The resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan has significantly exacerbated educational challenges for marginalized women and girls, deepening gender disparities and impeding socio-economic development. Addressing these issues, this article introduces the Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence Non-Formal Education System (BANFES), an innovative educational solution specifically designed for Afghan girls deprived of formal schooling. BANFES leverages advanced artificial intelligence technologies, including personalized data analysis, to provide customized learning experiences. Additionally, blockchain technology ensures secure record management and data integrity, facilitating a decentralized educational ecosystem where various nodes offer hybrid learning methodologies without intermediaries. This system not only adapts to individual learning speeds and styles to enhance engagement and outcomes but also employs an independent assessment mechanism to evaluate learners. Such evaluations promote transparency and maintain the quality and reputation of educational contributions within the network. The BANFES initiative also addresses implementation challenges, including local distrust and integration with existing educational structures, providing a robust model to overcome barriers to education. Furthermore, the paper explores the scalability of BANFES, proposing its application as a global strategy for non-formal education systems facing similar geopolitical and infrastructural challenges. By creating a secure, flexible, and learner-focused environment, BANFES aims to empower Afghan women and girls with essential skills for personal and professional growth, thus fostering socioeconomic advancement within their communities and setting a new standard for informal education worldwide.
Blockchain technology relies on consensus mechanisms, which are essential systems for validating transactions and ensuring their authenticity. These mechanisms maintain a permanent record of all valid transactions within a blockchain, establishing trust among users of cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin and Ethereum. By verifying and confirming transactions, consensus mechanisms Safeguard the integrity and protection of the blockchain network, safeguarding it from fraud or malicious activities. Once validated, a transaction is permanently added to the blockchain, becoming an immutable part of the network’s ledger. The process of building trust in a decentralized blockchain environment hinges on the consensus mechanism's ability to facilitate agreement among network participants (nodes). A variety of consensus methodologies have been developed to fulfill this need, each with its unique approach to ensuring security, transparency, and efficiency. For instance, Proof of Work (PoW) involves participants solving intricate mathematical puzzles to validate transactions, whereas Proof of Stake (PoS) grants validation rights based on the amount of cryptocurrency a participant owns. Moreover, more energy-efficient and scalable models like Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) and Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) have been developed to tackle the challenges of blockchain scalability and sustainability. In this paper, we explore the various consensus mechanisms used in blockchain systems, comparing their strengths, weaknesses, and real-world applications. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of how these mechanisms function, their role in maintaining security, and their impact on the broader blockchain ecosystem
The adoption of blockchain platforms to bolster the security of Internet of Things (IoT) systems has attracted significant attention in recent years. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive and systematic survey papers in the literature addressing these platforms. This paper discusses six of the most popular emerging blockchain platforms adopted by IoT systems and analyses their usage in state-of-the-art works to solve security problems. The platform was compared in terms of security features and other requirements. Findings from the study reveal that most blockchain components contribute directly or indirectly to IoT security. Blockchain platform components such as cryptography, consensus mechanism, and hashing are common ways that security is achieved in all blockchain platform for IoT. Technologies like Interplanetary File System (IPFS) and Transport Layer Security (TLS) can further enhance data and communication security when used alongside blockchain. To enhance the applicability of blockchain in resource-constrained IoT environments, future research should focus on refining cryptographic algorithms and consensus mechanisms to optimise performance and security.
Yazeed Yasin Ghadi, Tehseen Mazhar, Tariq Shahzad, Muhammad Amir Khan · 7 authors
This study explores integrating blockchain technology into the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to address security and privacy challenges. Blockchain's transparency, confidentiality, and decentralization offer significant potential benefits in the healthcare domain. The research examines various blockchain components, layers, and protocols, highlighting their role in IoMT. It also explores IoMT applications, security challenges, and methods for integrating blockchain to enhance security. Blockchain integration can be vital in securing and managing this data while preserving patient privacy. It also opens up new possibilities in healthcare, medical research, and data management. The results provide a practical approach to handling a large amount of data from IoMT devices. This strategy makes effective use of data resource fragmentation and encryption techniques. It is essential to have well-defined standards and norms, especially in the healthcare sector, where upholding safety and protecting the confidentiality of information are critical. These results illustrate that it is essential to follow standards like HIPAA, and blockchain technology can help ensure these criteria are met. Furthermore, the study explores the potential benefits of blockchain technology for enhancing inter-system communication in the healthcare industry while maintaining patient privacy protection. The results highlight the effectiveness of blockchain's consistency and cryptographic techniques in combining identity management and healthcare data protection, protecting patient privacy and data integrity. Blockchain is an unchangeable distributed ledger system. In short, the paper provides important insights into how blockchain technology may transform the healthcare industry by effectively addressing significant challenges and generating legal, safe, and interoperable solutions. Researchers, doctors, and graduate students are the audience for our paper.
This paper present a novel blockchain CP-ABE (Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption) data ciphertext sharing scheme, leveraging decentralized proxy re-encryption. It utilizes Ethereum blockchain and zero-knowledge proof technologies to develop a blockchain key management system for multiparty secure computation. This system aims to mitigate heavy computation and key leakage risks associated with traditional centralized CP-ABE systems. The approach begins with the design of a distributed master key generation and distribution protocol within the data ciphertext access control, deploying the UMBRAL-based proxy re-encryption technology on blockchain for key management system. Moreover, the paper uses ERC1155 to mint transferable NFTs for blockchain transactions in data sharing and access control. Through simulation experiments, our scheme demonstrates improved scalability in blockchain ciphertext data transactions and storage, alongside a significant decrease in the Gas costs of on-chain data asset transactions. Furthermore, our methodology not only augments the safety of distributed key management but also realizes high computational efficiency and swift query response, particularly in scenarios of high concurrency.
In recent years, the rapid integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices into the healthcare sector has brought about revolutionary advancements in patient care and data management. While these technological innovations hold immense promise, they concurrently raise critical security concerns, particularly in safeguarding medical data against potential cyber threats. The sensitive nature of health-related information requires robust measures to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of patient data in IoT-enabled medical environments. Addressing the imperative need for enhanced security in IoT-based healthcare systems, we propose a comprehensive method encompassing three distinct phases. In the first phase, we implement Blockchain-Enabled Request and Transaction Encryption to strengthen data transaction security, providing an immutable and transparent framework. In the second phase, we introduce a Request Pattern Recognition Check that leverages diverse data sources to identify and block potential unauthorized access attempts. Finally, the third phase incorporates Feature Selection and a BiLSTM network to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of intrusion detection using advanced machine learning techniques. We compared the simulation results of the proposed method with three recent related methods: AIBPSF-IoMT, OMLIDS-PBIoT, and AIMMFIDS. The evaluation criteria include detection rate, false alarm rate, precision, recall, and accuracy - crucial benchmarks for assessing the overall performance of intrusion detection systems. Our findings show that the proposed method outperforms existing approaches across all evaluated criteria, demonstrating its effectiveness in improving the security of IoT-based healthcare systems.
The amount of power required to mine one Bitcoin (BTC) can vary significantly depending on several factors, including the type of mining hardware being used, its efficiency, the cost of electricity, and the overall network difficulty at any given time. Mining BTC involves solving complex mathematical problems to validate transactions on the blockchain network, which requires significant computational power. This research paper focuses on dedicated mining machines, combining essential data and information into a singular comparison evaluation of these machines.
Blockchain technology offers a safe and decentralized network for protecting medical records, tackling issues like confidentiality and data accuracy. With the healthcare sector's growing dependence on digital data, the handling and sharing of patient data could be revolutionized by blockchain technology. It functions as a distributed ledger across a computer network, dispersing patient data among nodes instead of storing it centrally. Strong protection against manipulation and unauthorized access is provided by the immutable chain that is created when each data block is cryptographically connected to the one before it.
Sri Sai Durga Mani Vasireddy, Supriya Yalagala, Jayasri Sikha, Rani Vullaganti · 7 authors
The primary objective of this project is to develop a robust and secure system that uses blockchain technology as well as Ethereum and IoT sensors to create a transparent and automated irrigation management solution for farmers. The key components of this innovative system include IoT sensors for real-time data collection, smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain for transparent and immutable record keeping, and a user-friendly interface for farmers to monitor and control their irrigation systems remotely. The blockchain will provide data security to avoid the problem of data manipulation; because the IoT components will produce large volumes of data, the data must be securely maintained.
M. Yu. Kataev, Larisa Bulysheva, Alexander Krupskiy
Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) constitutes a network of physical objects, including devices and systems, capable of intercommunication both among themselves and with external systems via the Internet. Its applications span across various sectors such as manufacturing, medicine, commerce, security, forestry and agriculture. The application of IoT in agriculture involves gathering data from diverse sensors, offering timely and precise solutions. This technology facilitates the reduction of manual labour involved in tasks like animal monitoring, greenhouse management and field surveillance. Integrated sensors within the IoT framework enable the collection of data pertaining to soil, air, water, animal tracking, plant growth and other relevant metrics. Nevertheless, the swift evolution of IoT presents a susceptibility to unauthorized access and compromises in data security. To address this concern, the utilization of blockchain technology has been recommended. This paper proposes a novel IoT architecture integrated with blockchain technology to enhance data security in agricultural applications. A detailed schematic has been devised and implemented in software to illustrate this approach.
Inas Al Khatib, Abdulrahim Shamayleh, Malick Ndiaye
In recent years, the Internet of medical things (IoMT) has become a significant technological advancement in the healthcare sector. This systematic review aims to identify and summarize the various applications, key challenges, and proposed technical solutions within this domain, based on a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature. This review highlights diverse applications of the IoMT, including mobile health (mHealth) applications, remote biomarker detection, hybrid RFID-IoT solutions for scrub distribution in operating rooms, IoT-based disease prediction using machine learning, and the efficient sharing of personal health records through searchable symmetric encryption, blockchain, and IPFS. Other notable applications include remote healthcare management systems, non-invasive real-time blood glucose measurement devices, distributed ledger technology (DLT) platforms, ultra-wideband (UWB) radar systems, IoT-based pulse oximeters, accident and emergency informatics (A&EI), and integrated wearable smart patches. The key challenges identified include privacy protection, sustainable power sources, sensor intelligence, human adaptation to sensors, data speed, device reliability, and storage efficiency. The proposed mitigations encompass network control, cryptography, edge-fog computing, and blockchain, alongside rigorous risk planning. The review also identifies trends and advancements in the IoMT architecture, remote monitoring innovations, the integration of machine learning and AI, and enhanced security measures. This review makes several novel contributions compared to the existing literature, including (1) a comprehensive categorization of IoMT applications, extending beyond the traditional use cases to include emerging technologies such as UWB radar systems and DLT platforms; (2) an in-depth analysis of the integration of machine learning and AI in IoMT, highlighting innovative approaches in disease prediction and remote monitoring; (3) a detailed examination of privacy and security measures, proposing advanced cryptographic solutions and blockchain implementations to enhance data protection; and (4) the identification of future research directions, providing a roadmap for addressing current limitations and advancing the scientific understanding of IoMT in healthcare. By addressing current limitations and suggesting future research directions, this work aims to advance scientific understanding of the IoMT in healthcare.
V. Sunil Kumar, S. Renukadevi, Somashekhara Reddy, R Chandramma
By providing a secure and transparent platform for the exchange and storage of medical records, blockchain technology revolutionizes data management in the healthcare sector. Patient record confidentiality and integrity are ensured by this decentralized system, which forbids unauthorized access and tampering. Smart contracts speed up processes like insurance claims and simplify administrative work by enabling automated, trustless transactions. Additionally, blockchain facilitates seamless data- sharing by facilitating communication between various healthcare systems. Through a distributed ledger, medical professionals can access a patient’s whole medical history in real time, facilitating better diagnosis and treatment. Despite challenges like regulatory worries, blockchain’s potential for the healthcare industry holds promise for improved patient outcomes, security, and efficiency ( Kumar et al., 2021 ).
Mui D. Nguyen, Tuan M. Nguyen, Thang C. Vu, Tien Minh Ta · 6 authors
The paper evaluates potential applications of blockchain technology in enhancing the security and reliability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The existing vulnerabilities in WSNs, such as concerns regarding data integrity and security, demand innovative security solutions. Through systematic analysis, this paper provides valuable insights to expand understanding of WSNs security, explaining the feasibility and benefits of deploying blockchain technology. Possible attacks in the networks are classified to point out either risks or potential solusions to protect the networks. By exploring the integration of Blockchain within WSNs, the paper highlights its potential to minimize various security risks. In addition, this work discusses the challenges and considerations associated with implementing Blockchain in WSNs. Overall, this paper contributes on securing WSNs and underscores the role of blockchain technology as a promising way for enhancing security of WSNs.
The present study explores the field of decentralized oracles, paying specific attention to the Chainlink network. Additionally, the study includes the creation of a decentralized finance (DeFi) trader smart contract that integrates Chainlink's oracles and price feeds. Moreover, it is discussed how decentralized oracles play a crucial role in facilitating connectivity between blockchain systems and external data sources, thereby bolstering operational capabilities and broadening the scope of functionalities available to blockchain applications. The principal aim of this research is to illustrate the incorporation and application of decentralized oracles in practical settings, particularly by means of the construction of a DeFi trader smart contract. The purpose of this contract is to utilize Chainlink's dependable and secure price feeds for the implementation of essential trading operations, including the initiation and processing of purchase and sale transactions, as well as the management of limit orders. The utilization of reliable and promptly available market data from Chainlink's decentralized oracle network enables the smart contract to facilitate efficient and transparent trading activities. The primary elements of this study entail a comprehensive examination of Chainlink's complex architectural framework, consisting of decentralized oracle networks (DONs) that collate and authenticate data from various origins to safeguard the accuracy and integrity of the data. The research also examines pertinent security issues such as Sybil attacks, data manipulation, and node collusion, and delves into different strategies to mitigate these risks, including cryptographic proofs, multi-source data aggregation, and robust consensus mechanisms. In summary, this investigation highlights the importance of decentralized oracles in enhancing the functionalities of blockchain technology and DeFi applications. The results emphasize the need for extensive implementation and incorporation of decentralized oracles in order to guarantee the sustained progress and prosperity of blockchain ecosystems. This study offers a thorough and technical analysis of the architecture, security, and practical uses of Chainlink decentralized oracles, providing valuable perspectives for the advancement of financial innovations based on blockchain technology.
This systematic review examines the role of blockchain technology in enhancing data security and preventing cyberattacks across various sectors. Blockchain's decentralized and immutable ledger system, secured through cryptographic mechanisms like cryptographic hashes and asymmetric encryption, offers robust protection against unauthorized access and data tampering. The study highlights blockchain's ability to maintain data integrity and immutability, essential for applications requiring high levels of trust, such as financial transactions and healthcare records. The review also emphasizes the significance of smart contracts, which automate and enforce contract terms, thereby reducing human error and fraud. Sector-specific applications in finance, healthcare, supply chain management, and the Internet of Things demonstrate blockchain's versatility in addressing diverse security challenges. However, significant challenges, including scalability issues, high energy consumption, and regulatory and legal hurdles, impede the widespread adoption of blockchain technology. Addressing these challenges is crucial for realizing blockchain's full potential in cybersecurity. This review underscores the need for continued research and development to overcome these obstacles and fully harness blockchain's capabilities in securing data and preventing cyberattacks.
A smart city is a complex system that combines various technologies to provide services and address urban challenges. It aims to minimize human involvement in management, operations, and finance. Blockchain technology is a key component of this system, simplifying procedures and reducing costs through asset decentralization. It enhances transparency, security, and eliminates data duplication. However, implementing blockchain technology in smart cities can be challenging due to lack of knowledge about governing organizations' physical structures. The chapter discusses current trends and challenges in implementing blockchain technology in smart cities, highlighting its potential to aid modernizing network technology and infrastructure management systems.
Salah Hamza Alharbi, Ali Musa Alzahrani, Toqeer Ali Syed, Saad Said Alqahtany
Remote healthcare monitoring (RHM) has become a pivotal component of modern healthcare, offering a crucial lifeline to numerous patients. Ensuring the integrity and privacy of the data generated and transmitted by IoT devices is of paramount importance. The integration of blockchain technology and smart contracts has emerged as a pioneering solution to fortify the security of internet of things (IoT) data transmissions within the realm of healthcare monitoring. In today’s healthcare landscape, the IoT plays a pivotal role in remotely monitoring and managing patients’ well-being. Furthermore, blockchain’s decentralized and immutable ledger ensures that all IoT data transactions are securely recorded, timestamped, and resistant to unauthorized modifications. This heightened level of data security is critical in healthcare, where the integrity and privacy of patient information are nonnegotiable. This research endeavors to harness the power of blockchain and smart contracts to establish a robust and tamper-proof framework for healthcare IoT data. Employing smart contracts, which are self-executing agreements programmed with predefined rules, enables us to automate and validate data transactions within the IoT ecosystem. These contracts execute automatically when specific conditions are met, eliminating the need for manual intervention and oversight. This automation not only streamlines the process of data processing but also enhances its accuracy and reliability by reducing the risk of human error. Additionally, smart contracts provide a transparent and tamper-proof mechanism for verifying the validity of transactions, thereby mitigating the risk of fraudulent activities. By leveraging smart contracts, organizations can ensure the integrity and efficiency of data transactions within the IoT ecosystem, leading to improved trust, transparency, and security. Our experiments demonstrate the application of a blockchain approach to secure transmissions in IoT for RHM, as will be illustrated in the paper. This showcases the practical applicability of blockchain technology in real-world scenarios.
In recent trends of growth in technologies, data management, maintenance of medical records, sharing of data, diagnosis of disease, and medication are the key areas where digital healthcare plays a vital role. Despite enormous improvement, handling huge amounts of data, privacy, secure sharing, accuracy, and computational speed remains challenging. Federated learning is a machine learning technology that allows distributed model training using users’ own data to train a model. The model update is done through a central server that aggregates individual users and sends a global model. This ensures privacy protection and is suitable for handling large data. Blockchain technology is a publicly distributed ledger that collects the information of nodes as blocks and sends a copy to all nodes in the network so that data transparency is maintained and secure. However, blockchain has a limitation in handling large volumes of data. In such cases, federated learning can be used with a blockchain for better performance. By integrating federated learning with blockchain, accurate prediction, computational speed, data security, privacy, and accuracy can be achieved. A comprehensive review of how various federated learning technologies can integrate with blockchain networks to achieve accuracy and efficiency is presented.