Blockchain Papers

Julia Patterson Forrester Rogers

No abstract is available for this record.

Roberto Alma, Lorenzo Piatti

No abstract is available for this record.

Vagip Mnirovich Abdrashitov, Davud Davudov, Nikolay F. Kolosov, Vladimir Slezhenkov

No abstract is available for this record.

Sjef van Erp, Martin Hanzl

No abstract is available for this record.

Manish Kumar, Apoorva Thakur

No abstract is available for this record.

Vagip Mnirovich Abdrashitov, Davud Davudov, Nikolay F. Kolosov, Vladimir Slezhenkov

No abstract is available for this record.

Meroua Moussaoui, E. Bertin, Noël Crespi

No abstract is available for this record.

R. I. Samsin

The article examines the emergence and transformation of the fundamental concepts in the field of crypto-finance. It is observed that the advent of bitcoin and its rapid proliferation gave rise to analogous crypto-products, whose crypto-tokens exhibited a digital representation of value and turnover, which were designated as “cryptocurrencies.” The evolution of the crypto industry has led to the emergence of novel crypto products with technical and financial characteristics distinct from those of cryptocurrencies (investment tokens, utility tokens, non-fungible tokens, stablecoins, etc.). These products have been positioned by their developers as cryptocurrencies. In 2018, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) proposed the use of “virtual assets” as an alternative to “cryptocurrency.” Over time, the concept evolved to encompass all crypto-products whose cryptotokens exhibited both a digital expression of value and negotiability. In 2023, the EU adopted Regulation (EU) 2023/1114 of the European Parliament and of the Council on cryptoasset markets and amending Regulations (EU) No. 1093/2010 and (EU) No. 1095/2010 and Directives 2013/36/EC and (EU) 2019/1937 (MiCA Regulation) at supranational level, which was designed to harmonize the regulation of the cryptocurrency asset sector across the EU. This Regulation employs the term “cryptoassets” as a general definition for various crypto products whose crypto tokens possess a digital value and turnover (investment tokens, utility tokens, non-fungible tokens, stablecoins, etc.). It is posited that there has been a transformation of concepts, from cryptocurrencies to virtual assets, and then to cryptoassets. At this point in time, cryptocurrencies may be defined as a type of virtual asset. It could be argued that the concepts of “virtual assets” and “cryptoassets” are in fact identical.

Iryna Sofińska

No abstract is available for this record.

Vítor Palmela Fidalgo

No abstract is available for this record.

Luke Lee

This paper examines the complex legal landscape surrounding digital assets, analysing how they are defined and regulated as property across various jurisdictions. As digital assets such as cryptocurrencies and non-fungible tokens (NFTs) increasingly integrate with global economies, their intangible nature presents unique challenges to traditional property law concepts, necessitating a re-evaluation of legal definitions and ownership frameworks. This research presents a comparative analysis, reviewing how different legal systems classify and manage digital assets within property law, highlighting the variations in regulatory approaches and their implications on ownership, transfer, and inheritance rights. By examining seminal cases and regulatory developments in major jurisdictions, including the United States, the European Union, and Singapore, this paper explores the emerging trends and potential legal evolutions that could influence the global handling of digital assets. The study aims to contribute to the scholarly discourse by proposing a harmonized approach to digital asset regulation, seeking to balance innovation with legal certainty and consumer protection.

Fahad Rahman, Chafiq Titouna, Farid Naït‐Abdesselam

No abstract is available for this record.

Areej Alshorman, Fatima Shannaq, Mohammad Sheha

Smart contracts offer automation for various decentralized applications but suffer from vulnerabilities that cause financial losses. Detecting vulnerabilities is critical to safeguarding decentralized applications before deployment. Automatic detection is more efficient than manual auditing of large codebases. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a suitable technique for vulnerability detection. However, a systematic literature review (SLR) of ML models is lacking, making it difficult to identify research gaps. No published systematic review exists for ML approaches to smart contract vulnerability detection. This research focuses on ML-driven detection mechanisms from various databases. 46 studies were selected and reviewed based on keywords. The contributions address three research questions: vulnerability identification, machine learning model approaches, and data sources. In addition to highlighting gaps that require further investigation, the drawbacks of machine learning are discussed. This study lays the groundwork for improving ML solutions by mapping technical challenges and future directions.

Adebunmi Okechukwu Adewusi, Njideka Rita Chiekezie, Nsisong Louis Eyo-Udo

Blockchain technology offers a promising decentralized approach to enhancing cybersecurity in the agricultural sector, addressing the increasing threats to data integrity and confidentiality. As agriculture becomes increasingly digitized, with the adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, smart farming, and data-driven decision-making, the sector faces significant cybersecurity challenges, including data breaches, tampering, and unauthorized access. Traditional centralized security models are often inadequate in managing these risks, given the complex and distributed nature of modern agricultural operations. Blockchain technology, characterized by its decentralized, immutable ledger, provides a robust solution to these cybersecurity challenges. By storing data across a distributed network of nodes, blockchain ensures that information is protected from unauthorized alterations and cyberattacks. Each transaction or data entry in a blockchain is encrypted and linked to the previous one, creating a secure chain that is difficult to tamper with. This makes blockchain an ideal tool for safeguarding sensitive agricultural data, such as supply chain information, crop yield records, and proprietary research data. Furthermore, blockchain enhances transparency and traceability in agricultural processes, enabling stakeholders to verify the authenticity and origin of products, thereby reducing the risk of fraud and ensuring compliance with food safety standards. Smart contracts, another feature of blockchain technology, can automate and enforce security protocols, ensuring that only authorized parties have access to specific data or can execute certain actions within the network. However, the adoption of blockchain in agriculture also presents challenges, including technical complexities, high implementation costs, and the need for widespread industry collaboration. Despite these hurdles, the potential benefits of blockchain for cybersecurity in agriculture are significant, offering a powerful tool to protect data, enhance trust, and support the sector's digital transformation. In conclusion, blockchain technology represents a promising decentralized approach to enhancing cybersecurity in agriculture. By providing robust data protection, improving transparency, and enabling secure transactions, blockchain can play a critical role in safeguarding the future of digital agriculture. Keywords: Blockchain, Cybersecurity, Agriculture, Decentralized Approach, Data Protection.

Ildar Begishev, Veronika Denisovich, Timur Sabitov, A. A. Pass · 5 authors

The article is devoted to the analysis of global issues of the existence in law of a completely new object of criminal legal protection — metaverses. The authors consider it necessary to regulate not only the interactive space of the metaverses, but also the relationships that develop within them. A person is able to realize himself inside the digital space. The metaverse has entered social life, economics and law. They attributed metaverse technology to one of the ten technologies that affect the efficiency of business processes. According to analysts, a significant growth of the virtual economy based on digital assets is expected, and by 2027 40 % of companies will use a combination of Web3, cloud augmented reality and digital twins. And of course, this will require from digital law a comprehensive legal regulation of the metaverse technology, which is absent today as a phenomenon. There were complaints from users about the need to protect their rights in the process of using interactive content, in particular: protection of personal data, property, money, physical integrity, the ability to exercise their intellectual rights. However, before outlining the range of crimes that can be committed in completely new conditions, it is necessary to define in the concept of criminal law the need to protect this space, to regulate human activity in it.

Анастасія Толкачова, Andrian Piskozub

This research article discusses current and promising issues in the field of cybersecurity, in particular, the analysis of potential threats and risks of Web3 development. Web3 is a new generation of the Internet based on blockchain technology, decentralization, cryptography, and smart contracts. This approach aims to improve security, privacy, and user rights in the virtual environment, but without proper understanding, it can carry the opposite risk. The article begins with an analysis of recent research and issues. The authors discuss potential threats and risks, including possible attacks on decentralization protocols, censorship manipulation, attacks on blockchain protocols, attempts to break the consensus system, and unfair smart contract transactions. The article discusses a number of vulnerabilities and attacks that can harm the new Web 3.0 technology. The article describes new threats to the privacy of users and their digital assets, including the use of anonymization technologies and countermeasures by criminal organizations or government agencies. The article also emphasizes the importance of discussing the legal aspects of Web3 integration, finding an optimal balance between the regulation of the digital space and users' rights to privacy and autonomy. Global challenges require international cooperation and standardization of regulatory rules in this area. The results of the study demonstrate that a conscious approach to analyzing Web3 threats is the key to building a secure future for the Internet. This article contributes to the dissemination of information and knowledge about possible risks, opens up new horizons for scientific research, practical implementation of cybersecurity measures, and political dialogue in the Web3 era.

Т.К. НАРЕЖНАЯ, А.Г. КОНДАКОВ, И.И. ФОМИН

В свете многолетних сложностей в строительной индустрии, связанных с коммерческими аспектами и несогласованностью между сторонами, данная статья рассматривает потенциал внедрения блокчейн-технологии и смарт-контрактов для преодоления этих вызовов. Недостаток согласованности между условиями договора, выполнением работ и ожиданиями заказчика является распространенным явлением, ведущим к разногласиям и задержкам в проектах. Внедрение блокчейн-среды позволяет устранить эти проблемы, обеспечивая прозрачность и автоматизацию с использованием смарт-контрактов. Структура смарт-контрактов и их роль в строительстве детально рассмотрены. Поднимаются вопросы преимуществ, таких как улучшенная прозрачность, повышенная эффективность и снижение рисков, а также недостатков, включая технические вызовы и вопросы безопасности данных. Авторы считают, что внедрение блокчейн-технологии с использованием смарт-контрактов может не только решить текущие трудности, но и способствовать устойчивому развитию строительной индустрии, открывая новые перспективы и расширяя возможности рынка в будущем. In light of the construction industry's long-standing difficulties with commercial aspects and inconsistency between parties, this paper examines the potential of blockchain technology and smart contracts to overcome these challenges. Lack of alignment between contract terms, work performance and client expectations is common, leading to disagreements and delays in projects. Implementing a blockchain environment eliminates these challenges by providing transparency and automation using smart contracts. The structure of smart contracts and their role in construction are examined in detail. The benefits, such as improved transparency, increased efficiency and risk reduction, as well as the drawbacks, including technical challenges and data security issues, are raised. The authors believe that the implementation of blockchain technology using smart contracts can not only solve current challenges, but also contribute to the sustainable development of the construction industry, opening up new perspectives and expanding market opportunities in the future.

Stefan Jovanović

The paper explores the growing integration of blockchain technology in the legal field, specifically focusing on the emergence of smart contracts with their automated execution of contractual obligations. Technology experts believe that the use of smart contracts contributes to the eradication of disputes. However, the author challenges this claim while analyzing the disputes that may arise in this area, including classic contract law disputes and new issues specific to smart contracts. The paper focuses on whether arbitration is the optimal forum for resolving these disputes. The relationship between traditional and blockchain arbitration is explored, examining disputes that would be resolved using established methods and those suitable for the newly created mechanism. The interests of traditional arbitration do not coincide with those of blockchain arbitration. Both should cooperate and take advantage of each other. The author asserts that the flexibility and adaptability of arbitration will be its dominant advantage in addressing these disputes.

Annisa Hafizhah, Aji Baskoro, Aisha Radha Wahyuda

In recent years, technological advancements have brought forth significant innovations in various sectors, including the realm of intellectual property. Notable among these innovations are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and the virtual universe (Metaverse). While these innovations offer new opportunities for intellectual property creators, they also pose potential threats to the ownership of intellectual assets. This article presents a normative legal research, descriptive in nature and based on primary and secondary literature. The gathered data is analyzed using a qualitative method, incorporating statute and conceptual approaches, as well as comparative analysis. The study aims to analyze how regulations can respond to these innovations, highlighting potential threats related to intellectual property infringement, identity theft, privacy, and money laundering. It also explores legal protection efforts for intellectual assets found in NFTs and Metaverse in line with existing regulations, community guidelines, and collaboration with various stakeholders.

Dicky Surya Dharma

The rapid digital tech growth has led to Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) and Metaverse rise. NFTs are blockchain-based certificates for virtual ownership. Metaverse offers 3D virtual reality for shared experiences, shaping new social and interactive norms. Business, like investing and ownership, thrives within it. However, Indonesia lacks comprehensive regulations for its legal aspects, potentially affecting user rights and copyright. The purpose of this research is to conduct an analysis, especially regarding metaversion regulations, especially in relation to intellectual property so that it becomes reference material for the public and policy makers. Research method using qualitative methods. Research results related to copyright protect the creator, transfer of ownership with purchase. Due to the limited regulation of NFTs, legal protection, especially of intellectual property rights, is very important. Registering each NFT artwork under IP rights ensures legal protection for all created works. Research also shows that there is a gap where the existing law only relates to Intellectual Property but does not yet address the metaverse world which in fact is a virtual world, so this study is very important to support the sustainability of intellectual property in the current metaverse world.

Ágnes Juhász

The study focuses on the examination of the most fundamental concept of civil law, especially the right in rem, namely the concept of things. The author seeks to answer the question of how new phenomena appearing because of technological development, such as digital assets, including various crypto assets like tokens, can be integrated into the system of classical civil law, whether they may be subject to property rights or the civil law rules applicable to the property. To answer this question, the author first explores the concept of things based on the old Hungarian private law literature and the provisions of the earlier and current Hungarian civil codes, presenting contemporary private legal opinions. Then, she deals with the legislative extension of the rules governing things and reviews which assets have been subject to a possible revision of the conceptual framework of the thing. The author pays particular attention to the examination of digital assets, defining and classifying tokens based on the MiCA regulation recently adopted by the European legislator. In the final part of the study, the author deals with the category of non-fungible tokens, highlighting the problems that are currently identifiable and clearly need to be solved in the future.

Th. D. Lamappulage Donn

Objective : the automation inherent in smart contracts makes them an attractive tool for global trade applications, especially for the automation of transactions. The prospects foreseeable will significantly impact international economic relations and the transformation of international trade rules. This fact determines the study objective - to identify the possibilities of transforming the said rules and the political and legal strategies adopted by European countries to implement smart contracts in international trade. Methods : the study, devoted to the current international trade regulation in the context of contracts digitalization and spread of smart contracts, uses a combination of formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. They allow researching the international trade rules, analyzing and comparing the UK and the EU political and legal positions on the smart contracts introduction in international trade, as well as predicting the legal consequences of using smart contracts in international trade. Results : the research shows that the proliferation of smart contracts has significant implications for international trade and its regulation. Smart contracts have numerous advantages, such as increased efficiency, reduced costs, and wide availability. However, they may lead to legal challenges when harmonizing traditional legal principles with the digital environment, in particular concerning the authentication of subjects, enforceability under specific circumstances of a case, and jurisdictional issues. Scientific novelty : the current literature on the transformation of international trade regulation in the context of digitalization processes and the spread of smart contracts is complemented by the results of a comparative analysis of the legal positions existing in the European legal space and developed on the basis of problems, lessons and achievements in the smart contracts implementation in international trade. Practical significance : understanding the legal implications of smart contracts is important for businesses involved in international trade. The study provides insights into the UK and the EU legal positions from which guidance can be provided to companies navigating the digital landscape. Policymakers can also benefit from the findings when developing appropriate legal acts to balance the benefits of smart contracts with the need for legal certainty and protection in international trade.

Vandana Sharma, Prerna Ajmani, Celestine Iwendi

The term blockchain was coined in 2008 by Satoshi Nakamoto. Initially, it was used for carrying out decentralised transactions to solve the problem of fake transactions. In the past few years, this was explored extensively for cryptocurrency only, but, over some time, its potential has been explored in many areas. The major reason for the growing interest in this particular technology is that it provides a secure, reliable, and trusted platform to perform digital activities. This is executed without the involvement of any third party. Once the data is entered into the nodes, it is impossible to tamper it. Though blockchain is costly, it provides better solutions to many research problems in real time. In recent times, researchers have explored blockchain in deep and used it in many applications such as building smart contracts, supply chain management, digital identity providers, voting systems, banking, and finance applications, P2P learning, and insurance sectors. Through this chapter, the readers will get a systematic and detailed study of blockchain in the insurance sector and smart contracts and its current applications in the insurance sector. This chapter will also provide a fair idea of blockchain technology in the insurance sector and additionally its usage in specific applications. In the end, a relevant set of further reading references will be provided.

Polina O. Gertsen, Aleksey Yu. Churilov

Based on the analysis of legal norms, explanations provided by the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, and legal practice, it can be concluded that issues related to the judicial protection of cryptocurrencies, including through the use of criminal law and criminal procedure, have not been subject to consistent regulation within the current legislative framework. This poses a threat to the possibility to prosecute individuals involved in cryptocurrency theft and the accessibility of legal remedies for those who became victims of such cases. The authors conclude that at present the legal narrative has been established, which effectively serves as a sole source of the law enforcement practice in the absence of comprehensive regulatory provisions. The authors have formulated some proposals for the improvement of the existing legislation aimed at addressing the identified and researched legislative ambiguities and ensuing the access of cryptocurrency owners to the judicial protection of their rights.