has worked to support changes in Albanian law that would offer anti-discrimination protections in keeping with international standards. Another point of administrative changes in Albanian public policies as an obstacle to the operating foreign investments, comparison of EU is: (1) International investments contributed to the improvement of Albaniaâs financial regulatory environment which has strengthened public confidence in the banking system and has provided a more secure, efficient and transparent financial system to meet the credit, savings and insurance needs of businesses and individuals. The paper provides support for legislative initiatives and local government activities that advance the decentralization process and increase the control of local government by local constituents, thus decreasing the control of central authorities. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n10p34
Purpose: The main aim of this paper is to show the Polish health care systemâs transformation process in recent years and to answer the question whether is there a simple path from centralization to decentralization or another form of centralization. The transformation process has changed the health care systemâs financing from budget planning to compulsory health insurance deducted from workersâ and employersâ premiums. In addition, the transformation has strengthened the autonomy of the health care at a local level and made it less dependent from the public sector. Different health care system corresponds to each period respectively. It is believed that the main change in Polish health care took place in 1999 when the function of the payer which formerly belonged to the government administration was overtaken by an independent institution (Health Care Fund). The article not only describes and explains functioning of each health care model existing in Poland in the past but also puts them in the international context. In addition, the article shows difficulties each model had to face and cope with and indicates the underlying reasons for changes in the Polish health care and theirs consequences. Design/methodology/approach: A range of recently published (1990-2012) works, which aim to provide both theoretical and practical view on the health care system in Poland, has been analyzed. Findings: The final thesis stated in this article presents a way of interpretation changes that the Polish health care system has been undergoing in recent years. This paper challenges a thesis according to which the polish health care system is decentralized. Research limitations/implications: The scope of this article is limited and does not allow to perform further research. Additionally, the research was based on the very scare literature on the issue of health care system in transition. Practical implications: This paper reveals several practical applications worthy of future
Local finance system is the core of local systems and the democratization of local systems is the condition and guarantee of the democratization of local finance system.Therefore,the paper introduces concretely democratic issues of local finance both under decentralization system and centralization system in foreign countries.It places emphasis on the problems of local finance under centralization system and puts forward concrete measures about the democratization reform of local finance in China.