Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
1,177 results · page 18 of 50
Zainab Iftikhar, Adeel Anjum, Abid Khan, Munam Ali Shah · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Zhenzhen Guo, Gaoli Wang, Yingxin Li, Jianqiang Ni · 5 authors
The advent of 6G communications technology will bring about a transition from the “Internet of Everything” to the “Intelligent Connection of Everything”. 6G-enabled vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) will enjoy lower latency, higher speed, and greater capacity network services. Nevertheless, achieving secure data sharing will be an even tougher challenge. Given this, we propose an attribute-based data sharing scheme with blockchain for 6G-enabled VANETs. First, we propose an efficient multi-tree-based user revocation mechanism. With the Chinese remainder theorem, our mechanism supports user batch revocation and batch joining. Second, we achieve distributed data storage by utilizing the blockchain and smart contracts. To solve the problem of insufficient storage capacity on the blockchain, we adopt a combination of on-chain and off-chain storage. Third, to reduce the computation burden on users, our proposal supports online/offline encryption and verifiable outsourced decryption. Meanwhile, our mechanism supports policy hiding, data revocation, and cross-domain data sharing. The proposed scheme is proven to satisfy the indistinguishability under chosen plaintext attack (IND-CPA) in the standard model. Theoretical analysis shows that our mechanism outperforms existing schemes in functionality and security. Simulation experiments show that our proposal is efficient and suitable for 6G-enabled VANETs.
Anmulin Wu, Yajun Guo, Yimin Guo
No abstract is available for this record.
Ping Lang, Daxin Tian, Xuting Duan, Jianshan Zhou · 6 authors
Facing the requirements of intelligent vehicles for massive data processing, vehicular edge computing (VEC) utilizes computing resources deployed on the roadside infrastructure to provide proximity computing services for vehicles and forms a novel computing paradigm. Thus, vehicles can reduce the burden of local computing and improve computing efficiency by offloading tasks to roadside computing servers or neighboring resource-idle vehicles for execution via cooperative computation offloading (CO). However, dynamic communication channel states and data handover among multiple VEC servers caused by vehicle mobility pose challenges for CO decision-making and data security. This article applies blockchain to the cooperative CO of VEC and thus proposes a cooperative CO and secure handover framework with a consensus mechanism to guarantee the efficiency of cooperative CO and secure handover. In this framework, models for vehicle mobility and cooperative CO handover are constructed, and a consensus mechanism is proposed. This mechanism ensures the synchronization and immutability of offloaded data in the CO handover. A cooperative CO decision optimization is also formulated considering secure handover with blockchain technology to optimize the latency of vehicular computing tasks. To solve this complex problem, this optimization is transformed into a Markov decision process and a cooperative CO decision algorithm with multiagent deep reinforcement learning is designed, thus achieving the optimal solution. Extensive simulations verified the performance and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Zhen Gao, Dongbin Zhang, Jiuzhi Zhang, Lei Liu · 6 authors
Blockchain technology is developing rapidly and has been widely applied in the field of Internet of Vehicles (IoV) to solve trust and security problems. However, due to the high security requirements in IoV scenarios, the security threats of blockchain itself become a big challenge for its applications in IoV. As the largest distributed platform supporting smart contract, Ethereum becomes one of the popular blockchain platforms that has been applied in IoV applications. In Ethereum, the local world state (stored on Road Side Units (RSUs) in IoV) is applied to facilitate account query and transaction verification. However, previous works showed that the local database can be easily tampered, so attackers may issue invalid transactions based on the modified world state, which is not acceptable for IoV applications. In this paper, the success probability and expected time for such an attack are first analyzed theoretically, including the effect of portion of tampered RSUs and the number of required confirmation blocks. Then experiment evaluation verifies the correctness of the theoretical analysis and shows that the attack would succeed with a higher probability within a shorter time when the local database on more RSUs are attacked. On the contrary, increasing of confirmation blocks can effectively reduce the success probability of a single attack and extend the confirmation time of the invalid transaction. Finally, efficient attack detection and recovery methods are proposed based on a novel hierarchical architecture with hybrid RSUs, and the effectiveness and complexity are verified by theoretical analysis and experiments.
Atefeh Hemmati, Mani Zarei, Alireza Souri
Abstract The Internet of vehicles (IoV) has appeared as an effective method of obtaining an intelligent transportation system able to deliver various innovative solutions and enable several applications as a replacement for vehicular ad‐hoc networks (VANETs). To help IoV contexts, enormous quantities of information are created and transmitted between various communication components wirelessly across multiple channels, which may entice attackers and put the network at risk. Security is one of the vital concerns and critical issues in VANETs and IoV networks. Blockchain is employed to create a distributed and secure IoV to overcome some centralized concerns and enhance the network architecture. This article presents a systematic and detailed review by selecting 28 review articles from 2018 to 2022 on blockchain‐based IoV (BIoV). We investigate the latest review and survey articles regarding their aspects, contributions, findings, limitations, and strong points to address unsolved problems of BIoV. In this article, the review/survey articles are systematically reviewed to resolve taxonomy aspects intended for BIoV. We provide a new taxonomy and discuss security concerns, open issues, and future directions so that researchers in this field can quickly and easily access recent content and do not need to read numerous review articles.
Abdulaziz Aldaej, Mohammed Atiquzzaman, Tariq Ahamed Ahanger, Piyush Kumar Shukla
No abstract is available for this record.
Ahmad J. Alkhodair, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos
Due to the enormous amounts of data being generated between users, Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) are complex Cyber-Physical Systems that necessitate a reliable and safe infrastructure. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is the term that describes the interconnection for every single node, device, sensor, and actuator that are Internet enabled, whether attached or unattached to vehicles. A single smart vehicle will generate a huge amount of data. Concurrently, it needs an instant response to avoid accidents since vehicles are fast-moving objects. In this work, we explore Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and collect data about consensus algorithms and their applicability to be used in the IoV as the backbone of ITS. Multiple distributed ledger networks are currently in operation. Some are used in finance or supply chains, and others are used for general decentralized applications. Despite the secure and decentralized nature of the blockchain, each of these networks has trade-offs and compromises. Based on the analysis of consensus algorithms, a conclusion has been made to design one that fits the requirements of ITS-IOV. FlexiChain 3.0 is proposed in this work to serve as a Layer0 network for different stakeholders in the IoV. A time analysis has been conducted and shows a capacity of 2.3 transactions per second, which is an acceptable speed to be used in IoV. Moreover, a security analysis was conducted as well and shows high security and high independence of the node number in terms of security level per the number of participants.
Shanshan Tu, Haoyu Yu, Akhtar Badshah, Muhammad Waqas · 6 authors
The Internet of vehicles (IoV) is increasingly being used to realize the vision of intelligent transportation systems with the rapid development of computation and communication technologies. However, numerous IoV applications rely on a central unit for storing and processing information and mediators for wireless transmission. This can lead to the leakage of sensitive data and high costs and delays. To address these issues and improve the efficiency of data storage, processing, and sharing in the IoV, we propose a vehicle-based secure blockchain consensus (VBSBC) algorithm. Our VBSBC algorithm overcomes the limitations and drawbacks of state-of-the-art approaches by leveraging blockchain technology and a consensus algorithm to ensure secure communication between vehicles. In addition, the algorithm includes an authentication process and a key distributing and request process, illustrated during vehicles' movement between different zones. In simulation results, our proposed VBSBC algorithm demonstrated high performance compared to existing approaches in terms of authentication delay, key processing time, attack detection rate, throughput, and packet loss rate.
Engin Zeydan, Josep Mangues, Şuayb S. Arslan, Yekta Türk
Identity and access management frameworks address data governance and system access rights for users, organizations, and vendors. Emerging identity management models such as Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) that is based on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) technology, have emerged to address the challenges associated with centralized authority. The main goal of SSI is to help users self-manage their data shared with services. In this paper, we explore a possible application of the SSI concept to vehicular networks. We propose a new methodology, that is alternative to the conventional blockchain-based SSI, which ensures confidentiality, authentication, and integrity of vehicle users identity and their data. At the end of the paper, we also compare SSI-based and Non-fungible token (NFT)-based blockchain solutions, the challenges and future directions of SSI solutions in the context of vehicular networks.
Shan Li, Guoyan Yang
The vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) offer additional opportunities for the development of intelligent transportation. Network-connected vehicles can help drivers adjust their driving environment and improve overall road safety by accessing information such as maps, signal status and road conditions. Due to the open nature of the communication channel, it is necessary for the receiving vehicle to verify the source and integrity of the message. Most of the existing researches are based on PKI certificate authentication model. However, there are some problems in this model: the distribution, storage and revocation of identity certificates need to consume a lot of vehicle resources, and the centralized structural framework cannot form an effective supervision of node operation. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes an identity authentication mechanism based on blockchain and zero-knowledge proof. In the blockchain structure composed of fog nodes, vehicles only need to store the generation seeds of communication pseudonyms to complete the communication within the coverage of fog nodes, which can effectively reduce the resource overhead caused by pseudonym distribution and revocation. Security analysis shows that our scheme can meet the security requirements of VANETs, and performance analysis shows that our scheme is better than existing schemes.
Heena Rathore, Siva Sai, Akshay Gundewar
Connected Vehicles (CVs), an integral part of the future of intelligent transportation systems, use communication and sensing technologies to communicate among vehicles and infrastructure. However, as vehicles become interconnected, the vulnerability of their components to anomalies and deliberate malicious activity increases. In both cases, it is vital to detect and exclude anomalous data from the decision-making process. While deep learning techniques are gaining popularity for anomaly detection due to their adaptability, they are computationally expensive and require long training times. To overcome this challenge, this paper uses a directed acyclic graph (DAG) based distributed ledger technique and combines it with social psychology principles of ability, integrity, and benevolence to calculate the reputation of vehicles. We introduce the probability of malevolence, a measure of quality, which is a function of the error measurements (between ground truth and reported values) and reputation metrics. We introduce various anomalies such as bias, noise, short, multi-short, drift, multi-drift, stuck-at, and parasite chain attack in the simulated data from the Intelligent Driver Module framework on road topology such as uphill, ring, on-ramp, off-ramp, and road-works to validate the efficacy of the proposed framework in identifying the anomalies. Simulation results show that the malevolence factor serves as an efficient metric for automatically determining the types of anomalies in the CV network.
Sandeep Kumar Arora, Gulshan Kumar, Mustapha Hedabou, El Mehdi Amhoud · 5 authors
Summary A decentralized application runs on the blockchain network without the intervention of a central authority. Transparency in transactions and security in vehicular networks are the issues for central systems. The proposed system uses blockchain‐based smart contracts, which eliminate the requirement for any third‐party verification. Additionally, with signature verification and reduced overhead, smart contracts also help in a fast and secure transaction. This study suggests a trust‐based system paradigm where certificate authority (CA) is employed for vehicle registration. We also propose a blockchain‐based system that provides efficient two‐way authentication and key agreement through encryption and digital signatures. The analysis of the proposed model reveals that it is an efficient way of establishing distributed trust management, which helps in preserving vehicle privacy. The proposed scheme is tested in Automated Validation of Internet Security‐sensitive Protocols (AVISPA), and security parameters verification in Network Simulator 2(NS2) also shows that the proposed scheme is more effective in comparison with existing schemes in terms of authentication cost, storage cost, and overhead.
Mahmoud A. Shawky, Muhammad Usman, David Flynn, Muhammad Ali Imran · 7 authors
Intelligent transportation systems are an emerging technology that facilitates real-time vehicle-to-everything communication. Hence, securing and authenticating data packets for intra- and inter-vehicle communication are fundamental security services in vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs). However, public-key cryptography (PKC) is commonly used in signature-based authentication, which consumes significant computation resources and communication bandwidth for signatures generation and verification, and key distribution. Therefore, physical layer-based secret key extraction has emerged as an effective candidate for key agreement, exploiting the randomness and reciprocity features of wireless channels. However, the imperfect channel reciprocity generates discrepancies in the extracted key, and existing reconciliation algorithms suffer from significant communication costs and security issues. In this paper, PKC-based authentication is used for initial legitimacy detection and exchanging authenticated probing packets. Accordingly, we propose a blockchain-based reconciliation technique that allows the trusted third party (TTP) to publish the correction sequence of the mismatched bits through a transaction using a smart contract. The smart contract functions enable the TTP to map the transaction address to vehicle-related information and allow vehicles to obtain the transaction contents securely. The obtained shared key is then used for symmetric key cryptography (SKC)-based authentication for subsequent transmissions, saving significant computation and communication costs. The correctness and security robustness of the scheme are proved using Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN)-logic and Automated Validation of Internet Security Protocols and Applications (AVISPA) simulator. We also discussed the scheme’s resistance to typical attacks. The scheme’s performance in terms of packet delay and loss ratio is evaluated using the network simulator (OMNeT++). Finally, the computation analysis shows that the scheme saves ∼99% of the time required to verify 1000 messages compared to existing PKC-based schemes.
Marcel Vološin, Eugen Šlapak, Zdeněk Bečvář, Taras Maksymyuk · 7 authors
With the advent of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), we observe a growing need for new resource allocation solutions in mobile networks. Currently, most of the resource allocation solutions for CAVs communication do not consider the driving routes of the cars. In this paper, we introduce joint vehicular route selection and radio and computing resource allocation for CAVs. The proposed approach is based on the graph search-based lexicographic A* algorithm that minimizes the ratio of failed tasks along the entire vehicular route considering the availability of both radio and computing resources. To manage the allocation of resources among multiple CAVs for each vehicular route, we develop a blockchain-based framework allowing resource reservation by means of nonfungible tokens (NFTs). Each NFT represents an exclusive right to the required amount of radio and computing resources for the given road segment and defined time interval. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by simulations showing that the proposed vehicular route selection algorithm reduces the ratio of tasks not completed before the deadline by up to 69% compared to the existing state-of-the-art algorithms.
Pouyan Razmjoui, Abdollah Kavousi‐Fard, Tao Jin, Morteza Dabbaghjamanesh · 6 authors
Despite the widespread use of radio frequency identification and wireless connectivity such as near field communication in electric vehicles, their security and privacy implications in Ad-Hoc networks have not been well explored. This article provides a data protection assessment of radio frequency electronic system in the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS). It is demonstrated that eavesdropping is completely feasible from a passing car, at an approximate distance up to 50 m. Furthermore, our reverse analysis shows that the staticn-bit signatures and messaging can be eavesdropped from a relatively far distance, raising privacy concerns as a vehicles’ movements can be tracked by using the unique IDs of tire pressure sensors. Unfortunately, current protocols do not use authentication, and automobile technologies hardly follow routine message confirmation so sensor messages may be spoofed remotely. To improve the security of TPMS, we suggest a novel ultralightweight mutual authentication for the TPMS registry process in the automotive network. Our experimental results confirm the effectiveness and security of the proposed method in TPMS.
Biwen Chen, Zhongming Wang, Tao Xiang, Jiyun Yang · 6 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Qingyi Zhu, Ankui Jing, Chenquan Gan, Xinwei Guan · 5 authors
In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), there are many resource constrained communication nodes, distributed geographical locations, and low delay requirements. The authentication system is required to be distributed. However, the information interaction between traditional distributed authentication entities (AEs) is not transparent, and the use of blockchain is only to save certificate status records on the chain. There is a lack of trusted security management mechanisms between AEs, so there is a risk of collusion attacks and behavior record forgery and tamper attacks between AEs. Therefore, this paper mainly addresses the management problems of opaque interaction and insufficient security verification of distributed authentication entities in the VANETs scenario. In this paper, based on the security features of blockchain technology, such as public audit and tamper proof block structure, and distributed trust consensus, we propose a hierarchical and trust certificate service chain based on reputation value called HCSC. We have a set of safe and reliable management mechanisms between distributed authentication entities such as the Bitcoin system. First, we integrate the traditional hierarchical authentication system and the blockchain network into a new hierarchical certificate service chain. Then, we propose a reputation evaluation model based on the logistic regression model by quantifying the behavior records of the AEs. In addition, a new hierarchical reputation consensus based on delegated proof of stake (DPoS) and proof of work (PoW) is given. Then, a fast verification based on block height and security verification for the efficiency and security of certificate verification is proposed. Finally, the security analysis is given, and a prototype implementation of HCSC is developed based on Fabric. The experimental simulation and security analysis reveal that the HCSC is very efficient and suitable for the above issues.
Xiaofan Liu, Weihui Qiu, Wei Ren, Caixu Xu · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Wenxian Jiang, Mengjuan Chen, Jun Tao
Data sharing technology in Internet of Vehicles(IoV) has attracted great research interest with the goal of realizing intelligent transportation and traffic management. Meanwhile, the main concerns have been raised about the security and privacy of vehicle data. The mobility and real-time characteristics of vehicle data make data sharing more difficult in IoV. The emergence of blockchain and federated learning brings new directions. In this paper, a data-sharing model that combines blockchain and federated learning is proposed to solve the security and privacy problems of data sharing in IoV. First, we use federated learning to share data instead of exposing actual data and propose an adaptive differential privacy scheme to further balance the privacy and availability of data. Then, we integrate the verification scheme into the consensus process, so that the consensus computation can filter out low-quality models. Experimental data shows that our data-sharing model can better balance the relationship between data availability and privacy, and also has enhanced security.
Rohini Poolat Parameswarath, Prosanta Gope, Biplab Sikdar
There has been a shift towards the use of Electric Vehicles (EV) in recent years. Though EVs offer many advantages, there are concerns on the cyber security of its components and the privacy of its users. When users charge their EVs at a charging station, they need to reveal their personal details. An attacker can compromise the users' privacy by identifying and tracking where users charge their EVs. Hence, there is a need to protect EVs from cyber-attacks and preserve its users' privacy. In this paper, we address the problem of privacy preservation of users while charging their EVs in a 5G-enabled vehicular charging system. We propose a user-centric authentication protocol for EV charging based on Decentralized Identifier (DID) and blockchain. We use Verifiable Credential (VC) together with DID which provides Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) about the user. Users have complete control over their identities resulting in user-centric authentication. At the same time, a third party can verify the user's legitimacy before providing services. Hence, our protocol makes the charging service available in a secure way, preserving the privacy of the user.
Kripakar Srinivasan C, Usha Divakarala, K. Chandrasekaran, K. Hemant Kumar Reddy
No abstract is available for this record.
Hua Lin
Because of the decentralized trait of the blockchain and the Internet of vehicles, both are very suitable for the architecture of the other. This study proposes a multi-level blockchain framework to secure information security on the Internet of vehicles. The main motivation of this study is to propose a new transaction block and ensure the identity of traders and the non-repudiation of transactions through the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm ECDSA. The designed multi-level blockchain architecture distributes the operations within the intra_cluster blockchain and the inter_cluster blockchain to improve the efficiency of the entire block. On the cloud computing platform, we exploit the threshold key management protocol, and the system can recover the system key as long as the threshold partial key is collected. This avoids the occurrence of PKI single-point failure. Thus, the proposed architecture ensures the security of OBU-RSU-BS-VM. The proposed multi-level blockchain framework consists of a block, intra-cluster blockchain and inter-cluster blockchain. The roadside unit RSU is responsible for the communication of vehicles in the vicinity, similar to a cluster head on the Internet of vehicles. This study exploits RSU to manage the block, and the base station is responsible for managing the intra-cluster blockchain named intra_clusterBC, and the cloud server at the back end is responsible for the entire system blockchain named inter_clusterBC. Finally, RSU, base stations and cloud servers cooperatively construct the multi-level blockchain framework and improve the security and the efficiency of the operation of the blockchain. Overall, in order to protect the security of the transaction data of the blockchain, we propose a new transaction block structure and adopt the elliptic curve cryptographic signature ECDSA to ensure that the Merkle tree root value is not changed and also make sure the transaction identity and non-repudiation of transaction data. Finally, this study considers information security in a cloud environment, and therefore we propose a secret-sharing and secure-map-reducing architecture based on the identity confirmation scheme. The proposed scheme with decentralization is very suitable for distributed connected vehicles and can also improve the execution efficiency of the blockchain.
Jamal Habibi Markani, Abdessamad Amrhar, Jean-Marc Gagné, René Landry
In the next generation modernization plan, the automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) system plays a pivotal role. However, the ADS-B’s low level of security and its vulnerabilities have raised valid concerns. The main objectives of this paper are to highlight the limitations of legacy ADS-B systems and to assess the feasibility of using Format-preserving (F), Feistel-based encryption (F), with multiple implementation variances (X) (FFX) algorithms, for enhancing ADS-B’s security. The offered solution is implemented in a standard software-defined radio (SDR) ADS-B to be utilized in real-time applications. Furthermore, a new proposed blockchain scheme is used as a secured database to manage the cipher key. The metric of message entropy is used to assess an algorithm’s ability to confuse and diffuse predictable ADS-B messages; correlation and serial correlation of plain data and cipher data are deployed to evaluate the proposed method’s security level. The authors provide both MATLAB simulations and flight test outcomes to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Based on our security analysis, ADS-B information can be kept confidential through our scheme. The performance evaluation results reveal that the proposed scheme is achievable, compatible, and efficient for the avionics industry.