The globalisation of the food industry increases the complexity and the difficulty in enhancing efficiency and solving issues in food supply chains. Blockchain is a promising decentralised information technology that could benefit food supply chains by reducing transaction cost and time, increasing process transparency, security, and efficiency, as well as building trust among participants. In this paper, we introduce the major blockchain platforms currently used in food supply chains and conduct a synthesis analysis to explore the benefits and challenges of blockchain technology in the food industry. We demonstrate that blockchain enables unprecedented visibility at each step of the food supply chain, helps increase transaction transparency, food safety, and quality, and also reduces food fraud and waste. Furthermore, it serves as a digital solution for reducing operational costs and improving efficiency in food supply chains.
Globalization and extreme competition in the market have made the food supply chain more complex than before. To address the complexities in the food supply chain, blockchain has become more evident than the traditional ways. Use of blockchain technologies can ensure the efficiency, transparency and reliability of the food supply chain starting from the farms to forks. This study focuses on the applicability of blockchain systems to the agriculture field and provides comparative analysis among the existing methodologies that are dedicated to uplift the security, effectiveness and reliability of blockchain based food supply chains. This research has also proposed a novel model that couples blockchain and IoT based sensor modules, which can be applicable in real-life scenarios. The proposed method essentially follows a multi-layer architecture where each layer is presented by means of a blockchain technology. Each layer is fed by the ambient conditions which may impact better quality of crops. The IoT module will ensure better farming as well as the blockchain system will ensure the quality of the end product. If the packaged food degrades in quality, the reason behind the degradation can be located by the model presented in this paper. The presented framework may reach promising efficiency in practical life but the framework implementation cost may create a burden for the investors.
In agro-food, Blockchain has been recently implemented in order to improve transparency. Blockchain raises great expectations of data decentralization and better efficiencyâcost ratio, integration speed, and data protection that appear as promises of gains in all areas. The fundamental assumption was that transparency prevents or reduces illegitimate forms of power. However, discussions are emerging about how digitization is likely to exacerbate power inequalities in food systems, as transparency can become tyrannical when it contributes to the proliferation of audits, evaluations, and assessment measures. The objective of this research is to contribute by providing knowledge about the implications of this digitization for farmers. For a first exploratory study, we conducted 53 interviews with actors of digitalization of agri-food, and we used 9 press releases, 3 webinars, and 1 article published in a specialized French journal. These materials evoke 12 different agro-food chains recently equipped with blockchain in France. From this pool of chains, we focused on four through in-depth analysis of interviews and literature readings using NVivo software. The first results highlight that the use of blockchain for transparency rarely delivers on its promises. Blockchain tends to centralize control since few actors have access to the distributed ledger, and the visibility brought to farmers, at the consumer level, tends to become a form of control. While blockchain seems to provide some benefits to producers, it raises the issue of overloaded technology and the problem of their data privacy.
The passage of a yield from the producer to the buyer is traced by a farming supply chain. A clear stage that permits organization members to farm together is a blockchain-based farming supply chain. This method eliminates the requirement for a centralized trusted authority, mediators, and business histories, growing production and security whereas sustaining extreme integrity, liability, and safety. According to the planned resolution, smart contracts are used to switch and handle all communications and dealings amongst all shareholders in the supply chain network. AgriBlockIoT is a block chain-based traceability key that comprises facts since IoT devices in the supply chain. It comprises an example of watching harvest from farmhouse to branch, as well as assessments of Ethereum and Hyperledger implementations.
Advanced sensing, automation, the internet of things, data analytics, artificial intelligence, synthetic biology, distributed ledger and other emerging technologies offer a seemingly endless array of possibilities to boost agricultural productivity and rural incomes while addressing threats to food security, biosecurity and sustainability. None of these outcomes, however, are inevitable. Barriers to technological innovation and adoption range from the capital costs of adoption to producer concerns about data security and privacy and consumer resistance to products perceived as unnatural or unfamiliar. This chapter will explore these barriers along with opportunities to develop physical, regulatory and institutional infrastructures that support socially and environmentally responsible innovation.
Ricardo Borges dos Santos, Nunzio Marco Torrisi, Rodrigo Palucci Pantoni
Every consumer's buying decision at the supermarket influences food brands to make first party claims of sustainability and socially responsible farming methods on their agro-product labels. Fine wines are often subject to counterfeit along the supply chain to the consumer. This paper presents a method for efficient unrestricted publicity to third party certification (TPC) of plant agricultural products, starting at harvest, using smart contracts and blockchain tokens. The method is capable of providing economic incentives to the actors along the supply chain. A proof-of-concept using a modified Ethereum IGR token set of smart contracts using the ERC-1155 standard NFTs was deployed on the Rinkeby test net and evaluated. The main findings include (a) allowing immediate access to TPC by the public for any desired authority by using token smart contracts. (b) Food safety can be enhanced through TPC visible to consumers through mobile application and blockchain technology, thus reducing counterfeiting and green washing. (c) The framework is structured and maintained because participants obtain economic incentives thus leveraging it´s practical usage. In summary, this implementation of TPC broadcasting through tokens can improve transparency and sustainable conscientious consumer behaviour, thus enabling a more trustworthy supply chain transparency.
Mifta Ul Jannat, Raju Ahamed, Al Mamun, Jannatul Ferdaus ¡ 6 authors
Blockchain is an innovation thatâs prized for its capacity to record and disperse exchanges in the permanent, scumbled record. In a traditional supply chain, there is no procedure where consumers can be assured about the authenticity of the products as there is no way to probe the hygienist and authenticity. The purpose of this research is to build a decentralized, Blockchain-based system to check the productâs quality and source. To verify the authenticity of the goods, we will create a certified organic food supply chain system. In this paper, we are going to describe how to strengthen the security of data of supply chain members by applying blockchain technology. We will reduce the riskiness of data tampering and fraud data allocation by the âSmart contractâ using blockchain technology and by providing a quality assurance certificate customers can be sure of the product quality. This article assists individuals from many industries in understanding the advantages of the blockchain-based system and implementing it to increase the efficiency of the entire system.
Leema Roselin G, K Kiruba, P.K. Hemalatha, J. Manikandan ¡ 6 authors
As a result of specific international products and agricultural product distribution , there is a greater emphasis on security , dependability , and the centralization of many required food and agricultural production standards. A growing number of food security problems and pollution threats has also generated a powerful need for an effective tracking solution to ensure the safety of products throughout the agricultural industry, using it as an instrument for quality management . The block-chain is an effective disruptive technology that offers a state-of-the-art solution for food production and marketing . Our intended response eliminates centralized power , intermediaries and records of performance , which increases security and efficiency while retaining high integrity, reliability and safety . All is encrypted and saved with the distributed recording system connection to a non-removable block chain logger , which provides an exceptionally safe , reliable and economic level of disclosure and a cable supply system.
Marouane El Midaoui, El Mehdi Ben Laoula, Mohammed Qbadou, Khalifa Mansouri
<p class="western" align="justify">Most of supply chain networks have encountered difficulties when trying to integrate all components and stakeholders (Customers, warehouse, transportation, and raw material production. Etc...), which make supply chain management system suffering from a lack of efficiency and transparency that make a steady increase in goodâs falsification and consumerâs disappointment. All information about goodâs production, storage and transportation should flow clearly during all stages of the supply chain by tracking and authenticating to avoid productâs contamination or fraud in the network. Current tracking IoT-based systems are built on top of centralized architecture and this leaves a gap for tampering and false information especially in urban area, but also the exsiting solutions cannot allow the information to be shared with authority or consumers. To effectively assess and assure traceability and transparency this paper propose an approach using a distributed ledger (blockchain) besides a configuable IoT-based system to take into account all needed data including specific case of urban area, with an opendata platform at the disposal of stockholders, authority and consumers.</p>
Blockchain technology has received significant attention from the food industry; however, due to the scarcity of successful Blockchain projects and sector-specific studies, a step-by-step approach for implementing Blockchain in food supply chains (FSCs) is still missing. A systematic literature review of 69 high-quality, peer-reviewed articles is utilized to capture Blockchain adoption drivers and barriers, applications, and implementation stages within FSCs. Current Blockchain issues such as scalability, regulations, privacy, and incentivization are identified as future research opportunities. Following innovation adoption theory, a three-stage conceptual framework for Blockchain implementation in FSCs is developed. The proposed framework is novel and is expected to benefit food chain managers in establishing the suitability of Blockchain for their organization and/or wider supply network. Identified influential factors, case examples, and implementation stages are expected to guide practitioners in developing a roadmap for adopting Blockchain in the food industry.
Blockchain technology can be used in the food sector to improve food quality, product recalls, inventory tracking, demand response, traceability, transparency, consumer trust, and mitigating recall costs. Growing interest in Blockchain food traceability technology i.e., to track any food, feed, food-producing animals, or substances used for consumption through all stages of production, processing, and distribution necessitates a systematic literature review. The objective of this systematic literature review (SLR) was to identify the advantages of using Blockchain in food supply chains through studies on Blockchain implementation for food traceability. This study investigated 14 primary recent studies published between 2017 and 2020 from web sources and digital libraries. According to the findings, 21% of papers were published in 2017 and 43% in 2020, indicating that the use of Blockchain technology in food traceability is gaining traction over time. The 14 Blockchain systems studied in this SLR used four different Blockchain platforms: 8 out 14 used Ethereum. Blockchain-based traceability systems provided numerous traceability features, such as complete farm-to-fork traceability, recoding of every single transaction, digital tracking, decentralised file systems, visualisation methods for intuitively displaying risks, and the ability to reconstruct the product's history up to the origin for the purpose of quality verification.
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual framework for the application of blockchain in the Public Distribution System (PDS) in India to manage the supply of food grains to the targeted beneficiaries. The framework will help prevent diversions and leakages of grains at the warehouse and Fair Price Shop (FPS) level. The paper also identifies the enablers and disablers in the context of the framework. Design/methodology/approach This paper will firstly review the previous literature in PDS and blockchain-enabled agricultural and food supply chains. The study then proposes a framework that could be implemented in the PDS in India using blockchain technology. Findings The proposed framework provides an effective way to combat corruption, exclusion errors of targeted beneficiaries, leakage of PDS food grains and is cost-effective. The identified enablers and disablers give an insight into the application of blockchain in PDS in India. Research limitations/implications The research work may have implications for the Ministry of Food and PDS (Central Government), Food Corporation of India and State Governments to manage the supply of the grains more efficiently and effectively. Originality/value The current study caters to the implementation of blockchain technology starting from the warehouse level to the FPSs and consumers and simultaneously connecting them to concerned authorities to ensure transparency and accountability.
The world is facing an unprecedented socio-economic crisis caused by the novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The virus is also spreading through the import and export food supply chains. The Chinese authorities have discovered the COVID-19 virus in various imported frozen meat packages. Traceability plays a vital role in food quality and food safety. The Internet of Things (IoT) provides solutions to overseeing environmental conditions, product quality, and product traceability. These solutions are traditionally based on a centralized architecture, which does not guarantee tamper-proof data sharing. The blockchain is an emerging technology that provides tamper-proof data sharing in real-time. This article presents a blockchain-enabled supply chain architecture to ensure the availability of a tamper-proof audit trail. This tamper-proof audit trail helps to make sure that all safety measures are undertaken to minimize the risk of COVID-19 and other bacteria, fungi, and parasites being present in the frozen meat supply chain.
The aim of the research is to discuss what challenges and problems Blockchain can solve in Supply Chain, and what is the future to come for the Supply Chain Management. Blockchain can be defined as a chain of the block that contains information. The technique is intended to timestamp digital documents so that it's not possible to backdate them or temper them. The blockchain is used for the secure transfer of items like money, property, contracts, etc. without requiring a third-party intermediary like bank or government. Once data is recorded in a blockchain, it is very difficult to change it. The implementation of Blockchain Technology can help organizations reduce order quantities, lower selling prices and reduce the target-inventory levels.
Sina Rafati Niya, Danijel Dordevic, Markus Hurschler, Sarah Grossenbacher ¡ 5 authors
The heterogeneous nature of raw milk production, transportation, processing, transformation, and storage have been triggering concerns on the authenticity of dairy products. For the first time known, this work studied these concerns via interviews with consumers and producers of dairy products. Therefore, this paper introduces âNUTRIAâ as a decentralized dairy product Supply Chain Tracing (SCT) system, designed and implemented based on real-world observations of the Swiss dairy supply chain and conducted in collaboration with dairy producers. Based on these studies and to overcome deficits of traditional and centralized SCT approaches, NUTRIA enables an automated SCT via a Blockchain-based decentralized application. NUTRIA materializes a trusted and transparent SCT, which empowers the dairy value chain. Furthermore, results of the real-world evaluations of deployed approaches within NUTRIA are covered, including social aspects and risks.
Sara Heitlinger, Lara Houston, Alex Taylor, Ruth Catlow
The relationships that constitute the global industrial food system tend towards two dominant values that are creating unsustainable social and environmental inequalities. The first is a human-centered perspective on food that privileges humans over all other species. The second is a view of food as a commodity to be traded for maximum economic value, rewarding a small number of shareholders. We present work that explores the unique algorithmic affordances of blockchain to create new types of value exchange and governance in the food system. We describe a project that used roleplay with urban agricultural communities to co-design blockchain-based food futures and explore the conditions for creating a thriving multispecies food commons. We discuss how the project helped rethink algorithmic food justice by reconfiguring more-than-human values and reconfiguring food as more-than-human commons. We also discuss some of the challenges and tensions arising from these explorations.
Nirav P. Patel, Arpit Shukla, Sudeep Tanwar, Dhananjay Singh
Abstract The advent of agroâindustrialization has helped the agricultural food supply chain (AFSC) in introducing ease and innovation to other facets. In addition, Blockchain (BC) technology is revolutionizing each distributed dataârelated application by adding authentication and trust among the system's stakeholders. Inspired by the aboveâmentioned argument, this article proposes a system, KRanTi , to promote the supply chain of agricultural food by BC embedding across the 5G network. The 5G network upgrades the data connectivity by enhancing network infrastructure efficiency. In KRanTi , we present an efficient credit system that enables associated farmers to purchase the requisite agricultural raw product of higher quality without the pressure of instant payment. A scoreâbased farmâfood quality assurance system is then proposed, which guarantees optimal quality grading. Trust, transparency, and traceability are preserved through the implementation of Smart Contracts (SC) distributed across public Ethereum BC. The costâeffective offâline data storage service in AFSC is offered through the use of the InterâPlanetary File System (IPFS), a shared storage system to hold all data from stakeholders. Results show that the efficiency of the proposed scheme KRanTi is improved compared with traditional schemes with metrics such as less than 1 millisecond latency with 99.99% reliability compared with LTE with 5G, scalability, packet failure ratio, BC performance, costâquality ratio, and data storage contrast.