Blockchain Papers

Chao Zhou, Yanjun Lin, Mengyan Zhai, Qingping Zhang

No abstract is available for this record.

Tomasz Górski

No abstract is available for this record.

Authors unavailable

No abstract is available for this record.

Cristian Campos Ferrer, Angeles G. Navarro, Sonia Gonzalez-Navarro

No abstract is available for this record.

Xzavier Ozuna, Gurpreet Dhillon, Joti Kaur

Decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) promise to replace hierarchy with algorithmic coordination, yet their legitimacy depends on human actors, shared narratives, and reputational authority. This paper examines how legitimacy is enacted, maintained, and repaired when the infrastructures of automation fail. Drawing on a reflexive ethnography of the Axie Infinity and Ronin DAO ecosystem, including personal journals and public records spanning December 2021 to June 2022, the study traces how a $600 million bridge exploited destabilized collective belief and how the community restored it. The paper introduces promissory governance: the process by which legitimacy is sustained by projecting decentralization into a perpetually deferred future. Three mechanisms sustain this dynamic: temporal deferral, narrative reframing, and reputational anchoring. The study contributes to information systems research by theorizing how digital institutions endure not through technical perfection but through the narrative infrastructures that sustain collective faith.

Yuan Zhang, A. Damani

Technology labels are reshaping digital asset markets, yet little is known about what happens when those labels lose credibility. We examine whether regulatory enforcement against AI washing in traditional finance spills over to unregulated cryptocurrency markets, where disclosure is voluntary and technology claims are unverified. Employing an event study around three escalating SEC enforcement actions (2024–2025), we analyze AI-branded tokens against matched controls. Our findings reveal that AI tokens experience significant negative abnormal returns following early enforcement events, well beyond control token reactions. Notably, the market response attenuates by the third event, suggesting rapid investor learning. A pooled cross-sectional analysis confirms that the AI-specific penalty holds after accounting for token and platform characteristics. Together, these results demonstrate that technology category labels operate not merely as market descriptors but as strategic risk factors, with governance implications that extend well beyond formal regulatory boundaries.

Chih‐Cheng Lin, Hsiu-Yu Hung

Cryptocurrency KOL communities exhibit a paradoxical trust dynamic: pseudonymous strangers coordinate substantial capital within days, yet the same communities collapse once monetization, dissent suppression, and power concentration escalate. We develop the Crypto Community Trust Dynamics Chain (CCTDC), a six-phase recursive process model theorizing how platform affordances compress tri-dimensional emotional resonance (cognitive, affective, identity) into ephemeral trust, how exploitation unfolds along a five-level gradient, and how fission diverges into resonance maintenance, reform advocacy, or awakened departure. The model distinguishes ephemeral from swift trust, operationalizes identity resonance and narrative capacity, and treats the boundary condition as endogenously coupled.

Varsha Ravindra Shetty, Mahesh Balan, Prajwal Vinod Naik, Nihaad Saleem · 5 authors

The study examines how institutional news media (Google news) and retail social media (Reddit) function as distinct information channels for the cryptocurrency market. Analyzing 55,282 records with dual sentiment methods, hypothesis testing, Granger causality, and Vector Autoregression, we identified how platform architecture can shape sentiment environments: Reddit exhibits higher positive sentiment than Google News. However, these differences do not have a drastic impact on predictive accuracy or trading returns. Critically, Granger causality reveals that Reddit sentiment leads Bitcoin returns at 3- and 7-days horizons, while Google News sentiment shows no predictive relationship with Bitcoin returns. These findings highlight that platform design determines whether a channel behaves as an early warning signal or a post-event commentary, with a foundation for certain decisions in the market.

Mrs. Meghana Dinesh Palkar

The rapid growth of urbanization in India has significantly increased the demand for efficient urban infrastructure, intelligent public services, and sustainable resource management. Cities are facing numerous challenges, including traffic congestion, rising energy consumption, water scarcity, environmental pollution, inefficient waste management, and increasing pressure on healthcare and public safety systems. Conventional urban management techniques are often inadequate for handling these complex and interconnected challenges because they rely heavily on manual monitoring and reactive decision-making. The Internet of Things (IoT), combined with smart electronic systems, has emerged as a transformative technology capable of addressing these issues by enabling real-time monitoring, automation, and intelligent decision-making. IoT-based smart electronics integrate sensors, embedded processors, wireless communication technologies, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and data analytics to create interconnected systems that continuously collect, process, and exchange information. These technologies enable city administrators to monitor infrastructure, optimize resource utilization, improve service delivery, and enhance the quality of life for citizens. In India, the Smart Cities Mission has accelerated the adoption of IoT-enabled technologies across various sectors, including transportation, energy management, water distribution, environmental monitoring, healthcare, public safety, and digital governance. Smart electronics have enabled intelligent traffic control systems, smart street lighting, smart electricity meters, connected surveillance systems, and automated waste management solutions, thereby improving operational efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Despite significant progress, several challenges remain, including cybersecurity threats, interoperability issues, data privacy concerns, high deployment costs, and the need for standardized communication protocols. This paper presents a comprehensive discussion on the role of IoT-based smart electronics in building smart cities in India. It examines the technological architecture, key applications, implementation challenges, and future opportunities associated with IoT-driven urban development. The paper concludes that the integration of IoT with emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, edge computing, fifth-generation (5G) communication, blockchain, and digital twin technologies will play a crucial role in achieving sustainable, resilient, and citizen-centric smart cities in India.

Feeroj Nasirkhan Pathan, Amarsingh Udhavrao Solanke, Mr. Wasim Taher Khan, Dr. Mangesh Manohar Dasare

The vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 seeks to transform India into a developed, inclusive, and globally competitive nation by the centenary of its independence. Achieving this vision requires a digitally enabled financial system that promotes innovation, expands financial inclusion, and supports sustainable economic growth. In this background, Financial Technology (FinTech) has emerged as a key driver of India's digital transformation. India's FinTech ecosystem has grown quickly with the support of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI), including Aadhaar, Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), Unified Payments Interface (UPI), DigiLocker, India Stack and e-KYC. These initiatives have expanded access to financial services, accelerated digital payments, enhanced access to formal credit, strengthened public service delivery, and encouraged wider participation in the Indian economy. Emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, big data analytics, and application programming interfaces (APIs) have additionally enhanced the efficiency and accessibility of financial services. This chapter examines the role of FinTech in advancing the vision of Viksit Bharat 2047 by promoting financial inclusion, strengthening Digital Public Infrastructure, supporting entrepreneurship, improving governance, and fostering sustainable economic development. It also examines key challenges, that influence the long-term growth of the sector. It concludes that FinTech is more than a technological innovation; it is a strategic move of India's economic transformation.

Mohammed Sajedur Rahman, Nafiz Eashrak

Blockchain technology is frequently characterized as inherently transparent and tamper-resistant, suggesting strong potential for improving auditability and integrity in cryptocurrency fraud investigations. However, practical forensic outcomes often fall short of these expectations due to regulatory fragmentation, anonymity-enhancing mechanisms, decentralized infrastructures, and limitations in audit and investigative tooling. This study develops a structured conceptual framework to explain the gap between blockchain’s theoretical transparency and real-world forensic accounting capability. Synthesizing 70 relevant studies from an initial pool of 279 published manuscript, the paper organizes cryptocurrency forensic constraints into macro-level barriers and operationalizes them through twenty literature-derived critical factors. We further develop a temporal framework that distinguishes persistent constraints from emergent challenges, demonstrating how investigative bottlenecks evolve as cryptocurrency ecosystems mature. By linking barriers and operational factors to forensic accounting capability and investigative outcomes, the study provides an integrated and time-sensitive foundation for future empirical validation and capability development in decentralized financial environments.

Sudeept Maharana, Deepak Saxena, Bharat Maheshwari

This paper examines investment decision-making processes in the context of disruptive technologies. While traditional decision-making frameworks assume that evaluation-relevant knowledge is readily available, this is not the case in the early stages of disruptive technologies. For disruptive technologies, the business case is not merely difficult to formulate but structurally unavailable at the point of decision. Based on data collected from senior executives across industries, this paper examines investment in disruptive technologies. Across categories including autonomous vehicles, solid-state batteries, blockchain, commercial drones, and generative AI, executives in our study note that the knowledge required to construct an investment case emerges primarily through the act of investing itself. In such cases, investment itself becomes a mechanism for generating evaluative knowledge, creating a recursive relationship between commitment and understanding.

Kristin Errett

Cross-chain bridges connect independent blockchains and carry the asset flows that make decentralized finance possible. Between 2021 and 2024, aggregate losses from major bridge exploits approached $3 billion, and the damage did not stop at the exploited bridges. Bridges hold pooled assets and issue derivative tokens that circulate as collateral across lending protocols and decentralized exchanges. A single exploit can cascade through chains and protocols with no direct relationship to the affected bridge. Empirical work on how bridge exploits propagate is limited. We apply network analysis to on-chain data from 15 cross-chain bridge exploits between 2021 and 2024 to trace how shocks spread through the ecosystem. The analysis extends financial contagion theory to decentralized infrastructure and identifies structural features associated with contained versus cascading failures.

Trinh Nguyen-Phan, Raghvendra Singh

Private blockchain adoptions are prone to failure, yet blockchain governance research has focused primarily on ecosystem-level structures rather than the micro-governance practices through which project leaders build internal legitimacy. Using an ethnographic case study of a successful Canadian public-sector-led private blockchain initiative in critical minerals mining, this study examines how leadership practices shape adoption success when leaders do not begin with superior blockchain expertise or sectoral prestige. The findings show that human-oriented values, project stewardship, and actionable optimism help build coordination capacity, collective learning, and internal credibility. Rather than treating expertise and prestige as prerequisites for success, we theorize how they can emerge through micro-governance enacted over time. The study contributes to blockchain governance and entrepreneurship research by explaining how leaders produce credibility inside private blockchain projects before it becomes externally recognized.

Divija Gadiraju, Deepak Khazanchi

This article addresses the growing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and blockchain in enterprise incentive systems, highlighting gaps in the Information Systems literature regarding integrated governance frameworks. By developing a comprehensive AI–Blockchain governance framework, we leverage IT governance theory and sociotechnical systems perspectives, employing a conceptual design methodology alongside scenario-based simulations to assess architectural feasibility and governance efficacy. The proposed framework unifies AI lifecycle governance, programmable smart contract execution, and a metricized oversight model that translates key performance indicators such as security and fairness into measurable metrics. This integrated approach facilitates evaluation, execution, and continuous monitoring, offering managers a structured roadmap for the scalable deployment of tokenized AI incentive systems while advancing IT governance research through operationalized decision-right redistribution via programmable infrastructures.

Kiran Garimella, Shivendu Shivendu, Richard Ring

Inter-agency information sharing is central to effective public administration in national security contexts, yet tensions between confidentiality, authorization, and accountability hinder collaboration. While prior research examines administrative determinants, organizational trust, or blockchain-enabled mechanisms in isolation, the literature lacks an integrated digital governance architecture that embeds enforceable controls directly into public-sector information infrastructures. This study investigates whether administrative processes, organizational behavior, and technology-mediated trust are perceived as key determinants of effective inter-agency information sharing. A survey of thirty professionals across U.S. defense, intelligence, and law enforcement contexts provides empirical support for the importance of these governance dimensions. Building on these findings, we propose a conceptual blockchain-enabled governance architecture, the National Security Intelligence Chain (NSIC), that operationalizes authorization, classification enforcement, traceability, and accountability at the infrastructure level. By embedding governance rules into digital infrastructure, the proposed framework advances accountable and auditable inter-agency coordination in public administration.

Yi Yang, Likoebe M Maruping

The core attributes of public blockchain have enabled it to function as a decentralized platform-enabled ecosystem that fuels novel products and services developed by various participants. There have been debates about how decentralized the platform governance should be in order to coordinate innovation activities. This raises an essential question regarding which governance approaches can be well suited for innovations in public blockchain ecosystems. Studying the core attributes of public blockchain ecosystems, we identify two key tensions about governance: the tension raised by the participation of multiple actors with different incentives and the tension regarding where governance is targeted to facilitate innovation. To address these tensions, we develop a two-layer conceptual framework of governance in public blockchain-enabled ecosystems and argue that the tensions can be alleviated by aligning the locus of authority and target of governance. To capture the dynamics of the governance activities, we utilize vector autoregression to test our conceptual model. Our findings reveal that decision control activities at the application layer play a critical role in influencing decision management activities at the architecture layer, highlighting the importance of distributed actors in shaping protocol evolution. We also find dynamic inter-relationships among governance activities. We discuss both the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.

Hafsteinn Hjartarson, Anna Sigríður Íslind, Gísli Hjálmtýsson

Immigrants often encounter significant barriers to integration, including limited recognition of prior education, restricted access to learning opportunities, and low levels of trust in digital systems, all of which contribute to social exclusion in host societies. Although blockchain technology offers mechanisms for transparency, reduced reliance on intermediaries, and verifiable records, its potential for fostering inclusion remains underexplored. This paper presents EduChain, a permissioned blockchain architecture designed to explore how blockchain-based systems can support inclusion and trust among immigrants through academic credential verification and incentive-based learning. Drawing on documented challenges in education and academic credential verification reported in prior migration and integration studies, the paper identifies key design requirements that inform the system architecture. The study adopts an Action Design Research approach, implementing a prototype of a credential verification component while exploring the learning component conceptually in an analogous real-world setting.

Arthur Carvalho, Chad Anderson, Mala Kaul

Play-to-earn (P2E) games backed by blockchain technology enable players to earn tangible rewards through in-game activities. P2E has emerged as a revolutionary convergence of gaming and decentralized finance that ensures transparency, security, and verifiable ownership, fostering economic empowerment and novel digital interactions. In this paper, we investigate the technological and socio-economic dimensions of P2E by examining popular games (Axie Infinity and Hamster Kombat) and platforms (Sandbox). Through these examinations, we identify four critical challenges faced by the P2E ecosystem, namely community sustainability, player health, affordability, and fair rewards. We further present actionable research opportunities to address these challenges, including the potential to explore solutions based on game theory, mechanism design, and information systems theories. Overall, our findings highlight the transformative potential of P2E games and underscore the unique opportunity for the information systems community to contribute to the evolution of this dynamic digital ecosystem.

Ahmet Melih Karauğuz, Ali Yıldırım

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), built upon blockchain technology, have emerged as a novel governance model that distributes decision-making authority across participatory networks rather than relying on hierarchical processes. This study theoretically evaluates the DAO phenomenon from the perspective of public administration and examines the model’s transformative capacity concerning governance theory and practice. Furthermore, adopting an integrative approach, the study develops a five-dimensional analytical framework: participation, transparency, accountability, efficiency, and legitimacy. For each dimension, the paper discusses a triad comprising the theoretical promise of the DAO model, the patterns observed in the literature and practical cases, and its structural limitations. The findings indicate that DAOs possess robust potential in the dimensions of transparency and efficiency; however, in terms of participation, accountability, and democratic legitimacy, they face structural challenges, such as the plutocratic tendency of token-weighted voting and the absence of legal recognition. In this context, the central thesis of this study posits that the DAO model should be evaluated as a complement to the existing e-governance architecture rather than a substitute. Ultimately, the study reveals that while DAOs hold significant potential—particularly in local-scale, narrow-purpose, and participatory budgeting-style processes—fundamental barriers exist regarding legitimacy, accountability, and legal recognition that hinder macro-level substitution.

Uzma Shereen, Lubna Nausheen

This research introduces a novel Unified Quantum-Resilient Blockchain-Zero Knowledge Proofs Privacy Authentication Framework (QBC-ZKPAF) aimed at enhancing security in IoT environments. The system combines post-quantum cryptography, blockchain technology, and Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA) to provide secure communication, access management, and privacy-preserving authentication. It uses a Deep Q-Network Multi-Factor safe Key (DQN-MFSK) for dynamic key selection, a hybrid Reinforcement-Lattice Blockchain Key Generation for quantum-resilient key creation, and Zero-Knowledge Proofs for privacy-preserving signatures to ensure a safe Internet of Things environment. Data privacy, secrecy, auditability, traceability, and resistance to changing threats, such as quantum attacks, are all guaranteed by this architecture. Transparency and thorough post-event audit trails are supported by the blockchain ledger's immutability, which records all access attempts, data exchanges, and device interactions in an unchangeable way. Through a tracing key kept on the audit server within the Zero Trust Architecture, the architecture allows accurate source tracing in the event of suspicious activity or breaches. QBC-ZKPAF provides strong security and privacy solutions for Internet of Things networks by adopting multi-factor authentication and decentralizing identity management. The framework's efficacy is confirmed by experimental results, which show 98% privacy preservation, 700 TPS throughput, 0.98 quantum resilience, and 96% access control effectiveness, making it ideal for contemporary blockchain and IoT applications.

Xin Chen, Jun Yan, Zhiyu Yan, Jianwen Deng · 7 authors

Abstract Adapting the Segment Anything Model (SAM) to remote sensing imagery requires domain-specific updates while retaining parameter efficiency. Existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods usually apply a fixed adaptation capacity to all image tokens, despite the spatial heterogeneity of remote sensing scenes. We propose Token-Adaptive LoRA, which integrates rank-differentiated LoRA experts with a Noisy Top-1 router. For each token, the router selects one expert, allowing adaptation capacity to vary across tokens while the pretrained SAM encoder weights remain frozen. We evaluate the method on TGRS-HRRSD object detection and LoveDA semantic segmentation using SAM-based downstream architectures. On TGRS-HRRSD, Token-Adaptive LoRA achieved 85.3% mAP@0.5, improving rank-8 LoRA by 0.4 percentage points and ConvLoRA by 0.3 percentage points. The method introduced 460.82K trainable adaptation parameters and increased computation by 0.15% relative to the baseline. On LoveDA, it achieved 53.46% mIoU and 66.16% mAcc, exceeding LoRA by 0.37 and 1.44 percentage points, respectively. These results show that token-wise routing among rank-differentiated experts can improve SAM adaptation across detection and segmentation tasks with limited additional computation.

Anatolii Mukha

The χ‑spectral framework developed in this work establishes a unified operator‑geometric foundation for physical law, integrating quantum measurement, modular state reduction, spectral geometry, and gravitational curvature into a single mathematically coherent structure. Physical measurement is formulated as an intrinsic operator‑spectral transition generated by the bounded self‑adjoint observable M_chi(k) = Phi_chi(k) + B_chi(k) + R_chi(k), which combines phase geometry, boundary tension, and χ‑spectral curvature into a non‑singular measurement mechanism. Probability amplitudes P_n(k) = |_chi|^2 are derived directly from the χ‑inner product, demonstrating that Born’s rule emerges from arithmetic geometry rather than axiomatic postulates. A central result of the χ‑spectral framework is the rigorous proof of compatibility between ZEBTS‑SUPER gravitational dynamics and quantum mechanics. Gravitational curvature R_chi(k) enters the measurement operator M_chi(k) as a bounded geometric observable, ensuring ultraviolet stability, finite expectation values, and strict unitarity across all scale layers. Collapse dynamics are formulated as bounded modular projections, guaranteeing non‑perturbative, divergence‑free state reduction. Decoherence is shown to be a structural spectral gradient D_chi(k) = M_chi(k+1) – M_chi(k), providing a deterministic geometric mechanism for coherence loss without environmental reservoirs. The scale‑layer commutator C_chi(k) = [M_chi(k+1), M_chi(k)] encodes contextuality and order‑dependence as structural consequences of χ‑operator geometry. Together, these results demonstrate that quantum dynamics, gravitational curvature, measurement theory, and modular collapse are fully compatible and mutually reinforcing within the χ‑spectral operator framework. The theory achieves conceptual and mathematical closure: all physical observables remain bounded, all transitions remain unitary, and quantum–gravitational consistency is established as a direct consequence of χ‑spectral geometry.

Joao C. Ferreira

Transparency in public affairs interactions between companies and governments is critical to democratic legitimacy, yet existing lobby registers suffer from fragmented reporting, weak record integrity, limited traceability, and compliance gaps. This paper reports a Design Science Research (DSR) study that develops and evaluates a permissioned blockchain architecture for mandatory Public Affairs transparency. Two stakeholder surveys provided empirical grounding: Survey 1 (N = 61 domain professionals) elicited functional, non-functional, and GDPR compliance requirements, while Survey 2 (N = 14 practitioner evaluators) assessed a proof-of-concept implementation on Hyperledger Fabric following a live demonstration. Findings reveal widespread concerns over non-repudiation and auditability in current systems — 87% rated existing record integrity as weak—alongside strong endorsement for blockchain’s immutability, versioned audit trails, and hybrid on-/off-chain design to ensure GDPR-aligned traceability. Post-demonstration evaluation achieved a mean score of 4.6/5 for traceability and integrity, and 86% of evaluators recommended real-world piloting. The study makes three contributions: (i) an empirically derived requirements model and information-lifecycle framework; (ii) a hybrid permissioned-blockchain blueprint implemented on Hyperledger Fabric; and (iii) a replicable stakeholder-centric DSR methodology for sociotechnical artefact design in regulated governance contexts.