Blockchain Papers

João C. Ferreira, Ana Martins, Ulpan Tokkozhina, Berit Irene Helgheim

No abstract is available for this record.

Nisha Kamble, Shankar Mali, Chandrashekhar H. Patil

No abstract is available for this record.

Liping Bian, Rong Xiao, Ying Lü, Zhi‐Bin Luo

No abstract is available for this record.

Cristina Ramírez Meneses, Alix E. Rojas, Alexander García Dávalos

Today, the role of digital technologies represents a competitive advantage in the logistics of any supply chain and, at the same time, a great challenge for organizations, especially for SMEs and micro-enterprises, which are a fundamental part of the national economy. The development of this study is part of a larger project that has to do with the design of a cold chain inventory management model through IoT, Blockchain, and Cloud Computing for SMEs in Colombia. The work carried out in this first part consisted of a proof of concept (POC) to verify the technical feasibility of Industry 4.0 technologies in the management of goods in the last-mile urban distribution process in the cold chain. We assemble sensors in a portable device to measure control variables in the cold chain, develop the software that supports it, and carry out tests in a controlled setting. The results validate the expected functionality of the prototype but, above all, disclose conditions that must be considered. Finally, we discuss the applicability of the proposed device in the practical world and the future challenges for the subsequent phases.

Ulpan Tokkozhina, João C. Ferreira, Ana Martins

No abstract is available for this record.

Atima Tharatipyakul, Suporn Pongnumkul, Nithita Riansumrit, Siripra Kingchan · 5 authors

We explored the use of blockchain technology for traceability to improve the safety and value of food, focusing on the coffee supply chain as a case study. The main goal was to evaluate the feasibility in terms of design, perceived benefits, and challenges of applying blockchain and traceability from the users’ perspective. We implemented a prototype using a user-centered iterative interface design. Then we used the prototype to answer our research questions in mixed-method research, including in-depth interviews (10 participants) and a survey (350 participants) with stakeholders in the coffee supply chain in Thailand. The results showed that timeline-based design was preferred over map-based or text-based design for the visualization of traceability information and that blockchain was a promising technology, as 67% of the survey participants saw a positive influence of blockchain on the adoption of applications. The most notable benefits were origin checking and increasing product trustworthiness. The most notable challenges were inaccurate or incomplete information and the disclosure of trade secrets. More work is required to address the challenges for everyone in the supply chain ecosystem to adopt the proposed traceability system, including (1) providing trustworthiness and completeness of information by cross-checking with third parties or other users, (2) protecting sensitive information by aligning users’ interests or allowing control of information disclosure, and (3) educating and giving producers the motivation for the difficulty and the extra work.

Alexander Yohan, Nai‐Wei Lo, Kevin Valentino

Supply chain management is an integral part of most businesses because it could affect the sustainability of a business and the customer’s satisfaction. Various computerized SCM system have been proposed in order to built an effective and efficient supply chain management system. However, these existing systems are based on centralized architecture and could not fully integrate the supply chain data from its members. Furthermore, a centralized system architecture has a higher risk to suffer from single-point-of-failure issue. In this paper, a secure blockchain-based SCM framework is proposed. The proposed SCM framework adopts a data verification mechanism through the use of a unique shipment security token. The shipment security token is distributed via 2 channels: the physical and digital token distribution channel. The 2 channels token verification method secures the data stored in the blockchain ledger and makes it easy to trace the product data in the blockchain network. A prototype based on the proposed blockchain-based supply chain model is implemented to show the feasibility of the proposed framework design.

Sinead Quealy, Patrick J. Lynch, Narjis Hasan

No abstract is available for this record.

Stefan Seifermann, Indah Hapsara Murti, Janis Oberle

The paper deals with using blockchain technology for tracking and tracing in manufacturing supply chains. After reviewing the current state-of-the-art, basic requirements for tracking and tracing using blockchain technology are developed. In order to raise acceptance in the industry and to keep complexity and transaction costs low, the focus is set on minimum data transferred and stored in the blockchain. The resulting framework is transformed into a model that has been implemented in a Proof-of-Concept using smart contracts in the Ethereum blockchain. Several test cases were identified and have been used to verify the functionality of the framework and the Proof-of-Concept.

Vidhi Rambhia, Ruchi Mehta, Riya Shah, Vruddhi Mehta · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Yi Lu, Peng Li, He Xu

In this paper, a food anti-counterfeiting traceability system based on blockchain and the Internet of Things is proposed in response to the problems of data centre-based storage, easy data tampering and data silos in traditional food anti-counterfeiting traceability technology. The system makes use of the decentralized storage and untamperable characteristics of blockchain technology to store traceability data of food in the process of food production, sale and transportation, so as to ensure the uniqueness of food. At the same time, through the Internet of things technology to ensure the authenticity and reliability of the source data of the blockchain. The experimental results show that the system has higher security, lower transaction delay and lower communication cost.

Satit Kravenkit, Chakchai So–In

In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based framework involving a traceability system for product recall (TSPR) designed to develop a traceability system integrated into the product recall system deployed to the Ethereum to ensure the transparency and visibility of the recall process for all stakeholders. The proposed system incorporates all four stakeholders, including supply chain (SC) participants, the food safety regulatory system, the admin, and end customers, into one chain. In the proposed TSPR system, individual components are developed to provide primarily product traceability events, product recall data and status, which are stored in the blockchain to authorized stakeholders. Moreover, the entity relationship and activity diagram of the TSPR system are developed. In the experiment, we develop three smart contracts of the TSPR system using Remix IDE running on an Ethereum test network. A scenario of the events of product traceability and recall in the SC is developed. Two criteria are used to test the validation of contracts: the correct operation and measurement of gas costs. The results show the correctness of three smart contracts, thereby ensuring that the stakeholder chain is provided with visibility and transparency primarily for the product recall process. Moreover, the summation of gas costs deployed in the TSPR system in Ethereum Mainnet for the regulator and manufacturer is $30.23 and $111.54, respectively. However, when using the Polygon Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), the gas cost remains $0.022 and $0.083, respectively; thus, we recommend this system for stakeholders to help them achieve lower costs and increased economic worth.

Sotiris P. Gayialis, Evripidis P. Kechagias, Georgios A. Papadopoulos, Elias Kanakis

No abstract is available for this record.

Pratyush Kumar Patro, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Ibrar Yaqoob

Efficient traceability management is necessary for managing products in the fishery supply chain. Any negligence in products’ traceability can result in food fraud that may adversely affect the consumer’s health. Monitoring and tracking of the fishery supply chain operations can assist system stakeholders in identifying the origins and causes of product fraud and malpractice. Most of the existing systems and technologies used to manage the fishery supply chain processes fall short of providing traceability, accountability, transparency, reliability, trust, privacy, and security features. In this paper, we propose a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution to efficiently manage the fishery supply chain operations in a manner that is decentralized, transparent, traceable, secure, private, and trustworthy. We present the solution architecture and propose five smart contracts to automate the processes in fishery supply chain. We present ten algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and validation details. We conduct a security analysis to show that the proposed solution is both secure and trustworthy. We compare our solution with the existing blockchain and non-blockchain-based solutions to show its effectiveness and novelty. We make the smart contract code publicly available on GitHub.

Fokke Heikamp, Lei Pan, Rolando Trujillo-Rasúa, Sushmita Ruj · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Vimal Dwivedi, Alex Norta

No abstract is available for this record.

Cristian Valencia-Payan, José Fernando Grass Ramírez, Gustavo Ramírez-González, Juan Carlos Corrales

Recently there has been an increase in the use of Blockchain technology for multiple purposes; one of them has been food traceability. This technology has increased quality control, safety, and reliability. So, the producers are looking for better ways to trace the products at any supply chain stage to ensure their quality. A smart contract is a transaction protocol that execute automatically when a predefined set of conditions are met. In this paper, we propose a smart contract to monitor the status of the coffee beans in the transport and storage stages with data validation. Using the Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain tool, we deploy a test network of two actors, also known as organizations. The organizations come together to form a channel in the network. Each has a valid identity that helps them verify their signatures over any transaction. We selected JavaScript to write our proposed smart contract for experimental and evaluation purposes. To evaluate the smart Contract, we use Hyperledger Caliper, obtaining an average throughput of 10.4tps and average latency of 0.7s, being fast enough to be used in a real environment, considering the current control conditions of the coffee beans.

Lodovica Marchesi, Katiuscia Mannaro, Michele Marchesi, Roberto Tonelli

There is a growing demand for transparency along the agri-food chain, both from customers and governments. The adoption of blockchain technology to enable secure traceability for the management of the agri-food chain, provide information such as the provenance of a food product and prevent food fraud, is emerging rapidly, due to the inherent trust and inalterability provided by this technology. However, developing the right smart contracts for these use cases is even more of a challenge than it is for those used in other fields. Several management systems for the agri-food chain based on blockchain technology and smart contract have been proposed, all however ad-hoc for a specific product or production process and difficult to generalize. In this paper, we propose a new approach to easily customize and compose general Ethereum-based smart contracts designed for the agri-food industrial domain, to be able to reuse the code and modules and automate the process to shorten development times, while keeping it safe and reliable. Starting from the definition of the real production process, we aim to automatically generate both the smart contracts to manage the system and the user interfaces to interact with them, thus producing a system that works semi-automatically. Additionally, we describe a honey production case study to show how our approach works. Future work will first extend the scope of the approach to other supply chains, furthermore, while the current platform used is Ethereum, in the future our approach will be easily extended to other blockchain platforms.

Showkat Ahmad Bhat, Nen‐Fu Huang, Ishfaq Bashir Sofi, Muhammad Sultan

Modern-day agriculture supply chains have evolved from sovereign and autonomous local stakeholders to a worldwide interconnected system of multiple participants linked by complicated interactions, impacting the production, processing, transportation, and delivery of food to end consumers. Regular instances of fraudulent acts reveal a lack of openness in agriculture supply chains, raising worries about financial losses, eroding customer trust, and lowering corporate brand value. To develop an efficient and reliable trading environment, several fundamental modifications in the present supply chain architecture are required. There is broad consensus that blockchain can improve transparency in agriculture-food supply chains (agri-food SCs). Consumers now demand safe, sustainable, and equitable food production processes, and businesses are using blockchains and the internet of things to meet these needs. For enhanced responsiveness in agri-food SCs, new concepts have evolved that combine blockchains with various Industry 5.0 technologies (e.g., blockchain technology, big data, internet of things (IoT), radio frequency identification (RFID), near field communication (NFC), etc.). It is critical to cut through the hype and examine the technology’s limits, which might stymie its acceptance, implementation, and scalability in agri-food supply chains. This study presents Agri-SCM-BIoT (Agriculture Supply Chain Management using Blockchain and Internet of things) architecture to address the storage and scalability optimization, interoperability, security and privacy issues security, and privacy of personal data along with storage concerns with present single-chain agriculture supply chain systems. We also discussed the classification of security threats with IoT infrastructure and possible available blockchain-based defense mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the features of the proposed supply chain architecture, followed by a conclusion and future work.

Larissa P. Sidarto, Aditya Hamka

Demand for Halal food has significantly increased with the growing Muslim population and society’s interest in sustainable food production. However, there has been an increase in concerns regarding the Halal food labeling transparency process, with misleading labels found across the world. Blockchain-based traceability systems are a potential solution for current limitations in monitoring the production process of food due to its inherent decentralization and immutable nature. The technology allows stakeholders, including consumers, to promote farm-to-fork transparency, where traceability is a core component. This paper will explore the blockchain-based traceability system use case implemented by the Indonesian poultry player PT Sreeya Sewu Indonesia Tbk. Utilizing a blockchain-based system as a foundation for traceability shows promising results: data throughout the process is recorded permanently and difficult to tamper. Although the system does not eliminate the possibility of incorrect information being recorded, the same immutability characteristics will keep the new knowledge of fraud permanent if found during the audit. This layer of accountability contributes to the transparency that benefits both the consumers and stakeholders of the value chain.

Wang Fat Lau, Dennis Liu, Man Ho Au

Supply chain management is essential to regulated industries, e.g., food and drug manufacturing. Due to the complexity of the logistic and manufacturing procedures in reality, regulation enforcement and anti-counterfeiting is hard to achieve. To solve this issue, we present a blockchain-based supply chain system which the design is based on the logistic behavioral patterns in the literature, as well as the real-world settings of the industries. Our system had deployed to existing drugs manufacturers and wholesalers in Chain, however, it is possible to apply on any industry. Our design also incorporates digital identity management and quality monitoring, which are the essential services of supply chain management systems. We also analyze the efficiency of our implementation on a typical cloud platform. Our system is efficient and practical for real deployment based on our experimental results.

Matteo Pio Prencipe, Behzad Maleki Vishkaei, Pietro De Giovanni

This chapter identifies the existing challenges in the winery industry and proposes to analyze their resolution by the adoption of blockchain technology. Blockchain allows the traceability of the whole process linked to wine production, from the cultivation of the grapes to the distribution of the bottles. Blockchain allows winery firms to unlock the potential value existing in some processes, especially when they create a competitive advantage. The chapter investigates these concepts within the case of Cantina Volpone, which has been the first case in Italy to adopt blockchain technology in the winery industry. This chapter studies the implementation path for blockchain technology in the winery industry and highlights the operational and financial challenges emerging from its adoption.

Luisanna Cocco, Roberto Tonelli, Michele Marchesi

This work presents how a digital identity management system can support food supply chains in guaranteeing the quality of the products marketed and the compliance of the several supply-chain’s nodes to standards and technical regulations. Specific goal of this work is to present a system that provides full visibility of process/food certifications, which nowadays are issued by accredited and approved certification bodies (issuers) and delivered and stored in paper version by the several participants (holders) of the supply chain. The system is designed and implemented by combining the latest most innovative and disruptive technologies in the market—Self Sovereign Identity system, Blockchain, and Inter Planetary File System. The crucial aspects that it aims to hit are the storage and access of food/process certifications, and the proper eligibility verification of these certifications exploiting the concepts of the Self Sovereign Identity-based models. The proposed system, realized by using standards that are WWW Consortium-compatible and the Ethereum Blockchain, ensures eligibility, transparency, and traceability of the certifications along a food supply chain, and could be an innovation model/idea that the companies that adopt the Open Innovation paradigm might want to pursue.

Nino Adamashvili, Radu State, Caterina Tricase, Mariantonietta Fiore

The wine sector is one of the most ‘amazing’ and significant agri-food sectors worldwide since ancient times, considering revenue or employment as well as health aspects. This article aims to describe the impact of the implementation of blockchain technology (BCT) in the wine supply chain. After the literature review, the study is based on Agent Based Models (ABMs) and carried out by the GAMA program. Then, the model and simulation of BCT wine supply chain is designed. Finally, the paper compares traditional and BCT-based supply chains, and the advantages of the last one are evident. Blockchain is a useful tool to ensure a traceability system and to protect the production from any type of fraud and contamination.