Blockchain Papers

P. Sai Srujan Reddy, M. Venkat Prashanth, V. Kanapathi, Nikhil Tom Jose · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Firuzi Kotwal

No abstract is available for this record.

Bharath Singh Jebaraj, Vivekrabinson K, Adapa Greeshmi Karunya, Uggirala Sairam Manikanta · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Vedang Ratan Vatsa

This study analyzes 128,286 academic papers tagged as blockchain or cryptocurrency research by OpenAlex's machine-learning concept classifier, published between 2013 and mid-2026. A broader keyword search across paper abstracts identifies 1,938,409 publications that mention Web3-related terms. The analysis measures keyword frequency, temporal trajectories, growth rates, citation distributions, geographic concentration, institutional output, and open access rates. Key findings include 117x growth in annual blockchain publications between 2013 and 2025, the rise of zero-knowledge proofs as the fastest-growing cryptographic primitive (2.1x growth, 2025-2026 vs. 2022-2023), DeFi research experiencing a 74x increase from 2019 to 2025, NFT research peaking in 2023 before declining, China and India leading global output with 13.5% and 13.3% of all papers respectively, and 43.5% of all papers receiving zero citations.

Chaoju Wang, Lionel Huntley Henderson, Yinxue Lyu, Chaokai Zhang

Buildings are shifting from static, environment centric control schemes toward dynamic systems that adaptively respond to individual occupants. To clarify how this transition affects building operation, this paper reviews recent advances in occupant centric control from three dimensions: physical control systems, data and network infrastructure, and occupant interaction mechanisms. The review draws from research in building science and computing and organizes key developments using the trinity of transformation, resilience, and sustainability. The results show that the shift to occupant centric requires high-density sensing, distributed data processing, interoperable protocols, and feedback models that integrate occupant behavior. The paper also discusses how concepts introduced from Web3 can support decentralized data management and long-term trust in occupant participation. This work provides a technical and conceptual basis for researchers and practitioners involved in the digital transformation of smart building operation.

Hoang Vu Trinh

This exploratory study investigates the security, fairness and economic implications of Decentralised Finance (DeFi) within the Ethereum ecosystem. While DeFi has experienced rapid growth, there remains several systemic risks and vulnerabilities that can affect hugely. The study focuses on three key aspects: (1) Transaction Semantics (Analysing how core actions in DeFi are executed on EVM and recorded in transaction receipts and logs), (2) Vulnerability Analysis (Identifying recurring patterns of anomalies), and (3) Detection Framework (Evaluating the effectiveness and potential scale of DeepTx, a real-time analysis tool to detect threats in transactions). By conducting the report based on leading protocols in Ethereum such as Uniswap, Aave and Compound, the study bridges the gap between transaction data and security insights. It will therefore provide a foundation for policymakers to create frameworks for how bugs and risks can affect the DeFi ecosystem, serving as a guide for a secure and scalable Web3 industry.

Saloni Kumari

No abstract is available for this record.

Daniela Dinis, João Oliveira, Marisa Maximiano, Ricardo Gomes · 7 authors

The adoption of decentralized technologies in healthcare introduces new opportunities for secure, patient-centered data management but also brings significant privacy and security challenges. This paper presents a threat modeling approach applied to a Web3-based healthcare platform that integrates blockchain for access logging, a FHIR-compliant server for clinical data, and a backend for identity and access management. Using the LINDDUN privacy threat modeling framework and OWASP Threat Dragon, we identified and prioritized privacy risks based on system architecture and data flows. The results show that threat modeling can provide early insights into regulatory compliance, data exposure, and user privacy concerns. This process can be viewed as a foundational step in the development of digital health systems. While the analysis was focused on a specific use case, the methodology is adaptable to a wide range of applications handling sensitive personal data.

Baohong Sun

No abstract is available for this record.

Ali Kassar, Tarek Barhoum

System based on blockchain technology and smart contracts. The system aims to address the growing problem of managing and transferring digital assets such as cryptocurrency wallets, domains, cloud storage, NFTs, and gaming assets after the owner’s death. The proposed solution introduces a Dead Man’s Switch mechanism, where users are required to perform periodic check-ins. In case of prolonged inactivity, the system automatically triggers a smart contract that securely transfers access to designated heirs. The system leverages blockchain technology to ensure transparency, immutability, and security, while decentralized storage (IPFS) is used to protect sensitive data through encryption. The platform integrates modern technologies including Ethereum, Solidity, Web3.js, and decentralized storage solutions to provide a fully automated, secure, and trustless inheritance process without relying on centralized authorities or complex legal procedures. This work was conducted at Arab International University (AIU), Syria. The official website of the university is: https://www.aiu.edu.sy

Atul Pawar, Shreekant S. Kulkarni, Ashwini Harode, Makardhwaj Kamble · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Baohong Sun

No abstract is available for this record.

Masaru Kasai

This paper introduces DNET (Dual Network Exchange Technology), an interface architecture that unifies Settlement, Exchange, and Record generation into a single transaction structure for digital payments. Modern payment systems often treat exchange and settlement as separate backend processes, leading to fragmented identifiers, inconsistent idempotency behavior, and operational divergence across implementations. DNET resolves these issues by binding Payment Intent, Exchange Decision, and Settlement Outcome under a single TxID, enabling atomic SER‑coupling across Web2 and Web3 environments. The architecture provides a protocol‑level foundation for multi‑asset payments, ensuring traceability, auditability, and interoperability while reducing operational complexity. This work positions DNET as an OS‑layer interface for value transfer, offering a structural standard for future financial infrastructure.

Tiago Ferreira Cavazin

O presente artigo formaliza o <i>Economic Centrifugal Dispersion Model</i> (ECDM) como uma estrutura analítica de alta fidelidade para a compreensão da propagação de capital e incentivos em ecossistemas de Web3 e finanças descentralizadas (DeFi). Fundamentado em uma convergência interdisciplinar entre a praxeologia da escola austríaca, a física estatística e a dinâmica de sistemas complexos, o modelo propõe que a injeção monetária em sistemas baseados em blockchain gera forças dispersivas análogas às forças centrífugas. A pesquisa detalha a aplicação do operador de Lyapunov para avaliar a estabilidade e a resiliência desses fluxos sob condições de volatilidade estocástica.<br>

Yu Quan Ang

The retail landscape in Singapore has grown increasingly competitive over the years, with small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) facing mounting pressure from rising operational costs while lacking the capital to develop proprietary customer loyalty systems. Existing third-party cashback platforms such as ShopBack, while effective in driving customer retention, impose commission based fees that further erode slim profit margins. Beyond cost, these centralised platforms often suffer from single points of failure, a lack of transparency and reward fragmentation across separated ecosystems that diminishes long term customer engagement. Existing blockchain based loyalty implementations confirm commercial interest in decentralised rewards but remain constrained by permissioned architectures that exclude open merchant participation and retain centralised governance. This final year project proposes ShiokPay, a fully decentralised cashback rewards platform designed to eliminate these limitations for SME merchants and their customers. ShiokPay was designed and implemented using a Web3 architecture deployed on the Arbitrum Layer 2 Ethereum network. Three Solidity smart contracts form the core of the system. ShiokCoin, an ERC-20 rewards token. MerchantRegistry, which manages on-chain merchant onboarding and role based access control (RBAC). Along with MinimalForwarder, which enables gasless customer redemptions via EIP-712 meta-transactions. These contracts are integrated using React for the frontend, decentralised off-chain storage via IPFS and a GraphQL subgraph for real time blockchain transaction indexing. The Arbitrum L2 network was chosen to address Ethereum's scalability and gas fee limitations, while EIP-712 meta- transactions were implemented to remove the requirement for customers to hold cryptocurrency. This lowers the barrier to Web3 adoption in everyday retail environments. System validation was conducted entirely on the Arbitrum Sepolia testnet. A comprehensive test suite of 105 unit and integration test cases achieved a 100% pass rate across all three smart contracts, validating the correctness of RBAC, EIP-712 signature verification, nonce- based replay prevention and the simulated full eight-step merchant and customer lifecycle. Gas cost research evaluation confirmed that all transaction types consistently remain below $0.01, representing an approximately 98% cost reduction compared to equivalent Ethereum L1 operations. This satisfies ShiokPay's financial viability requirement for SME merchants. System latency evaluation confirmed that subgraph indexing updates averaged within seconds with optimistic UI updates reducing perceived end-user latency, meeting retail point- of-sale responsiveness requirements. ShiokPay successfully demonstrates that a permissionless, low-cost and user-friendly decentralised cashback rewards system is both technically feasible and commercially viable. By eliminating centralised intermediaries and covering customer gas fees through the meta-transaction model, ShiokPay provides SME merchants with a transparent, cost-efficient alternative to current cashback platforms. These are done while delivering a frictionless Web3 experience accessible to non-technical consumers.

Paul Sin

No abstract is available for this record.

Karthik Adharsh Selvakumar

Charity is the quintessential driving force of humanity. Charitable work, when done right, has the capacity to eradicate poverty, construct basic infrastructure for all and many more. How- ever, in the wrong hands, it can be more of a driving force of evil than good. Currently, there is a lack of openness and transparency, hindering people from understanding where their dona- tions are going and if they are truly creating a change for the better. Donors are often unaware of how their contributions are being utilised, leading to a significant trust deficit, which, over time, results in a decline in donor support and retention. Hence, these factors highlight the need for Web3-based blockchain technology intervention to restore donor trust. Even though the advent of the digital age has paved the way for many Web2 centralised online donation platforms, these upgrades often bring minimal improvements rather than fundamental shifts. Although existing Web2 technologies attempt to portray a transparent donation system by showing proof of transactions or receipts, we can never truly know if these are legitimate, as a single centralised organisation controls them. This unreliable mechanism pushes donors to trust a central intermediary, the charitable organisation itself, to report on the management of funds. Blockchain technology addresses this problem by storing immutable transaction data visible to anyone on the network, ensuring trust through cryptographic proof rather than reliance on a central authority. This trust-guaranteed technology lays the foundation for the solution using Web3 architecture. This project aims to build a decentralised Web3 platform for charity organisations and donors. The main goal is to create a transparent and secure ecosystem where donors can track fund usage at any time. A user-facing application allows donors to securely make donations via Stripe, while a unique Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is minted for each donation to serve as a digital receipt on the blockchain. Smart contracts handle milestone-based fund allocation and release. The platform also incorporates AI-powered proof verification using the Claude Vision API. When charities submit evidence documents for milestone completion, the AI analyses submis- sions for document authenticity, relevance to the stated milestone, and potential fraud indica- tors. This serves as a decision-support tool for human approvers rather than an autonomous judge. A Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) pipeline further enriches the verification process by retrieving historical project context and similar past proofs from a vector database, enabling more consistent and informed assessments across submissions. Donors can also verify where their donations are being used and whether the funds are being spent in relevance to the charity project that they have donated to. The technical implementation of the application is the primary focus of this project, and legal or regulatory frameworks related to monetary policies will not be addressed. The impact of this project lies in its ability to redefine accountability in the donation sector, through which donors will have complete visibility on where their donations flow.

Ming Sen Thong

No abstract is available for this record.

Paolo Ciocca, Irene Tagliamonte

No abstract is available for this record.

Ali Sadhik Shaik

The contemporary digital information ecosystem is suffering from a structural market failure analogous to George Akerlof’s "Market for Lemons." In an era of Generative AI, the marginal cost of producing misinformation has approached zero, while the cost of verifying truth remains high. This asymmetry has created a "Trust Deficit" where high-quality information cannot be reliably distinguished from algorithmic noise. Current remediation strategies are bifurcated between two flawed extremes: Centralized Web2 Platforms (which prioritize scalability at the expense of transparency and are prone to censorship) and Decentralized Web3 Networks (which prioritize immutability but suffer from the "Garbage In, Garbage Out" paradox - permanently recording unverified data). The Trust-Scalability Trilemma: This research posits that decentralized reputation systems face a "Trust-Scalability Trilemma," historically unable to simultaneously achieve Veracity (Accuracy), Scalability (Throughput), and Decentralization (Censorship Resistance). Traditional solutions, such as Token Curated Registries (TCRs), have failed because they rely on synchronous, on-chain voting for every data point, resulting in prohibitive latency and gas costs. The Solution: This paper introduces The Klyrox Protocol, a decentralized middleware designed to resolve this trilemma by decoupling Content Execution from Content Verification. The protocol introduces a novel consensus mechanism, "Proof-of-Klyrox," which combines Optimistic Machine Learning (opML) with Game Theoretic Integrity Bonds. Proof-of-Klyrox is not a blockchain consensus mechanism. It is a layered fraud-detection and incentive framework anchored to existing consensus networks. Scope Note: Protocol V1 focuses exclusively on objective, verifiable claims (e.g., market data, timestamped events, quantifiable metrics). Subjective content quality assessment (e.g., editorial judgment, artistic merit) is explicitly out of scope and scheduled for research in future iterations. The system operates on an "Optimistic" presumption of validity: Optimistic Execution: Content is verified instantly via off-chain AI Oracles, reducing verification costs by an estimated 85-95% compared to traditional on-chain governance models. Cryptoeconomic Security: Users must stake financial collateral (Integrity Bonds) to publish. This creates a "Pay-to-Truth" incentive structure where the cost of generating misinformation strictly exceeds the potential profit. Sybil Resistance: The protocol implements a proprietary Time-Decayed Stake-Weighted (TDSW) algorithm. This scoring engine ensures that influence scales logarithmically with capital (preventing plutocratic capture) and decays exponentially over time (preventing the entrenchment of dormant actors). By financializing reputation into a portable, quantifiable asset class defined as "Epistemic Capital," The Klyrox Protocol offers a scalable blueprint for a self-regulating "Market for Truth." It transforms trust from a subjective social sentiment into an objective, verifiable economic product, providing the necessary infrastructure for the next generation of decentralized media, prediction markets, and AI safety layers. Author's Note: This whitepaper outlines the technical architecture and game-theoretic mechanisms underpinning the concept of "Epistemic Capital," as explored in The Algorithmic Monographs series by Ali Sadhik Shaik (The Algorithmic Invisible Hand, The Republic of Code, The Market for Truth, The Heavy Metal Intelligence and The Synthetic C-Cuite).

Carlos A. Estrada, Sang Guun Yoo, S. Naranjo, Veronica J. Toasa

No abstract is available for this record.

Nitya Agrawal, Manisha Nayak, Tannistha Maharana, Stutimayee Swain · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Christiane Isenberg

No abstract is available for this record.

S. Dhivakar, K. Kalaiselvi, Matthew Olusegun Adigun

No abstract is available for this record.