The paper clarifies the main problems of the development of social infrastructure of territorial communities, associated with high levels of wearing and low energy efficiency of institutions, disorder of property relations, low level of budget funding and lack of effective incentives to attract alternative sources of funding, imperfect system of territorial location institutions of social sphere. The reformation of administrative and territorial decentralization promotes strengthening of the local authorities role in the management of social infrastructure, increasing the autonomy of institutions and active involvement of public in solving problems of their management. The success of the territorial community development depends not only on the availability of the developed social infrastructure, but also on the community ability to turn it into the development asset. This requires improving the efficiency of management, reconciling the interests of all stakeholders in identifying ways to develop it, and finding effective forms of interaction. The paper identifies and analyzes the interests and conflicts of interest of the main stakeholders of the territorial communities social infrastructure. The main forms of their interaction such as: public and private partnership, social entrepreneurship, social order, socially responsible investments, community funds, public funding (crowdfunding) are analyzed. In the author’s opinion, the directions of improving the management of territorial communities social infrastructure are as follows: searching effective forms of interaction between the state, public, business, which would ensure the development of social infrastructure of community, contribute to the expanding of access and increase the quality of social services, bring their quantitative and qualitative parameters to the standarts of developed countries; maximum balancing of territorial proportions with real demand in social infrastructure institutions; streamlining the ownership to the social infrastructure facilities and eliminating conflicts of interest of management entities at different levels; increasing the efficiency of budget financing by streamlining the network of institutions and bringing it in line with the demographic situation in the community, the labor market.
It is studied that decentralization as a multifaceted phenomenon that determines the centrifugal processes in the state, is both a principle and a method and a feature of public administration. It provides for the transfer of powers and responsibilities from the central government to the lower levels of government and to the private sector. In addition, decentralization presupposes the delegation of certain powers and responsibilities to subordinates, giving them greater freedom of will and, with it, greater responsibility. In the context of the transformation of social processes, the decentralization of management of Ukrainian society is an important factor in stimulating the democratization of education. Occasionally, foreign experience in decentralizing education management and improving its quality at various stages of the educational process should be used. The article emphasizes the possibility of using in Ukraine the following achievements of the Polish experience of decentralization of basic education management: at the national level – on approaches to funding at the local government level, public policy in the field of curricula, textbooks, teacher training, transparent mechanisms for quality control of education (inspection service, external evaluation, education quality monitoring system); at the level of local governments – on the financing of schools and the implementation of educational policy in accordance with local needs, community involvement in education, monitoring the quality of education at the local level; at the level of educational institutions – to involve the public in school development planning, conducting self-assessment of school work. It is determined that the decentralization of public administration, as evidenced by international experience, is a significant incentive for democratization of education, and thus better meet the educational needs of each person, effective use of local resources in education and socialization of education, which is reflected in the spread of new tools of public influence on the education system, increasing the autonomy of educational institutions and their role as public institutions.
The article is aimed at critical evaluation and comparison of the modern and the preliminary approaches to financial provision and accounting in the sphere of education to develop recommendations for eliminating gaps and shortcomings, organizing an effective information system of management for educational institutions and rationally spending budget funds in them. As a result of the research, the impact of changes in the management and financing system on the organization of accounting is proved, new conditions and requirements for such organization in educational institutions of territorial communities are allocated. Based on the analysis of indicators of revenues and directions of expenditures of local budgets, it is concluded about an optimistic forecast of the development of the education sector of territorial communities. The impact of innovations in terms of financing and administrative transformations on the education management system in villages and settlements, as well as the organization of accounting in them, is identified. The peculiarities and organizational specifics of the formation of accounting entities, the powers of education management bodies in the implementation of the task of creating an accounting system for the implementation of the budget are determined. It is substantiated that granting autonomy to educational institutions has a positive impact on the management of them and their financial resources, but significantly complicates the issue of accounting. To solve some problematic issues, a general scheme for the formation of a accounting system in the sphere of education in the conditions of decentralization and a step-by-step scheme for the implementation of this task have been built. Prospects for further research in this direction are the formation of methodology and techniques for accounting operations carried out by educational entities, in particular, accounting display of tender and other purchases; development of recommendations on the economic substantiation of the decision on the choice of accounting method by the educational institution. Further development of research on the issues of keeping and organizing accounting in the sphere of education in the context of decentralization will increase the efficiency of spending budget funds and contribute to the growth of the quality of educational services.
Анастасія Сергіївна Полторак, O. Melnyk, Inna Baryshevska, Zh. Ihnatenko
A. Poltorak, O. Melnyk, I. Baryshevska, Zh. Ihnatenko. Alternative sources of funding for the development of united territorial communities The article proves that it is important to strengthen financial capacity of united territorial communities through different financial and socio-economic mechanisms in the modern conditions of communities’ decentralization and further development. The article analyzes the current trends in financing the development of united territorial communities, reveals the benefits and opportunities for attracting alternative sources of funding. An algorithm for attracting grant funds for the development of UTC and other proposals that will increase the financial capacity of UTC in the long term and the implementation of local development initiatives are proposed. Keywords: alternative sources of financing, united territorial communities, grant funds, projects, financial capacity.
Over the past three decades, economic transformations and dynamic growth in a number of developing countries have led to a significant increase of their role in the global economy. However, despite the shift in the centre of global economic activity from West to East, the US dollar continues to dominate the international monetary system. The COVID 19 pandemic has disrupted sustainable trade and financial flows, limiting the access of governments and companies in developing countries to international liquidity. The global recession has increased the importance of regional and local factors in the recovery of global economic growth. The current trends in the regionalization of international economic relations, along with the need to finance external debt, create objective prerequisites for a more active use of the currencies of developing countries in the international monetary system. To identify this potential, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the current positions of developed and developing countries in the world economy and world finance. Internationalization of developing countries› currencies in the international monetary system depends on creation of a number of favourable macroeconomic, institutional and structural conditions. Macroeconomic conditions are: control over the dynamics of nominal per capita income to ensure competitive advantages for exporters; an increase in the share of sovereign debt obligations as a potential reserve asset in the total volume of external debt; improving the performance of the international investment position by increasing the share of high-yield assets of developing countries. Institutional conditions include the internationalization of high-tech companies and the creation of nationally oriented mechanisms and standards for regulating financial markets. The development of existing and creation of new payment and settlement systems based on digital currencies and distributed ledger technology are the main structural conditions for increasing the international competitiveness of the developing countries’ currencies. The authors conclude that only a comprehensive implementation of these conditions will provide a more decentralized nature of the international monetary system in the long term. Acknowledgements. The article was prepared based on the results of studies carried out at the expense of budgetary funds on the state assignment of the Financial University for fundamental research work “Competition of currencies in the international monetary system”.
Стаття присвячена адміністративно-правовому регулюванню ринку криптовалют в Украї- ні. Ринок криптоактивів протягом останніх років розвивається швидкими темпами. За даними авторитетної криптобіржі, «Сoingecko» станом на кінець березня 2021 року загальна капіта- лізація криптовалют складає більше 1 трлн. 760 млрд. дол. США, потенційно регулювання тако- го ринку може принести значні надходження до бюджету. Виявлено, що нагальною потребою учасників ринку криптовалют є вихід із тіні, тобто необхідність його легалізації, проте небез- печно створювати такий ринок без державного регулювання – це може мати значні ризики для фінансової стабільності та економічної безпеки держави. У статті наведено можливі варіан- ти адміністративно-правових методів державного регулювання ринку криптовалют. Державне регулювання ринку криптовалют – це система заходів задля здійснення підтримуючої, компен- саційної та регулюючої діяльності держави, спрямованої на створення ефективного функціону- вання ринку криптовалют. Основні складові частини системи державного регулювання ринку криптовалют: цілі та завдання державного регулювання; методи, принципи та інструменти державного регулювання; процес державного регулювання; ресурсне забезпечення державного регулювання. Досліджено стан адміністративно-правового регулювання ринку криптоактивів в Україні та виявлено, що на сьогодні державне регулювання такого ринку фактично не здій- снюється, хоча в 2020 році Україна зробила перші кроки для становлення такого ринку при- йнявши відповідні законодавчі акти. Адміністративно-правове регулювання ринку криптовалют в Україні повинно вирішувати такі завдання: стимулювати та розвивати діяльність, пов’язану з видобування криптовалют; захищати права та законні інтереси професійних учасників рин- ку криптовалют та їхніх клієнтів; врегулювати взаємовідносини професійних учасників ринку криптовалют.
Introduction. The decentralization reform, which began in 2014, aims not only to change the administrative structure of Ukraine, but also to change the budget system, which leads to an increase in potential risks of inefficient use of budget funds. To minimize the negative consequences of such risks, the public that is most interested in achieving the goals set by the local community budget should be used. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the implementation of public control over the use of resources of local budgets in the territorial communities of Ukraine. Methods. The study used methods of analysis and synthesis to study the tools of public scrutiny and surveys to identify the views of civil society activists and experts on public scrutiny during decentralization reform. Results. The levels and tools of public control over the implementation of local budgets of amalgamated communities were identified in this work. There are four levels: information, consultation, dialogue, partnership. Emphasis is placed on the main instruments of public scrutiny, which include: public hearings, elements of e-democracy, advisory bodies, public councils and local elections. The results of a sociological survey (by conducting a survey) of public activists and specialists in the field of local finance in Lviv and Kharkiv regions are presented. According to most respondents, NGOs have more opportunities to control the spending of local budgets. The expediency of public control over local budgets was supported by the majority of respondents. Discussion of the use of budget funds, according to most respondents, is the most effective tool for public participation. The main problems, according to the survey, in the process of using budget funds are the low level of transparency of budget planning and implementation, as well as low efficiency of filling and spending budget funds. According to the results of the study, a number of obstacles to public control over the effective use of budget funds were identified. Descussion. Further research on public control over the observance of the budgets of territorial communities should focus on the legal features of such measures, as well as the prospects for the use of the tools defined in the article in the future.
The authors prove that decentralization of power and local governance reform have necessitated the reconsideration of the priorities in the rational environmental management, including resource conservation and energy efficiency at the level of amalhamated territorial communities (ATCs). Thus, it becomes necessary to transform the existing control system over the economic development of natural resource potential and environmental protection. It is substantiated that in the situation when new energy indicators are being implemented, numerous problems become mainstream, e.g. increase in the energy production output from renewable sources, e.g. solid and gaseous fuel on the basis of waste disposal. It is proved that the effective implementation of waste disposal projects is possible provided that the economic mechanism of resource conservation and energy efficiency is institutionalized at the level of ATC, which will provide budgetary, fiscal and credit prerequisites to increase financial support for modern waste management industry. The research carries out shows that in 2007–2021, the dynamics of the real volume of local budget expenditures on waste disposal has been declining, due to the lack of interest among local authorities in financing resource conservation and energy efficiency projects. It is established that the achievement of positive results in the financing of waste disposal directly depends on pooling part of the rent for the special use of natural resources and environmental tax in special funds within local budgets. It is substantiated that targeting natural resources and environmental payments accumulated in local government budgets will increase funding for waste disposal, thus increasing the use of the material substance of household waste and waste from agricultural and forestry production to produce solid and gaseous fuel. It is proved that the state should provide incentives for local governments to enhance resource conservation and energy efficiency based on waste disposal due to participation in financing and indirect promotion of such projects.
The article substantiates the prerequisites, prospects and advantages of creating an innovation ecosystem at different levels of its formation. The main approaches to defining the essence of the concept of innovation ecosystems in both domestic and foreign specialized literature and their adaptability to the regional level are analyzed and grouped. The harmonious innovation ecosystem is a sign of a progressive society, which is identified by the symbiotic functioning of people and organizations, the result of which is the production of conscious innovations. The author outlines the stages of formation of the regional innovation ecosystem, the circle of its participants and ways of their interaction. For each stage, the procedures for its implementation, the main characteristic features and processes of transition from one to another are determined. The main feature of the creation and functioning of the regional ecosystem is the stable, constant interaction of its participants with educational and scientific institutions, as well as the adaptability of these institutions to the variability of the external environment. The article describes certain elements of foreign experience in the development of regional ecosystems and their implementation in Ukraine. Awareness of the existence or prerequisites for creating an effective regional ecosystem is the first step towards effective regional management and activation of the potential of the national economy. On the one hand, in the context of decentralization, local self-government bodies get maximum freedom in creating organizational elements of the regional innovation ecosystem, supporting scientific and human resources and the communication business environment. The author emphasizes that without the State support it is impossible to create conditions for the protectionism of innovation activity, to activate investment potential, to stimulate the necessary forms and methods of financing the relevant activity. Therefore, work at the regional level in terms of innovation should be carried out simultaneously following two directions of the hierarchy: from bottom up and from top to bottom in constant cooperation and coordination of own actions. As a result, priority directions of the State and regional support for the development of regional innovation ecosystems on the basis of the main specific platforms or technologies are substantiated.
It is determined that school as a center of human capital formation, and as an institution requiring effective funding and management is the asset of the territorial community development. The main problems of the development of educational network of territorial communities in Lviv region related to the inconsistency of the educational network development to the demographic situation in the region, as well as the inefficient management system of educational institutions are identified in this paper. Non-optimized educational network is a burden on the development of the local community, as the community is forced to spend its own funds to finance educational needs, which in turn limits the funding of other activities, including infrastructure expenditures, development expenditures which are important for community life. The implementation of administrative and territorial decentralization reform faciliated the strengthening of local authorities role in educational infrastructure management, the increase of educational institutions autonomy and active public involvement in solving the problems of their management. The main tools for optimizing the educational network of local communities in the context of decentralization reform are identified and analyzed in this paper. The author considers them as: change of the principles of funding and transition to «funding per student», use of educational subvention and quantitative criteria for funding schools from the state budget, formation of educational districts and support institutions. Compared to other regions, Lviv region has dynamically reformed its educational network. However, the united territorial communities of Lviv region are less active founders of basic educational institutions than districts, and the students who study there, demonstrate lower level of knowledge in the assessment of the state final attestation and externally independent assessment. The influence of the educational subvention on the changes of the educational network in Lviv region is determined. It is determined that the use of buffers in the calculation of the index of financial capacity of the school network in 2021, significantly affected the level of differentiation of the index of financial capacity. This approach can be an obstacle to the optimization of the school network.
The article aims at assessing cryptocurrency dynamics in global economy; studying the prospects and risks of its use in business activities; suggesting approaches to recognize, record and value cryptocurrency in the accounting system of domestic enterprises. The article considers the prospects and risks of using cryptocurrencies by domestic businesses and identifies the importance of developing digital assets at an enterprise. The urgency of developing such accounting and of the necessity to manage cryptocurrencies at an enterprise is substantiated. It is established that the attitude to cryptocurrency and the level of development of the regulatory field significantly vary from state to state, and thus international regulations govern neither the use of nor accounting for such assets. The article substantiates the compliance of cryptocurrency with the recognition criteria for enterprise assets, thus making it necessary and possible for an enterprise accounting system to recognize cryptocurrency. The authors substantiate the options for attributing cryptocurrency to various types of enterprise assets. Due to the lack of regulation of cryptocurrency accounting at the legislative level, guidelines are suggested for the cryptocurrency accounting process, which include options for classifying cryptocurrency depending on the purpose of its use, namely: classifying cryptocurrency as intangible enterprise assets, but distinguishing between current and non-current assets, and monetary and non-monetary ones. Each of these options is accompanied by the use of separate accounts and the order of recording the valuation, use and disposal of cryptocurrency. Necessity to revalue cryptocurrencies due to their high volatility is substantiated. It is suggested to conduct revaluation of cryptocurrency to ensure objective valuation of assets and that of the enterprise in the form of revaluation (increase/decrease in the value) and by determining exchange rate differences.
Introduction. The digitalization of the economy is closely linked to the formation of an effective legal framework. Any development or operation of digital instruments must be accompanied by appropriate financial and legal regulation. The study of the functioning of digital financial assets allowed us to conclude that, unfortunately, their rapid development is observed against the background of the lag of regulatory regulation of the relevant legal relations that are formed as a result of such activities. A critical scientific analysis of international experience in the field of financial regulation of cryptocurrencies has identified a number of key generalizations. The purpose of the article is to identify the main markers of digital financial assets, study international experience in financial regulation of virtual assets, including cryptocurrencies, identify opportunities to implement positive foreign practices to Ukrainian realities and diagnose the current state and prospects of cryptocurrency in Ukraine. Results. The specific characteristics of digital financial assets are substantiated, namely: freedom of issue, availability of cryptocurrencies, absence of intermediaries, high degree of protection, openness to developers, integration with the latest technologies that produce new digital products. The international practice of state regulation of cryptocurrencies is generalized in terms of both the interpretation of the conceptual apparatus and in view of the qualification of the mechanism of conducting operations with digital assets. It is proved that in Ukraine from the point of view of legal regulation of cryptocurrency is still outside the full framework of the legal field of domestic legislation. The main innovations and specifics of regulation of the market of virtual assets in accordance with modern Ukrainian realities are determined. Conclusions. The difference between national laws in the field of regulation of virtual assets is proved. It is argued that the main vector of regulation is aimed at strengthening control over the transparency and accountability of transactions with virtual assets, cybersecurity and mandatory user verification. The main directions of increasing the settlement and trust in virtual assets are formulated: production of standards and rules of cryptocurrency circulation, in order to bring it to the rank of a competitive means of payment; consolidation of the official status of cryptocurrency; formation of an open ecosystem through effective interaction of all participants in the process of buying / selling cryptocurrency; formation of a legal trading platform for cryptocurrency circulation; support of information literacy of the population to understand the benefits and risks of virtual currency etc.
Hanna V. Oleksyuk, Nazariy Popadynets, Nataliya Samotiy
After local elections were held in Ukraine in October 2020 based on the new territorial ground of communities and districts, all communities received equal competencies and basic opportunities to generate their capacity and development foundations (namely, the use of single terminology – rural, town, and municipal territorial communities). Nowadays, the authorities of territorial communities should continuously improve the management foundations and methods to create conditions for the dynamic development of the territory, since the competition among the territories is growing. The paper aims to examine and research the available approaches to marketing of territorial communities’ territories and develop recommendations on modeling the management of territorial communities based on territorial marketing as the most efficient way to manage communities to secure their competitiveness and sustainable development. The conditions to improve new approaches in the management of territorial communities, in particular based on the advantages of territorial marketing, strengthen the role of marketing tools in the development of communities, and improve their competitive ability and attractiveness were created in the context of finalization of the process of authorities and finance decentralization in Ukraine, local governance reform, and administrative-territorial reform. On this ground, the need to use the marketing approach to the development of territorial management foundations using the marketing complex (goods, prices, promotion, distribution) and supplementing it with the features of qualitative and quantitative characteristics peculiar to territorial communities in current conditions is emphasized. The conceptual scheme of managing the communities based on territorial marketing using well-known elements of complex management like analysis, planning, organization, motivation, and control is suggested and substantiated.
Purpose. The aim of the article is elaboration of theoretical and practical aspects of definition and functioning of cryptocurrencies as money. Methodology of research. The following methods were used in the study: statistical analysis and comparison – in the study of problematic aspects of the definition of cryptocurrency as a kind of money; logical assessment – in substantiating the principles of determining cryptocurrency as a kind of money; generalization – in the process of formulating conclusions based on the results of the analysis. Findings. It is established that money is a financial asset with high liquidity, which can be quickly converted into paper money or coins, serve as an intermediary in money circulation (i.e. play the role of equivalent in exchange) and can be used for savings and therefore anything that can function as money, are money (including cryptocurrency coins). It is substantiated that cryptocurrency coins, as a type of money, perform the following functions: there is a potential to perform the function of a measure of value after reducing the significant volatility of the value of cryptocurrencies; partly as a medium of exchange due to high volatility, regulatory resistance and low prevalence, but prevalence will increase as traditional payment systems begin to integrate cryptocurrencies, cryptocurrencies have high convenience and inclusiveness, have the potential to reduce transaction costs, increase settlement speeds, develop cryptocurrency markets and increasing their prevalence; due to opposition from ESG investors and regulators, low confidence from a significant number of citizens (especially over the age of forty) and a significant speculative component of cryptocurrency coins, only partially serve as a means of accumulation, however, the demand for cryptocurrencies from investors is constantly growing. Originality. The definition of cryptocurrency (cryptocurrency coin, cryptocoin) as a new digital type of money, which can measure the value of goods, services and other currencies, used for circulation, savings and investment, protected by cryptographic code with the inability to counterfeit or copy, and issue which everyone has the opportunity with the Internet and the necessary equipment with complete anonymity of the issuer (miner). Practical value. The main results of the conducted study will create favourable conditions for a better understanding of cryptocurrency as a new type of money, which will allow them to be more widely used in the economic activities of businesses and countries. Key words: money, cryptocurrency, cryptocoin, cryptocurrency coin, mining, cryptocurrency functions, Ethereum, Monero, monetary aggregate.
Vasyl A. Holian, Nataliia Medynska, Yu.B. Zastavnyy
It is determined that the economic mechanism of economic management of the nature is a set of methods, means, instruments and forms of budget-tax and financial-credit regulation of economic development and use in the reproduction process of the natural component of national wealth, as well as the implementation of activities aimed at the reproduction of natural resource potential and environmental protection. It is substantiated that in the current socioeconomic and political-legal conditions, the economic mechanism of economic management of the nature operates with an overly narrowed specification of methods and instruments, which makes it impossible to fully ensure a sufficient level of financing for the implementation of environmental projects and priorities for expanded reproduction and enhance of the natural resource potential. It is proved that in the unfavorable conditions of the European natural gas market for the national economy and crisis phenomena caused by the curtailment of business activity due to the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, budgetary opportunities for financing environmental expenditures are limited. Researches have shown that in the dynamics of the real value of environmental expenditures of both the State and local budgets in 2002-2020 in general, there is a downward trend, which indicates a real decrease in the volume of public financing of environmental protection. It is substantiated that due to the deregulation of land relations, that is, the transfer of the State-owned agricultural land outside settlements to communal ownership, additional resource opportunities have been formed to increase the efficiency of the use of instruments of the economic mechanism of economic management of the nature at the local level. It is determined that in the conditions of an overly unified system of budget and tax regulation of economic management of the nature and limited opportunities for financing environmental activities, ensuring a high level of efficiency of functioning of the economic mechanism of economic management of the nature at the local level requires the installation of a complex of incentives into the range of its instruments and methods. Such incentives will orient the entities of agrarian entrepreneurship to the introduction of additional capacities of organic farming, organic cattle breeding and organic feed production. It is substantiated that such incentives are represented by tax and budget preferences.
Introduction. Cryptocurrency is a relatively new financial market instrument, but due to a lack of the fundamental principles of the legal regulation and legal regulation of market of cryptocurrency, individuals and legal entities, who have at their disposal the virtual assets are effectively deprived of an effective way to protect their ownership of such assets. The following key features of cryptocurrency are outlined: lack of control and restrictions on financial transactions, anonymity, the possibility of using it as an investment tool, the speed of transactions, a high degree of security. The purpose of the paper is explores the question of definition of legal essence, the maintenance of cryptocurrency is investigated. Results. Nature and legal uncertainty does not allow it to be identified with any of the related concepts (money, securities, currency value, means of payment, currency, money surrogate, etc.). That is, cryptocurrencies are currently in Ukraine outside the scope of legal regulation. The analysis of definition of a concept of cryptocurrency in the draft law on circulation of cryptocurrencies in Ukraine is carried out; prospects for the legislative implementation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine, in addition, the author draws attention to the novelties of the legislation on financial monitoring, namely certain provisions of the Law of Ukraine “On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime, Financing of Terrorism and Financing of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferation”. Conclusion. The analysis of the characteristics of cryptocurrency leads to a conclusion that the cryptocurrency can be understood as electronic money. The paper presents a vision of further trends in the use of cryptocurrency in everyday life and business environment, opens up an opportunity for further research in the field of the cryptocurrency market, further development of Ukraine and integration to the world financial system.
The article discusses the topical issue of the present day: decentralization and its budget efficiency (on the example of the Pavlivska amalgamated hromada in the Volyn region). A significant feature of decentralization today is voluntary association with other territories in order to improve living conditions and development of the area. Decentralization facilitates the improvement of investment climate, forms an efficient environment for attracting investments and financing the activities of Ukrainian regions. That is why decentralization allows amalgamated hromadas to reveal their internal potentials. The result of local self-government depends on the appropriate use of financial resources, independent resolution of regional issues. The publication uses indicators of budget self-sufficiency, budget effectiveness, budget transparency to analyze the budget efficiency of the territorial community, based on an assessment of the level of implementation of the distribution and redistribution of the local budget of the amalgamated hromada. Budget self-sufficiency demonstrates how the territorial community can develop itself, budget effectiveness is responsible for the expenditure part and the result of these costs, and budget transparency — for insightfulness and openness of information for citizens. The introduction of decentralization aims to improve the system of management of territorial communities and the system of administrative and territorial structure of the country, with the improvement of the state of residence and development of citizens regardless of their place of residence. With the help of decentralization, the investment climate of the country is improving and an efficient environment is being formed to attract foreign and domestic investors. Financing of territories allows opening up new opportunities for the evolvement of amalgamated hromadas.
Introduction. The new financial support mechanism defined by the relevant laws of Ukraine, the introduction of national accounting standards and a chart of accounts for the public sector, decentralization and other transformation processes have significantly influenced both the education financing system and the organization and methodology of accounting. But the desire to improve these systems currently does not fully correspond to the existing realities and requirements, including modern management. The purpose of the article is to study the mechanism for the formation and use of financial support for educational institutions - colleges in the context of organizational and accounting aspects, as well as the development of proposals for their clarification and improvement (including accounting policy). Methods (technique). The study uses general scientific methods, including theoretical generalization and analysis - to identify the specifics of financing educational institutions in the context of transformational changes, modeling - in order to form an effective financing mechanism and develop accounting policies to regulate alternatives that exist in the financial provision of educational institutions. Results. According to the results of the study of the current legislation, it was established that financial support of state institutions of professional higher education is carried out at the expense of the state (or local) budget on the basis of a state (or regional) order for payment for training services. There is also the possibility of financing from other sources not prohibited by law, with the obligatory observance of the principles of targeted and effective use of funds, publicity and transparency of decision-making. Based on the results of the research, a model of financial support for educational institutions was built, taking into account additional sources of funding, which are divided into external and internal, and also justified recommendations for the development of accounting policies for their reflection in accounting.
Introduction. One of the indicators of society's development is the current system of social protection, its effective organization ensures the stable development of society. In the context of decentralization of budgetary powers, local authorities become guarantors of social protection and direct providers of public services, whose main task is to provide citizens with an adequate level of social protection, which is carried out in accordance with state standards. The purpose of the article is to research of the social protection of the population in the conditions of budget decentralization and substantiation of proposals for its improvement in terms of improving the efficiency of social services. Results. The centralized and decentralized models of social protection in Ukraine were considered. The powers of central and local authorities in the implementation of social protection and the provision of social services were systematized. The dynamics of expenditures on social protection from the state budget, local budgets and state extra-budgetary funds was analyzed. Data on changes in the distribution of expenditures between state and local budgets were presented. Conclusions. The main directions of financing the social protection system were indicated. The advantages of the decentralized model of public services over the centralized one were emphasized. In the context of improving the effectiveness of social protection and the quality of social services, it is proposed to reduce the hierarchical network of budgetary institutions in the field of social services, monitoring and analyzing the number of socially vulnerable groups and providing social services on a competitive basis. The implementation of the proposed measures will improve the social protection system and will allow more rational use of public funds.
The focus on graduates who could operate new technologies and knowledge that will meet the needs of the information society, and optimization of the network of institutions in accordance with the needs of the regional labor market are important priorities in reforming the vocational education system. Under the influence of the decentralization reform, the powers of vocational education management are transferred to the regional level, and the cooperation of educational institutions with local authorities and employers is strengthened. The aim of the article is to identify the main trends and generalize the problems of the development of vocational education under the influence of decentralization reform (on the example of Lviv region). In the study of trends and problems in the development of vocational education in the context of decentralization reform, such general scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, abstraction, generalization, as well as statistical research methods are used. The article analyzes the main trends and problems of vocational education development in Lviv region. The peculiarities of financing and property management of vocational education institutions in the context of decentralization reform are clarified. The most important problems in the development of vocational education include: the inconsistency of the network of institutions with the demographic situation in society; reduction of the prestige of vocational education and low level of financial, logistical, and personnel support of institutions; the discrepancy between the demand for workers and the supply of personnel trained by vocational education institutions; lack of legislative provision of vocational education that would meet modern realities and developed professional standards for assessing the quality of graduate training.
Олександр Сергійович Омельчук, О. С. Омельчук, Александр Сергеевич Омельчук, Oleksandr Serhiyovych Omelchuk · 13 authors
The article analyzes the legal nature and specific of legal regulation of cryptocurrency in order to reveal the features of inheritance of cryptocurrency assets. The article aims to reveal whether it is possible to inherit cryptocurrency in terms of the existent legislation and if so, what kind of peculiarities of cryptocurrency should be considered. The financial and legal nature of cryptocurrency are described in the article. The main differences between cryptocurrency and traditional electronic money are revealed. The current legislation of Ukraine and some European countries on cryptocurrency legal status is analyzed. It is stated, that in most countries of the world, cryptocurrency is not considered to be money or currency, but rather a kind of property. It is noted, that while solving the issue of inclusion of cryptocurrency assets in the legacy, it is necessary to take into account the functional features of cryptocurrencies in general and the specifics of a particular type of cryptocurrency. Most of the benefits of cryptocurrencies for their owner (such as anonymous character) are obstacles to their inheritance according to the procedures provided by applicable law. The classification of the methods of inheritance of cryptocurrency assets is made in the article. The differences in the inheritance of cryptocurrency and tokens are revealed.