Exploring mechanisms for internal data sharing within government departments is important in advancing digital and intelligent society. This paper is based on the establishment of decentralized nodes on the external network of government departments, constructing a decentralized node, and establishing a government internal data sharing model based on blockchain. Subsequently, integrating attribute fields from government data into the shared model, accompanied by the formulation of data-sharing rules through smart contracts, serves to streamline the implementation of efficient and secure cross-validation mechanisms across diverse departments. Finally, this article concludes by conducting a model performance testing experiment, evaluating the model from three perspectives: storage cost, blockchain performance, and security analysis. The test results show that our model enhances the efficiency of querying and retrieving data within the government's internal data-sharing system, effectively addressing challenges such as low efficiency, high costs, and issues related to the security and real-time aspects of data sharing within the government. Overall, our article provides a new way of thinking about government data sharing.
The use of new technologies, including blockchain and NFT, can become a tool to ensure protection of rights and legitimate interests of copyright holders and stimulate innovation in various fields. The paper considers two legal problems related to the deposit and turnover of the results of intellectual activities, including copyrighted works. The first problem is the possibility of using blockchain technology to deposit such works. The paper provides an overview of main methods of fixing the fact of existence of a copyrighted work, including options without depositing and with depositing. The author concludes that depositing an object of copyright, including blockchain, does not mean its use in the sense of civil law. The second problem is the turnover of rights to deposited objects. The author suggests the best way for the copyright holder, i. e., depositing the result of intellectual activity with subsequent transfer of the NFT to the copyright holder. This solution will make it possible to equate the transfer of NFT with the transfer of the exclusive right to the work.
This article examines the lack of a clear legal definition of a smart contract in Russian legislation and its impact on the legal status, interpretation, regulation and practical implementation of this technology. The authors consider various attempts to introduce the term ‘smart contract’ into Russian legislation and analyze the proposed definitions of a smart contract from various parties. The key legal and practical problems associated with the use of smart contracts are highlighted, such as uncertainty of status, difficulties of interpretation, possible failures, limited flexibility, impossibility of changes and procedures for concluding. The article also emphasizes the need to develop a balanced and clear legal regulation of smart contracts in Russia, taking into account the technical and legal aspects of this technology and ensuring the protection of the interests of all parties.
This article considers controversial issues of the legal nature of cryptocurrency as an object of civil rights. Did the research of existing law of nature of non-cash money and cryptocurrency, forms of its negotiability and prospects of its use in civil turnover is carried out.
This scientific article explores the prospects for the development of smart contracts in the Russian Federation, considering them as a means of fulfilling obligations. Given the lack of legal consolidation of blockchain technology in Russia, the authors present the concept of the “digital ruble” platform, developed by the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, as an alternative to blockchain for the implementation of smart contracts. The structure of the article includes the main elements of the organization of smart contracts and the regulation of civil law relations, such as smart contracts, the digital ruble platform, the smart contract system and contracts directly concluded by the parties. Smart contracts are digital agreements that are automatically executed when certain conditions occur. They have a huge potential to improve the efficiency and reliability of civil law relations. This article discusses the prospects of using smart contracts in the Russian Federation using the digital ruble platform in light of the current lack of a legal framework for blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology, with its characteristics of decentralization, immutability, and transparency, has introduced an unprecedented trust mechanism to judicial record-keeping. Amid challenges faced by traditional methods, such as vulnerability to tampering and difficulties in tracing, blockchain ensures the authenticity and integrity of evidence through distributed ledgers, significantly enhancing the credibility of legal evidence and judicial efficiency. As blockchain applications in judicial record-keeping advance, issues including ambiguous review standards, lack of industry regulations, concerns over technology maturity and security, as well as inadequate public awareness, have emerged as areas that cannot be overlooked. Looking forward, blockchainbased judicial record-keeping will progress from isolated implementations towards integration across the entire judicial system chain. Efforts should be directed towards establishing review procedures and recognition standards tailored for blockchain records, fostering a unified deposition platform and standards, intensifying talent cultivation and education, refining evidence examination processes, and advocating for the development of new evidence rules that accommodate the unique attributes of blockchain, thereby promoting justice and efficiency in the judiciary.
Elena P. Tomilina, Irina I. Glotova, Elena U. Karakaeva
The insurance industry is among those industries that are most susceptible to fraud. This leads to the need to attract new technologies that ensure transparency and reliability of data with maximum minimization of corruption manipulations. The article substantiates the need to develop the Russian insurance market through the introduction of digital technologies, in particular smart contracts based on blockchain technology, which help to carry out insurance activities within a certain type in order to simplify the work of insurers in processing and ana-lyzing data for drawing up insurance contracts. The study revealed the advantages and possibil-ities of using smart contracts by Russian insurance companies with the ability to assess their prospects in the market and contribute to the development and dissemination of blockchain technology in Russia.
Abstract This paper constructs the logical framework of the smart contract model based on the sale and purchase contract transaction, integrating the legal framework and the smart contract. The smart contract model merges blockchain technology’s decentralized features with smart contracts to create a decentralized service mode for sale and purchase transactions. The classification of transaction attributes optimizes and adjusts the matching degree calculation method to meet the needs of both buyers and sellers. The matching degree determines the total satisfaction of both buyers and sellers. The simulation experiment model is designed to analyze the matching results, and the experimental results indicate that the overall utility value range is between 0.1 and 0.5, resulting in a higher level of satisfaction for both parties involved. Applying the model to actual purchase and sale transaction contracts, the expected profit of transaction users after using smart contracts is 26,300 yuan higher than that without using smart contracts. The accuracy and confidence scores of experienced users are 0,8886 and 4.0493, respectively, when evaluating their perceptions of the use of smart contracts. Smart contracts can help participants identify sales and purchase problems and provide innovative perspectives on the application of contract law.
Svetlana N. Kovalenko, Yulia N. Kovalenko, E. Sedova, Sergey Yu. Gaganov
This study examines smart contracts as a legal and informational basis for the formation of digital financial assets in the Russian banking sector. In the context of global digitalization of financial services, credit institutions are actively introducing innovative technologies, opening up new horizons for the development of the financial market. The main attention is paid to the study of the functioning of smart contracts, their legal aspects and their impact on financial stability. It analyzes how smart contracts using blockchain technologies contribute to the automation of transactions, providing a high degree of security and transparency. The study demonstrates examples of the use of smart contracts in Russian banks, including asset tokenization and the creation of digital bonds. These mechanisms not only optimize processes, but also minimize the risks of errors during financial transactions. In addition, the regulatory documents and recommendations of the Central Bank concerning the regulation of the CFA are considered, as well as the importance of forming a legal framework that promotes the development of smart contracts. It has been established that the creation of clear rules and standards will allow credit institutions to effectively integrate new technologies into their activities. Thus, this study highlights the key role of smart contracts in the transformation of the financial sector, as well as the need for further research and development of legislation to support this innovative practice in Russia.
Digital Transformation in Law
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
The recent growth in blockchain usage has substantially affected the number of transactions executed via smart contracts. In parallel, the number of transactions will likely increase the number of disputes arising from these smart transactions. Some innovative arbitration platforms have emerged in response to the urgent need for a tailor-made dispute resolution mechanism. These platforms tend to promote the anonymity of arbitrators because of their decentralized nature and secured proceedings. Does the anonymity of arbitrators' identities and skills serve to increase the transparency in smart contract arbitration? And to what extent can the anonymity of arbitrators be sacrificed for more transparent proceedings? These are vital questions because concealing arbitrators’ identities contradicts the classical rules of traditional arbitration. As a promising dispute resolution method, smart contract arbitration should untangle such a transparency issue. However, unveiling these data may radically endanger blockchain's decentralized and anonymous nature. Therefore, a trade-off emerges in terms of transparency. This paper is the first to analyze this trade-off comprehensively. The analysis is twofold. First, the paper considers the approach of traditional arbitration to anonymity. In such orthodox justice platforms as traditional arbitration, revealing arbitrators' identities and qualifications may prevail to avert breaching impartiality, independence and lack of required qualifications. Second, the paper examines the anonymity of arbitrators’ identities and qualifications in smart contract arbitration, considering the necessities of blockchain and the requirements of being a dispute resolution mechanism. Moreover, to clarify anonymity issues in smart contract arbitration, the paper also delves into the peer review process because of (i) its similarity regarding the anonymity of parties and (ii) the reviewers’ qualification-based selection process by editors. Then, this paper proposes an innovative smart contract arbitration model that contains (i) a qualification verification process through an entity like an editor in the peer review process and other alternatives for verification, (ii) a fair experience distribution method, and (iii) a competitive incentive model. Consequently, this paper proves that revealing qualifications while keeping identities anonymous because of the decentralized nature may be a game-changer for smart contract arbitration.
This study explores the opportunities and challenges presented by smart contracts and their technological foundation, the blockchain.It details the history and mechanics of blockchain technology, emphasizing its decentralized, immutable, and tamper-proof nature.the paper delves into the concept of smart contracts, tracing their origins to nick Szabo and their evolution through the ethereum blockchain.It highlights the role of oracles in enabling smart contracts to interact with the physical world and addresses various practical issues such as immutability, code errors, and the legal implications of smart contracts.The study also examines the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in smart contracts, discussing how AI can function as an oracle to provide reliable information and support the contractual process.By examining different types of blockchains and smart contracts, the study provides insights into their potential applications and the inherent limitations and risks associated with their use, particularly in terms of legal enforcement and jurisdiction.
En la era digital actual, los contratos inteligentes o Smart Contracts, han surgido como una propuesta innovadora que promete evolucionar la forma en que se ejecutan o se suscriben los contratos y acuerdos entre personas. Este programa informático permite ejecutar automáticamente los términos de un contrato cuando se cumplen ciertas condiciones predefinidas. Los contratos inteligentes están basados en la Tecnológica blockchain o cadena de bloques, que básicamente es una base de datos donde se almacena información en bloques de manera segura e inmutable. Sin embargo, este tipo de Tecnológica propone ciertos desafíos en el ámbito legal tanto en su aplicabilidad como la interpretación de los contratos. Por ende, este escrito busca definir el concepto de Smart Contracts, y cuáles serían los principales desafíos para la introducción de esta Tecnológica al ámbito jurídico.
La aparición de la Inteligencia Artificial (IA) y su cada vez mayor desarrollo conlleva una serie de interrogantes. Al fin y al cabo, las aplicaciones de una IA lo suficientemente avanzada son innumerables, así como las dudas que arroja su uso. Por este motivo, ante un punto de partida en el que se está debatiendo el impacto de tecnologías como el blockchain en el Derecho, cabe cuestionarse qué efectos tendrá una Inteligencia Artificial. Así, en el caso de poder atribuir una independencia jurídica a una IA, cabría cuestionarse la capacidad para participar en la formación de contratos. Por este motivo, dada la importancia de la compraventa internacional en el tráfico mercantil, es necesario preguntarse acerca de la capacidad de participar una Inteligencia Artificial en los contratos de compraventa internacional.
Sara Houshmand, Pejman Piroozi, Hossein Monavari, Alireza Mazloum Rahani
The emergence of smart contracts and the increasing integration of artificial intelligence (AI) have introduced new dimensions to traditional contract law. These advancements have fundamentally transformed the nature of contractual relationships, raising questions about their legal validity, enforceability, and alignment with established legal doctrines. This research article aims to examine the profound impact of smart contracts and AI on the principles and foundations of contract law, particularly within the legal systems of Iran and India. Smart contracts, which operate through blockchain technology and automated execution mechanisms, challenge conventional notions of offer, acceptance, and consideration. The study explores the extent to which these contracts conform to existing legal frameworks and whether legislative adaptations are required to accommodate their unique characteristics. Additionally, the research investigates issues of liability, dispute resolution, and contractual interpretation in the context of AI-driven automation. Given the decentralized nature of blockchain and the self-executing nature of smart contracts, concerns regarding jurisdiction, regulatory oversight, and consumer protection have also emerged. This study employs a comparative legal analysis by examining relevant judicial precedents, academic literature, and statutory provisions from both Iran and India. The findings highlight the need for regulatory frameworks that balance innovation with legal certainty, ensuring that smart contracts function effectively while upholding fundamental legal principles. The article also provides insights into the broader implications of AI in contract law, discussing whether AI-generated contracts challenge traditional notions of contractual autonomy and intent. By addressing the advantages, challenges, and legal implications of smart contracts, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on legal adaptation in the face of rapid technological change. The study emphasizes the importance of legal reform in facilitating the seamless integration of smart contracts within modern legal systems.
ABSTRACT: It is widely held that smart contracts on a blockchain possess several unique properties, including immutability, disintermediation, and enhanced security, that can be advantageous to organizations. In particular, having these properties can enable smart contracts to benefit human resources departments in a number of ways, including applicant verification, tracking employee skills and tasks, and facilitating compensation. However, it is also reported that effectively implementing smart contracts involves a number of challenges to HR managers. To address these challenges, it would be valuable to establish criteria to help HR managers employ smart contracts successfully. The purpose of this paper is to develop a set of such criteria. The paper first provides an overview of the nature of blockchain and smart contracts and then, based on a review of relevant literature, describes how implementation of blockchain-enabled smart contracts in an HR department may benefit an organization by producing transaction cost savings through expediting processes, enhancing security, and reducing intermediaries. The paper then focuses on various challenges that have been identified in the literature to the successful use of smart contracts. These include issues regarding smart contract integrity, immutability, and security, as well as potential problems associated with a variety of legal issues. Synthesizing this information, the paper develops a set of best practice guidelines to help HR managers determine whether and how to employ smart contracts successfully for HR-related processes. The guidelines emphasize the importance of initial understanding and testing of planned smart contracts, protecting security by ensuring that only permissioned people can access smart contract data, and guaranteeing the integrity of smart contracts by paying very close attention to the translation of natural to programming language and establishing robust reviews of programmed contracts. Policy implications of the guidelines include the importance of HR departments ensuring that all employees who are involved in implementing the technology have a good understanding of the nature and capabilities of smart contracts, that robust methods be implemented to guarantee that the contracts are correctly programmed, and that HR managers keep abreast of legislative environment related to legal issues that may affect their department’s use of smart contracts.
Economic and Technological Systems Analysis
Digital Transformation in Law
Digitalization and Economic Development in Agriculture
Цифрові фінансові технології (криптовалюта, крипто-актив, віртуальні активи, тощо) мають різну природу походження, що створює їхню неоднорідність і породжує специфіку правовідносин, у яких вони знаходять висвітлення через їх особливості. Метою дослідження є проведення правового аналізу їх визначень за джерелами їх висвітлення:1) міжнародні організації; 2) українське законодавство. Як результат, у дослідженні проведено правовий аналіз поняття «віртуальні активи» представлене в українському законодавстві та трактування тотожних понять «крипто-активів», які надають найвідоміші у світі міжнародні організації: Європейський центральний банк (ECB), Група розробки фінансових заходів боротьби з відмиванням грошей (FATF), Рада з фінансової стабільності (FSB), Міжнародний валютний фонд (IMF), Базельський комітет (BIS), Європейська комісія (EС), Міжнародна організація комісій з цінних паперів (IOSCO). На підставі проведеного дослідження через вибірку характерних рис у кожному з досліджених визначень цифрових-фінансових технологій, виявлена загальна прогалина, з урахуванням якої автором сформовано власне їх визначення поняття, виходячи з різних точок зору: фінансової, правової, технологічної, – що на думку автора є взаємодоповнюючими і дає змогу освітити це поняття найбільш повно.
Saeed Mohebi Ashtiani, Omid Ali Adeli, Mohammadreza Pourfakharan, Mohammad Hasan Maleki
Smart contracts are one of the most significant applications of blockchain technology, which have gained considerable importance in the financial industry. These contracts promote transparency and enhance good governance in the banking sector. The present research aims to conduct a Futures Study of smart contracts in the banking industry using a scenario-building approach. This research is applied in nature, and methodologically, it is a mixed-methods study. In this research, fuzzy Delphi, fuzzy WASPAS, and interviews with focus groups were used to analyze the data. In the first step, 37 drivers were identified through a literature review and interviews with blockchain experts. These drivers were then filtered using expert questionnaires and the fuzzy Delphi method. Nine drivers were selected for final prioritization using the fuzzy WASPAS method. The filtered drivers were ranked through prioritization questionnaires and the fuzzy WASPAS method. Based on the scores of the fuzzy WASPAS method and considering three criteria—expertise, importance intensity, and certainty level—the drivers of coordination and integration level of banks in adopting new technologies and contracts, as well as the integration level of information systems in the banking industry, were given the highest priority and were selected for scenario mapping. The research scenarios were developed based on the two prioritized drivers and through interviews with focus groups. These scenarios included: Smart Banking, Integrated Banking, Island Banking, and Traditional Banking. Smart Banking represents the ideal scenario, and practical recommendations were developed based on this scenario.
Background. The article covers the analysis of the smart contract of cryptoassets in the civil law of Ukraine. Attention is argued that the essence of a smart contract of cryptoassets is that it is a self-executing contract, that is represented and executed by a computer program, the terms of which are included in the internal functions of a decentralized database that is not under the control of the databases of the parties to the contract or third parties . It is noted that a smart contract of cryptoassets, like any contract, can be declared invalid if the will to conclude it does not meet the conditions of validity of this transaction, regardless of the form in which this transaction is concluded, as in this case in the form of computer code. It is also stated that the terms of the smart contract of cryptoassets must be specific (clear, unambiguous), feasible (objective), valid, capable of automation (evaluative terms such as "reasonable term" cannot be used); it must exist within the blockchain platform (on which crypto-asset transactions are currently carried out) and not provide for the receipt and confirmation of information from the outside (in this regard, the terms of force majeure are not specified in the smart contract). Methods. The research uses dialectical, comparative-legal, formal-logical and other methods of scientific knowledge. Results. It is proved that a smart contract is an agreement represented and executed by a computer program containing all its terms and conditions, which are stored in an electronic registry system, where the result of this program execution is recorded. Conclusions. The determination of the person on whom legal liability is imposed when a smart contract does not perform the programmed function depends on the terms of the smart contract, and in their absence, the provisions of applicable law regarding the legal consequences of non-performance of the contract and liability for such non-performance should be used.
With the acceleration of global integration and the rapid development of technology, economic cooperation and regional integration have become an undeniable force in today's world development. Especially with the implementation of the "the Belt and Road" strategy, this development trend is more obvious. This plan was launched by China in 2013 with the aim of promoting infrastructure construction, trade cooperation, cultural exchanges, common development, and regional cooperation in Asia, Europe, Africa, and other regions. With the rapid development of Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and other technologies, the digital economy has become an important driving force for the development of the world economy. It has not only changed the operation mode of traditional industries, but also spawned new industrial forms. However, in a network environment lacking trust, trustworthy communication of data is an important prerequisite for promoting active data sharing among network entities. Information security technology based on encryption technology can effectively solve problems such as data untrustworthiness and privacy leakage in information exchange. This paper focused on the trusted exchange of data in the "the Belt and Road" digital economic cooperation, and discussed how to solve the trust problem in data exchange with the help of blockchain smart contract technology. First, the background of the "the Belt and Road" initiative and the significance of digital economy development were briefly introduced. Subsequently, the challenges faced by trusted data exchange in a network environment lacking trust were analyzed, and a solution based on blockchain smart contracts was introduced. The experimental results showed that when the data block size was 1GB, the data trusted exchange system based on blockchain technology took 10 seconds, and the data transmission rate still reached 891Mbps.