Blockchain Papers

S. Balamurugan, A. Ayyasamy, K. Suresh Joseph

No abstract is available for this record.

Manjula K. Pawar, Prakashgoud Patil, P. S. Hiremath, Vaibhav S. Hegde · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Sudhansu Shekhar Patra, Chinmaya Misra, Kamakhya Narain Singh, Mahendra Kumar Gourisaria · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Chien-Ying Chen, Yu-Wei Chan, Chih‐Hung Chang, Tsan-Ching Kang · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Ralph Kwadwo Osei, Marco Medici, Martin Hingley, Maurizio Canavari

<abstract> This study investigates the attitudes and perceptions of businesses and consumers towards the application of Blockchain technology (BCT) to fresh produce supply chains. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups (FG) were performed with fresh produce company managers and consumers, respectively. The fresh produce sector, in this context, concerns the fresh and chill chain, value-added vegetables, fruits and salads and the ingredients of these used in further food value-added processes and products. A total of five themes were identified as factors influencing BCT adoption: the novelty of the technology, supply chain characteristics, open data issues, cost-benefit analysis, and role of public stakeholders. From these, twelve sub-themes were developed and discussed. Findings provide a framework with opportunities and challenges that the fresh produce system must face in adopting decentralised systems for managing supply chain data like BCT. </abstract>

Luona Song, Xiaojuan Wang, Peng Wei, Zikui Lu · 6 authors

Blockchain is an emerging decentralized distributed technology that can cross the boundaries and guarantee safe and trustworthy value transfers between participants. Combining the blockchain technology with the Internet of Things (IoT) technology to enhance the transparency and sustainability of agricultural supply chains, has attracted researchers from both academia and industry. This paper reviews the latest applications of the blockchain and IoT technologies in the sustainable agricultural supply chain management and explores the design and implementation of a blockchain-based sustainable solution. By placing the sustainable agricultural supply chain management at its core, a blockchain-based framework is designed. Considering the heterogeneity of the transaction data and the IoT data, the openness of sustainability information and the sensitivity of participants’ data, a double-chain structure is proposed including the consensus method, the transaction mechanisms, the sustainability assessment method and the performance optimization strategy. The sustainable management practices of all participants are introduced into the blockchain network, especially those allowing the government to play a more significant role in agriculture supply management. Meanwhile, to meet the scenario requirements, a data reduction method is designed to improve performance and reduce block size. Simulations are performed to evaluate the latency, throughput, costs and efficiency of the proposed structure. This paper can be a useful reference for further research on the application of blockchain and IoT technologies in sustainable agricultural management.

Giovanni Mirabelli, Vittorio Solina

In recent years, interest in blockchain technology has grown considerably, due to its multiple properties, such as transparency, immutability, traceability, security. Considering the significant number of recently published contributions about the use of blockchain-based solutions in the agri-food sector, in this paper we aim to collect and catalog them. The main purpose is the identification of research trends and possible barriers to the large-scale spreading of this disruptive technology. Through a well-structured four-step research methodology, we systematically review 48 papers. The main result is that blockchain can be used not only to ensure complete food traceability, but also to protect workers' rights, limit the power of supply chain intermediaries and protect market prices, enable reward mechanisms for the development of sustainable initiatives. However, there are still some open issues that limit its large-scale diffusion: lack of shared standards, limited number of real case studies, resistance by stakeholders, restricted scalability.

Sandeep Kumar M., V. Maheshwari, Prabhu Jayagopal, M. Prasanna · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

P. Praveen, Mohammed Ali Shaik, T. Sampath Kumar, Tanupriya Choudhury

No abstract is available for this record.

Inessa Tyan, Mariemma I. Yagüe, Antonio Jesús Guevara Plaza

Abstract Achieving sustainable tourism is a process that focuses on numerous goals and faces many challenges. The advent of disruptive technology like blockchain could help to tackle some challenges in sustainable tourism development and address its goals. This conceptual paper aims to discuss how blockchain technology could contribute to sustainable tourism. Precisely, the authors investigate the potential benefits of blockchain technology to disrupt tourism operations and boost local economy, manage food supply chain and mitigate food waste, achieve tourists’ satisfaction, affect the tourists’ sustainable behaviour, and address awareness rise issues. The authors conclude that blockchain technology has a potential to contribute to sustainable tourism development as well as the SDGs and propose the directions for future research.

Minky Sharma, Pawan Kumar

In today's world, society has become totally digitalized where technology is playing a very important role in everyone's life. Blockchain is a method that is useful in recording information and makes its difficult to change, hack, or fraud system. A blockchain is fundamentally a digital ledger of volume of transactions that is distributed across the overall network of IT system on the blockchain. This technology acts as a reliable layer in the evolution of e-commerce. Walmart has been working with IBM on a food safety blockchain solution to add transparency to the decentralized food supply ecosystem by digitizing the food supply chain process. This chapter will cover the concept and origin/emergence of blockchain technology and implications of blockchain technology in supply chain (Walmart), the significance and role of blockchain technology for the users and the stakeholders, the implications for the users, challenges faced by Walmart during the adoption of blockchain technology, and the approachability of Walmart to IBM for the implication of blockchain to their organization.

Ratna Ekawati, Yandra Arkeman, Suprihatin Suprihatin, Titi Candra

The white crystal sugar agro-industry is an industry with dynamic characteristics characterized by a sustainable relationship between actors ranging from farmers to consumers. An inefficient supply chain system will affect the flow of products, information, and finance because many actors are involved and have influence. Hence, complicating the system in the tracking process flow, product flow and creating problems that occur in business processes. The main objective of this research is to propose the design of an integrated white crystal sugar agro-industrial supply chain system based on blockchain technology so that it can increase competitiveness in realizing food security and resilience; by proposing a search for the problem of mismatches that occur along the supply chain from upstream to downstream. The variables that will be identified in the supply chain flow include quality, quantity, and price, with the suitability of transaction information data ranging from farmers, sugar factories, warehouses, distribution, retailers to the final consumer. It is hoped that consumers will feel happy to consume trusted local sugar with the best safety and quality, as well as ensure transparency of information between actors. Previous traditional methods, which were still centralized, would be transformed into decentralized information, to create trust among stakeholders. With a blockchain-based traceability architecture design, it is hoped that the proposed design can be implemented in the white crystal sugar agro-industry.

Akshay Patidar, Monica Sharma, Rajeev Agrawal, Kuldip Singh Sangwan

No abstract is available for this record.

Andreas Sendros, George Drosatos, Pavlos S. Efraimidis, Nestor C. Tsirliganis

Blockchain is a distributed, immutable ledger technology initially developed to secure cryptocurrency transactions. Following its revolutionary use in cryptocurrencies, blockchain solutions are now being proposed to address various problems in different domains, and it is currently one of the most “disruptive” technologies. This paper presents a scoping review of the scientific literature for exploring the current research area of blockchain applications in the agricultural sector. The aim is to identify the service areas of agriculture where blockchain is used, the blockchain technology used, the data stored in it, its combination with external databases, the reason it is used, and the variety of agricultural products, as well as the level of maturity of the respective approaches. The study follows the PRISMA-ScR methodology. The purpose of conducting these scoping reviews is to identify the evidence in this field and clarify the key concepts. The literature search was conducted in April 2021 using Scopus and Google Scholar, and a systematic selection process identified 104 research articles for detailed study. Our findings show that in the field, although still in the early stages, with the majority of the studies in the design phase, several experiments have been conducted, so a significant percentage of the work is in the implementation or piloting phase. Finally, our research shows that the use of blockchain in this domain mainly concerns the integrity of agricultural production records, the monitoring of production steps, and the monitoring of products. However, other varied and remarkable blockchain applications include incentive mechanisms, a circular economy, data privacy, product certification, and reputation systems. This study is the first scoping review in this area, following a formal systematic literature review methodology and answering research questions that have not yet been addressed.

Luisanna Cocco, Katiuscia Mannaro, Roberto Tonelli, Lorena Mariani · 8 authors

In this paper we present a blockchain based system for the supply chain management of a particular Italian bread. Goal of the system is to guarantee a transparent and auditable traceability of the Carasau bread where each actor of the supply chain can verify the quality of the products and the conformity to the normative about the hygienic-sanitary conditions along the chain. To realize this system we relied on the Blockchain and the Internet of Thing technologies in order to provide a trustless environment, in which trust is placed in cryptography, in mathematical operations and on the network, and not in public or private companies. Thanks to the use of digital technologies the system aims to reduce the data entry errors and the risk of tampering. Our system is designed so that along the supply chain, the nodes equipped with several sensors directly communicate their data to Raspberry Pi units that elaborate and transmit them to Interplanetary File System and to the Ethereum Blockchain. Furthermore, we designed ad hoc Radio Frequency Identification and Near Field communication tags to shortly supply the proposed system with information about the products and batches. The dedicated RFID tags robustness during on-bread operation was numerically tested. The system will easily allow end consumers to have a transparent view on the whole journey from raw material to purchased final product and a supervisory authority to perform online inspections on the products’ quality and on the good working practices.

Sabir Hussain Awan, Sheeraz Ahmed, Fasee Ullah, Asif Nawaz · 9 authors

Agricultural food production is projected to be 70% higher by 2050 than it is today, with the world population rising to more than 9 billion, 34% higher than it is now. The farmers have been forced to produce more with the same resources. This pressure means that optimizing productivity is one of the main objectives of the producers but also in a sustainable way. Not only does agriculture face a decline in production, but it has also had to face limitations in data collection, storing, securing, and sharing, climate change, increases in input prices, traditional food supply chain systems where there is no direct connection between the farmer and the buyer, and limitations on energy use. Existing IoT‐based agriculture systems have a centralized format and operate in isolation, leaving room for unresolved issues and major concerns, including data security, manipulation, and single failure points. This paper proposes a futuristic IoT with a blockchain model to meet these challenges. Further, this paper also proposes and novel energy‐efficient clustering IoT‐based agriculture protocol for lower energy consumption and network stability and compares its results with its counterpart low‐energy adoptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed protocol network stability is 23% higher as compared to LEACH as first node of LEACH dies at 168 rounds while IoT‐based agriculture first node dies after 463 rounds. Similarly, IoT‐based agriculture protocol energy consumption is 68% lower than that of LEACH. The proposed protocol also extends the network life to more rounds and demonstrates an increase of 112%.

Xinting Yang, Mengqi Li, Huajing Yu, Mingting Wang · 6 authors

Traditional traceability system has problems of centralized management, opaque information, untrustworthy data, and easy generation of information islands. To solve the above problems, this paper designs a traceability system based on blockchain technology for storage and query of product information in supply chain of agricultural products. Leveraging the characteristics of decentralization, tamper-proof and traceability of blockchain technology, the transparency and credibility of traceability information increased. A dual storage structure of “database + blockchain” on-chain and off-chain traceability information is constructed to reduce load pressure of the chain and realize efficient information query. Blockchain technology combined with cryptography is proposed to realize the safe sharing of private information in the blockchain network. In addition, we design a reputation-based smart contract to incentivize network nodes to upload traceability data. Furthermore, we provide performance analysis and practical application, the results show that our system improves the query efficiency and the security of private information, guarantees the authenticity and reliability of data in supply chain management, and meets actual application requirements.

Zeinab Shahbazi, Yung-Cheol Byun

One of the essential points of food manufacturing in the industry and shelf life of the products is to improve the food traceability system. In recent years, the food traceability mechanism has become one of the emerging blockchain applications in order to improve the anti-counterfeiting area’s quality. Many food manufacturing systems have a low level of readability, scalability, and data accuracy. Similarly, this process is complicated in the supply chain and needs a lot of time for processing. The blockchain system creates a new ontology in the traceability system supply chain to deal with these issues. In this paper, a blockchain machine learning-based food traceability system (BMLFTS) is proposed in order to combine the new extension in blockchain, Machine Learning technology (ML), and fuzzy logic traceability system that is based on the shelf life management system for manipulating perishable food. The blockchain technology in the proposed system has been developed in order to address light-weight, evaporation, warehouse transactions, or shipping time. The blockchain data flow is designed to show the extension of ML at the level of food traceability. Finally, reliable and accurate data are used in a supply chain to improve shelf life.

Wen Lin, David L. Ortega, Danielle Ufer, Vincenzina Caputo · 5 authors

Abstract Amid stringent traceability requirements and a nearly 14‐year ban, the U.S. beef industry is rebuilding its market presence in China. Blockchain technology offers a responsive means of meeting Chinese import traceability requirements while also addressing consumers' food safety concerns. We evaluate Chinese demand for U.S. beef and blockchain‐based traceability and find that a sizeable segment of the market (37%) is willing to pay a premium for U.S. beef that is traceable using blockchains. Results indicate that investments in traceability systems that utilize blockchain technology may be an effective way for producers to capture a significant market share in China.

Sensen Hu, Shan Huang, Jing Huang, Jiafu Su

No abstract is available for this record.

Lehan Hou, Ruizhi Liao, Qiqi Luo

No abstract is available for this record.

Sm Al-Amin, Shipra Rani Sharkar, M. Shamim Kaiser, Milon Biswas

Considering the overall situations of cultivator’s economic degradation, food safety chain issue, and whole food supply chain, newer technologies are emerging in the field of agriculture over time. If we look at third world countries, these traditional food supply chains still play the main bearish down prediction. For the result, if any customer deceived by adulterated foods, then in most cases, he/she could not get the original source of the food where it was produced or processed. And in this case, also the administration cannot make this possible to identify and punish the fraudsters. This is where the fraudsters get the opportunity to mix adulteration in foods, put new expiration on expired foods, and release them in the market. Again because of the lack of efficient distribution facilities between cultivators and industrial or last stage vendors, most of the cases cultivators could not get fair pay. And to solve this problem and set explicit or trustworthy communications, the civilization needed immutable and trustworthy technology so that all these problems can be solved. And in that stage, blockchain comes to the picture. In this research paper, we propose an effective, efficient, and satisfactory model or system and service solution to agro traders and also a food traceability system based on blockchain and the help of IoT to make their business more smart and rich. And through the blockchain, smart contract, and the help of IoT sensors, we tried to do maximum effort to reduce human intervention.

Anderson Domeneguette Felippe, Antônio Carlos Demanboro

No abstract is available for this record.

Akash Tayal, Arun Solanki, Richa Kondal, Anand Nayyar · 6 authors

Summary In recent years, blockchain (BC) networks have expanded to a broad spectrum of fields. They have garnered significant attention due to their feature of creating secure private and public networks in a decentralized manner. The traditional FSC fails to meet the customer requirements of quality, safety, reliability, transparency, and traceability. This paper proposes a novel 3‐stage methodology using principal component analysis (PCA), total iterative structural modeling (TISM), and Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement (MICMAC) analysis to develop an integrated BC with the food supply chain (FSC). The existing literature was surveyed and industry experts' opinion was gathered and various critical success factors (CSF) were identified which are associated with FSC and BC. The data collected from experts were then evaluated for data consistency and dimension reduction through PCA. The dimensionally reduced data set was analyzed by TISM and MICMAC analysis. TISM and MICMAC analysis categorizes the enabler factors according to their hierarchical level and is used to label or distinguish between dependence and driving power. The integrated methodology found nine CSFs, namely, transparent system, fraud detect, inventory management with tracking, scalability, secure system, cost reduction, safe and quality food, customer satisfaction, and government regulations, which are the main drivers for the FSC business. The paper integrates information technology, Blockchain, with operation management, supply chain. The proposed model overcomes the limitation associated with FSC and will motivate the academia and industry to adopt and achieve efficient and effective goals in this field of FSC.