Héritier Kayembe Mpiana, Eugene mukendi Mbuyi, Jean Didier Mwambanzambi Batubenga, Pierre Motumbe Kasengedia
This paper proposes the design and evaluation of a secure electronic payment system based on the Ethereum blockchain, applied to the payment of academic fees. The objective is to enhance transparency, security, and automation of financial transactions within higher education institutions. The methodology relies on developing a prototype using smart contracts, tested on Ethereum testnets. Experimental results show that the system reduces processing times and improves transaction traceability [1]. The integration of Layer 2 solutions and stablecoins also helps reduce transaction costs and improve scalability. However, challenges remain, particularly regarding regulation and user accessibility. As a decentralized and programmable platform, Ethereum represents a major innovation capable of transforming traditional payment systems. The emergence of Ethereum-based academic fee payment systems is part of an accelerated digital transformation and the search for alternatives to conventional financial infrastructures. Since the introduction of Bitcoin, the global financial system has undergone a profound shift, marked by the adoption of decentralized technologies [3]. This study required an in-depth technical understanding of the Ethereum blockchain, along with critical, economic, and regulatory analyses [5].
Detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts is a critical challenge for blockchain security, as flaws such as reentrancy, timestamp dependence, and infinite loops have resulted in severe financial losses in decentralized systems. Accurate and interpretable detection of these vulnerabilities remains challenging due to the complex semantics of smart contract code. In this study, we propose a multimodal hybrid recurrent framework for smart contract vulnerability detection that integrates sequential and structural code representations. The framework introduces a Selective Subpattern Activation (SSA) mechanism, which highlights vulnerability-indicative code subpatterns during the pattern extraction phase and provides interpretable insights into model predictions. Pattern-based features enhanced by SSA are processed using a Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU), while structural features derived from control and data flow representations are modeled using a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM) network. The proposed approach is evaluated on a publicly available Ethereum smart contract dataset using five independent experimental runs, with results reported as averages. The results show that the framework achieves an accuracy of 92.16% and an F1 score of 88.83% for reentrancy vulnerability detection, achieving higher performance compared to baseline deep learning and graph-based models. Ablation experiments are performed to demonstrate the contribution of the SSA mechanism to both detection performance and interpretability.
Rabib Jahin Ibn Momin, Ahmed Mahir Sultan Rumi, Rezwana Reaz
Academic examination systems worldwide continue to rely on centralised, opaque record-keeping that is often vulnerable to credential forgery, result tampering, examiner bias, and the absence of transparent re-evaluation pathways. Existing blockchain-based approaches in education focus predominantly on post-hoc certificate storage or online-only examination portals, leaving the complete onsite examination lifecycle, from conducting exams through scrutiny, largely unaddressed. This paper proposes ParikkhaChain, a blockchain-based framework that covers the entire examination lifecycle of an onsite examination system with three distinguishing contributions: (i) anonymous script evaluation through cryptographic hashing of answer scripts before examiner access, thereby eliminating identity-based bias; (ii) a transparent evaluation and scrutiny workflow backed by an immutable on-chain audit trail that records every mark submission and grade revision; and (iii) inclusion of privacy-preserving verification using zero-knowledge proofs and off-chain storage mechanisms. The system is architected around four Solidity smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain. The proposed architecture is the first initiative to our knowledge to support physical examination process, anonymous marking, and re-evaluation transparency. We successfully simulate full exam cycles of an onsite exam to grade-sheet generation using a working prototype on a large scale of 100 courses and hundreds of teachers and students. The experimental results show that the system can manage online examinations of hundreds of courses, students and faculties efficiently with great throughput, low storage, and transaction cost. Our codebase is available in open source form at https://github.com/AhmedRumi/CSE6608-ParikkhaChain
We present DSKAG-IT-SIG, a family of post-quantum transaction signature schemes that achieve computational existential unforgeability under adaptive chosen-message attack, built on the DSKAG deterministic key-derivation layer. The construction derives per-transaction MAC keys through DSKAG, a deterministic symmetric key agreement protocol requiring no key transmission, no handshake, and no public key infrastructure. We prove (Theorem 1) that for an adversary making q adaptive chosen-message queries, existential forgery advantage in standard mode is at most q * 2^{-128} plus the PRF distinguishing advantage of HMAC-SHA256, reducing to the pseudorandomness of DSKAG-derived keys and the PRF security of HMAC-SHA256 under a uniform key; the ideal-cipher-model analysis gives the same q * 2^{-128} bound in idealized form. We prove (Theorem 2) that cross-domain forgery advantage is at most 2^{-128} + epsilon_iso, reducing to the key-separation properties of DSKAG across policy domains. The construction is computationally secure and is not unconditionally secure. DSKAG key derivation is built on HKDF-SHA512 (RFC 5869) over HMAC and SHA-512, and the shared base is established once via FIPS 203 ML-KEM, so security reduces throughout to standard FIPS-based symmetric and hash primitives. The scheme's post-quantum security rests on symmetric and hash hardness for authentication and on lattice hardness for the one-time base alone: the construction presents no integer-factorization or discrete-logarithm structure, so Shor's algorithm has no target and does not apply, and the operative quantum attack is Grover search, which yields at most a quadratic speedup against the 256-bit HMAC-SHA256, SHA-2, and SHA-3 primitives and preserves a 128-bit quantum security level. Because buffer uniqueness derives from tx_seq monotonicity rather than hash collision resistance, the security argument does not depend on the collision property, the hash property most weakened by quantum search. Standard-mode signatures are 30 bytes, a 97.8% reduction versus Falcon-512 (666 bytes) and compatible with ISO 20022 SWIFT message fields without re-engineering. The NexusKey composite policy digest binds asset class, jurisdiction, KYC level, and chain identity into the key derivation path; policy bypass is cryptographically equivalent to key forgery. A four-layer UltraHonk zero-knowledge proof system (143,802 gates, no trusted setup, 16 KB proof) verifies policy compliance wherever policy is enforced, off-chain in governance, cloud, and payment-processing deployments, and, where permissionless public auditability is required, on-chain; the on-chain Solidity verifier is deployed on Ethereum Sepolia and Arbitrum Sepolia. Version 2.3. 18 pages, 8 tables. Changes from v2.2: concrete finite bounds replacing generic negl(lambda) in Properties 1 and 2; buffer uniqueness derived from tx_seq monotonicity (no SHA3 collision resistance dependency); explicit ideal cipher model and standard model dual framing for HMAC analysis; formal separation of empirical and theoretical claims.
Open access
2 source records
Cryptography and Data Security
Cryptographic Implementations and Security
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
A central question of the Ethereum ecosystem is where Maximal Extractable Value (MEV)revenue originates and to what extent it stems from harming unsuspecting users. It is acceptable if MEV arises from arbitrages between centralised and decentralised exchanges (CEX-DEX). Yet theoretical models have significantly underestimated the scale of these arbitrages, while empirical studies have highlighted their importance - though these remain conservative estimates, constrained by numerous debatable heuristic assumptions. Revisiting the theoretical model, we found that CEX-DEX arbitrages require trading volumes on the order of the total activity of major liquidity pools and yield profits comparable to MEV. Most prior AMM models utilised the Black-Scholes (BS) stochastic differential equation (SDE) - i.e., geometric Brownian motion - and assumed continuous price trajectories where asset prices move in small increments only.We argue that BS underestimates arbitrage profits by ignoring price jumps, which are precisely the points at which arbitrage opportunities tend to arise. To address this gap, we present an extended discrete-time AMM model in which the price process is the sum of a diffusive component and stochastic jumps that can have arbitrary noise distributions. Although mathematically more involved this framework allows us to employ a general discrete-time SDE and compute the stationary probability distribution via function iteration with geometric convergence. We further prove that the resulting mispricing process is an ergodic Markov chain. We implement our model in C++, collect spot prices and AMM exchange data from the Ethereum blockchain and fit the model parameters to the observed prices. The estimates derived from our model closely match empirical observations and provide a natural theoretical explanation for several fundamental questions in the blockchain ecosystem.
O estudo investiga barreiras de usabilidade em aplicações de Finanças Descentralizadas (DeFi) executadas em redes compatíveis com a Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM), mostrando que problemas de fluxo, terminologia e feedback comprometem a adoção, especialmente entre iniciantes. Para enfrentar essas limitações, o trabalho propõe uma interface de usuário aprimorada e a compara a uma versão não otimizada usando métricas de desempenho, número de cliques e o questionário NASA-TLX. Os resultados indicam que a interface melhorada elevou a taxa de conclusão de tarefas de 76% para 89%, reduziu os cliques excedentes de 221 para 186 e diminuiu a carga cognitiva global aferida pelo NASA-TLX em todas as seis dimensões avaliadas, com destaque para demanda mental e frustração, inclusive entre usuários experientes, que relataram maior fluidez e previsibilidade. O artigo conclui que refinamentos de usabilidade voltados para aplicações financeiras descentralizadas são determinantes para elevar confiança e adoção, recomendando a padronização de processos, mensagens menos técnicas e a redução de etapas críticas para mitigar a fadiga de operações e ampliar o alcance da Web3.
Products of MDS codes are of major practical importance; for a recent example, they are used in Data Availability Sampling (DAS) in blockchain networks such as Celestia and as part of the Ethereum roadmap. This motivates us to consider subcodes of such codes with the goal of obtaining a larger minimum distance. In this paper, we present explicit constructions of subcodes of Reed--Solomon product codes, along with bounds on their minimum distance. In particular, they achieve an optimal or near-optimal dimension--distance tradeoff. For component codes of dimension $r$, our construction requires a field whose size is bounded linearly by the overall product code length, and attains the maximum possible minimum distance for subcode dimensions $r^2-1$, $r^2-2$, and all dimensions at most $2r-1$. Furthermore, we establish a new upper bound on the minimum distance of subcodes of the product of two codes with identical parameters.
Divya Badwaik, Namo S. Shende, Shantanu N. Wankhede, Prajwal V. Gourkhede · 6 authors
The increasing demand for secure, transparent, and efficient electoral systems has led to the exploration of advanced digital technologies in voting processes. Traditional voting systems, including paper-based and electronic voting machines, are often associated with challenges such as lack of transparency, susceptibility to tampering, centralized control, and delayed result processing. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes VOTECHAIN, a blockchain-based electronic voting system that leverages the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain technology to ensure trust and security in elections. The proposed system is built on the Ethereum blockchain using smart contracts, which automate critical operations such as voter registration, candidate registration, vote casting, and result computation. Each vote is treated as a secure transaction and is recorded on a distributed ledger, making it tamper-proof and verifiable. The system ensures that each voter can cast only one vote while maintaining voter anonymity through cryptographic techniques. A web-based decentralized application (VOTECHAIN) is developed using Web3.js and MetaMask to facilitate user interaction with the blockchain network. The system is tested using Ethereum test networks, demonstrating efficient performance, secure transaction handling, and transparent vote counting. The results indicate that blockchain technology can significantly enhance the reliability and integrity of electronic voting systems.
Massimo Bartoletti, Angelo Ferrando, E. Lipparini, Vadim Malvone
Smart contracts deployed on blockchains such as Ethereum routinely manage large amounts of assets, making their security critical. Empirical studies show that real-world attacks often exploit flaws in the business logic of contracts that unfold across multiple transactions, such as liquidity or front-running attacks. Detecting these attacks requires reasoning about expressive temporal properties beyond the capabilities of existing analysis tools. In this paper, we present an automated approach to the formal verification of smart contracts, enabling the specification and verification of complex temporal properties. Our approach provides a fully automated encoding into Lustre -- the specification language supported by the Kind 2 model checker -- of an expressive subset of Solidity contracts and temporal specifications based on first-order Hennessy-Milner Logic. This encoding allows us to leverage Kind 2 to determine whether the contract respects the specification or not. We implement our approach in a toolchain that integrates the translation and verification steps, and we evaluate its effectiveness and performance on a benchmark of smart contracts and temporal properties capturing complex attack scenarios. Our results show that the proposed approach can effectively verify non-trivial temporal properties of smart contracts and detect violations that are beyond the reach of existing analysis tools.
Ethereum is a decentralised, censorship-resistant blockchain. It allows users to run decentralised applications and deploy Turing-complete smart contracts. However, the Ethereum blockchain is rather stagnant compared to Bitcoin and its ability to introduce new features to its chain. The Ethereum blockchain, unlike Bitcoin, has an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) built into the chain and lets its users run decentralisation and deploy smart contracts, which fulfils one of the main ideas of blockchain. ERC-4337 introduces the possibility of using classic signature algorithms that are more efficient than ECDSA or multiparty computation and threshold signature schemes that further increase security. It also introduces post-quantum signature schemes in the blockchain. This change also allows the use of aggregators that can utilise Boneh-Lynn-Shacham signature schemes, which have also been used in the Ethereum beacon chain protocol. Also, making most of the in-use smart contracts deployed on the chain compatible with ERC-437 can be challenging as they must be upgraded or, if that is not possible, redeployed with code changes. In general, it can make blockchain interactions user-friendly without losing any of the major Ethereum blockchain principles. It laid the foundation of what Ethereum can become in the future, with Web2 functionality.
The frozen SUPT-CA phase-coherence probe (α = 0.01, zero free parameters) was applied to live blockchain data from Bitcoin, Ethereum, Solana, Cardano, and Polkadot. Consensus mechanism design directly determines geometric regime: deterministic hardware clocking (Solana, Polkadot) produces deep-lock distributions; regulated proof-of-stake with fee targeting (Ethereum, Cardano) produces coherence-zone distributions; probabilistic proof-of-work (Bitcoin) produces clutch-band timing with sub-floor transaction variability. A validated congestion oracle signal is identified for Ethereum: transaction count d_ij crossing 1.0 in a rolling 150-block window marks network congestion onset, confirmed against the May 2024 memecoin congestion event. All data from live public RPC endpoints, April 15, 2026. No parameters adjusted.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to comparatively examine how different blockchain consensus mechanisms – Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS), including the transition from PoW to PoS – shape sustainability, scalability and governance outcomes in enterprise-relevant blockchain networks. By analysing Bitcoin, Ethereum and Cardano using a mixed-methods design, the study moves beyond single-metric evaluations and provides an integrated socio-technical assessment of consensus architecture. In doing so, it contributes to theory, practice and policy by clarifying how consensus design choices influence the development of sustainable and resilient blockchain infrastructures. Design/methodology/approach This study adopts a mixed-methods, documentary comparative research design. It analyses Bitcoin (Proof-of-Work) and Ethereum (PoW-to-PoS transition) as primary empirical cases using secondary quantitative indicators (energy consumption, transaction throughput and finality) and qualitative document analysis of protocol and governance materials. Sustainability, scalability and governance are employed as analytical lenses to guide cross-case comparison. Qualitative data are examined through structured thematic coding to contextualise quantitative trends. Findings The findings indicate that Proof-of-Stake delivers substantial sustainability and scalability advantages over Proof-of-Work. Ethereum's transition to PoS resulted in a reduction in energy consumption of over 99%, while enabling gradual improvements in transaction throughput and settlement finality relative to Bitcoin's static baseline. However, these performance gains are accompanied by governance trade-offs, including risks of validator concentration and delegator passivity. The analysis suggests that although PoS improves environmental and operational efficiency, its long-term effectiveness depends on governance mechanisms capable of preserving decentralisation and accountability. Research limitations/implications First, it relies primarily on secondary data and documentary sources, which may not fully capture real-time network dynamics or evolving governance practices. Second, the comparative analysis focuses on a limited set of major blockchain networks – Bitcoin, Ethereum and Cardano – which constrains the generalisability of the findings to other platforms with different consensus architectures. Despite these limitations, the study provides important implications for researchers, practitioners and policymakers by highlighting the central role of consensus design in shaping sustainability, scalability and governance outcomes. Future research could extend this framework to additional blockchain platforms, incorporate primary stakeholder interviews and employ real-time network telemetry to refine performance and energy-consumption assessments. Practical implications The findings offer actionable guidance for blockchain developers, enterprises and policymakers. Developers should prioritise energy-efficient consensus designs and implement governance mechanisms that mitigate validator concentration. Enterprises seeking scalable and sustainable blockchain solutions may benefit from PoS-based networks that offer lower operational costs and faster transaction finality. For policymakers, the results highlight the importance of regulatory frameworks that incentivise energy-efficient blockchain infrastructures while safeguarding decentralisation, transparency and open participation across staking and governance systems. Social implications The transition from energy-intensive Proof-of-Work to Proof-of-Stake consensus mechanisms has broader social implications for trust, participation and digital inclusion in blockchain ecosystems. Reduced energy consumption addresses public concerns around environmental harm and social legitimacy of blockchain technologies. However, PoS systems may introduce participation inequalities if staking requirements favour wealthier actors. These findings highlight the importance of inclusive governance designs that promote broad validator participation, transparency and accountability, ensuring that sustainability gains do not come at the expense of decentralisation or equitable access to blockchain-based infrastructures. Originality/value This study provides an original comparative assessment of blockchain consensus mechanisms by integrating sustainability, scalability and governance within a single analytical framework. Unlike prior research that often examines energy efficiency or performance in isolation, the study combines quantitative benchmarking with qualitative governance analysis to reveal the socio-technical trade-offs associated with Proof-of-Stake adoption. By analysing a PoW-to-PoS transition alongside a mature PoW system and drawing on PoS-native platforms in the literature as comparative reference points, the article offers new insights into how consensus design choices shape the long-term viability of enterprise-relevant blockchain networks.
Alaa Alqaryuti, Haya Aljaghoub, Khaled Salah, Ahmad Mayyas
The growing adoption of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVS) has increased the need for secure, transparent, and verifiable certification and lifecycle tracking of hydrogen-related components. Current practices rely on fragmented documentation and centralized record-keeping, which creates risks of data manipulation, incomplete maintenance histories, and limited visibility for regulators and service providers. This paper introduces a blockchain-based framework that integrates decentralized storage, oracle-driven automation, and three interoperable smart contracts to manage stakeholder registration, component certification, vehicle assembly validation, and maintenance tracking. Implemented and evaluated in an EVM-compatible environment, the system enforces strict role-based access control, generates immutable audit trails, and automates both failure-based and mileage-based maintenance triggers using real-time inputs. A gas-cost analysis demonstrates that all contract functions operate at minimal cost under current Ethereum conditions, supporting the feasibility of real-world deployment. Overall, the proposed framework improves traceability, regulatory compliance, and operational accountability by enabling near real-time verification of certification records and reducing manual audit processing steps compared to traditional document-based certification workflows. • Blockchain ensures secure, tamper-proof FCEV component traceability. • Smart contracts automate certification, assembly, and maintenance. • Oracle triggers enable real-time, failure-, and scheduled service. • Framework improves compliance, transparency, and lifecycle oversight.
Open access
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security
SHAIK SANA SHAIK SANA, N. SOUJANYA N. SOUJANYA, MOHAMMED MAJEED MOHAMMED MAJEED, BUCHI PAVITHRA BUCHI PAVITHRA · 6 authors
In the current digital era, social media platforms have become pivotal for individuals to express their opinions, political views, and product reviews. However, the centralized nature of traditional social media systems poses significant risks related to data breaches, server crashes, and single points of failure. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel approach to migrate from centralized to decentralized social media platforms by leveraging Blockchain technology. Blockchain ensures data immutability, decentralized storage, and enhanced security by distributing data across multiple nodes. Any tampering with data is immediately detectable due to the cryptographic linkage of data blocks through unique SHA-256 hash codes. The proposed system, named dTweets, enables users to post and view tweets securely using smart contracts written in Solidity and deployed on the Ethereum network. This decentralization prevents fraudulent users from spreading misinformation or unauthorized advertisements. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves strong data integrity, tamper resistance, and transparent operation while maintaining acceptable transaction latency. This implementation provides a robust foundation for a secure and tamper-proof social media ecosystem. KEYWORDS : Blockchain, Decentralized Social Media, Data Security, Privacy Protection, Smart Contracts, SHA-256, Proof of Work, Distributed Ledger, Ethereum, Solidity, dTweets, Secure Data Storage, Web3.
DeFree is a unified Web3-enabled platform designed to integrate freelancing, event management, and real-time community communication into a single decentralised ecosystem. Traditional platforms often suffer from high commission fees, a lack of transparency, and centralised control over transactions. DeFree addresses these limitations by leveraging Ethereum-based smart contracts for trustless escrow payments, ERC-721 NFTs for secure event ticketing, and Socket.IO for real-time communication. The platform is built using React, TypeScript, Node.js, Express, MongoDB, and Solidity-based smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum Sepolia testnet. Experimental evaluation demonstrates efficient system performance with API response times under 250 ms and real-time messaging latency below 200 ms. The proposed system enhances transparency, reduces dependency on intermediaries, and provides a scalable solution for decentralised collaboration.
Gregorio Dalia, Tat Luat Nguyen, Andrea Di Sorbo, Corrado Aaron Visaggio · 5 authors
Ethereum smart contracts manage billions in digital assets, and vulnerability detection is critical given the immutability of deployed code and the irreversible nature of transactions. However, existing tools such as Slither rely on rigid, rule-based analysis, and general-purpose language models like ChatGPT often miss rare or context-dependent bugs. To address these limitations, this paper presents BreachT5, an ensemble of two fine-tuned CodeT5+ models designed for multi-label vulnerability detection in Solidity contracts. We first fine-tune a 220M parameter model on over 67,000 real contracts labeled with the Smart Contract Weakness Classification (SWC), revealing intrinsic detection differences across vulnerability types. We then explore the performance of a 770M variant, which improves accuracy on frequent classes but underperforms on rare ones. To balance this trade-off, BreachT5 combines both models via soft voting with per-class thresholds. Our results on the BCCC-SCsVuls2024 dataset show that BreachT5 achieves 0.556 Macro-F1 and 0.612 Micro-F1, outperforming the two standalone models, Slither, and GPT-5 in multi-label vulnerability detection.
Mohamad Kassab, Rabeya Zahan Mily, Valdemar Vicente Graciano Neto
We report a five-year, construct-preserving longitudinal replication of a 2020 empirical study of blockchain-engineer job advertisements, extended to a global 2025 cohort. Using mixed text-mining and expert-validated coding grounded in established competency taxonomies, we analyze 235 postings from 31 countries to examine how blockchain-specific, general technical, and soft-skill demands have evolved under an aligned measurement protocol. The findings indicate professional maturation from single-platform prototyping toward multi-chain, production-grade engineering that integrates back-end development, deployment operations, and security. Ethereum remains the most frequently cited platform, while Solana and other ecosystems increase platform diversity. Smart-contract development becomes a baseline expectation, with Solidity remaining central and Rust and Move becoming mainstream. Operational tooling such as cloud and containerization, alongside security-oriented practices including audits and zero-knowledge proofs, appears as recurring demand signals. Soft-skill mentions rise substantially, while formal degree requirements decline in favor of experience-based qualification. We contribute an updated 2025 competency atlas and empirically grounded implications for software engineering research, hiring, and curriculum design, while acknowledging comparability limits inherent to global sampling and cross-period labor-market conditions.
Mykhailo Huz, Artur Oleksyn, Inna Kulko-Labyntseva
The article is devoted to the analysis of the application of cryptocurrency instruments in the diversification of investment portfolios. The study considers specific security risks, high market volatility, and behavioral instability of the digital financial environment. The cryptocurrency market is gradually integrating into the global financial architecture. It demonstrates sensitivity to central bank monetary policy, information flows, geopolitical crises, and technical failures of digital platforms. The purpose of the study is to develop an adaptive model for controlling the risks and volatility of digital assets within a diversified portfolio. The empirical basis was formed using market data for 2023–2025. The analysis covers the dynamics of Bitcoin, Ethereum, stablecoins, decentralized finance instruments, environmentally oriented crypto assets, traditional stock indices, gold-based instruments, and green bonds. The research methodology is based on correlation analysis, volatility spillover modeling, economic and mathematical calculations, Conditional Value at Risk, downside risk assessment, as well as the use of safe haven and portfolio stability indices. The results indicate that digital assets optimize the risk-return ratio only under conditions of limited exposure and regular rebalancing. Empirical data confirm the higher resilience of Bitcoin and stablecoins during banking and inflationary shocks. In contrast, decentralized finance tokens, NFT instruments, and meme coins generate substantial losses and high instability. Based on the obtained results, standard portfolio models were developed for conservative, balanced, institutional, and ESG-oriented investors. The highest stability indicators were recorded in hybrid structures and algorithmic balancing models. These models include automated rebalancing and a moderate share of Bitcoin, stablecoins, environmentally oriented crypto assets, and gold-based instruments. The practical significance of the study lies in the development of methodological recommendations for constructing resilient investment strategies under conditions of increased market instability.
J. Rekha J. Rekha, N. Soujanya N. Soujanya, R. Sai Deepthi R. Sai Deepthi, S. Praveen Kumar S. Praveen Kumar · 6 authors
Cloud computing has revolutionized the way organizations and individuals store, process, and manage data by offering scalable and cost-effective solutions over the internet. However, despite its widespread adoption, cloud computing faces critical challenges related to data security, privacy, trust, and centralized control. Centralized cloud architectures are highly susceptible to cyber-attacks, unauthorized access, and data breaches, which can compromise sensitive information. To address these issues, this project proposes a blockchain-integrated cloud system called Cloud Chain, which leverages Ethereum blockchain technology to enhance security and trust in cloud environments.The proposed system utilizes smart contracts to automate access control and ensure secure data transactions. Blockchain provides an immutable and decentralized ledger, making it nearly impossible to alter stored data without detection. This system enables secure file storage, transparent data access, and efficient verification mechanisms. By integrating blockchain with cloud computing, the project enhances data integrity, reduces dependency on centralized authorities, and improves overall system reliability. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system provides a more secure and scalable solution compared to traditional cloud systems.
Traditional philanthropic frameworks often struggle with financial opacity and a relianceon centralized intermediaries, which frequently leads to an erosion of donor trust andsystemic mismanagement. This paper proposes a Decentralized Charity Fund ManagementSystem that mitigates these risks by encoding the complete donation lifecycle withinEthereum smart contracts, ensuring transparency and accountability by design. Utilizing agovernance model inspired by Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), thesystem grants donors proportional voting rights based on their contributions, empoweringthem to collectively oversee fund disbursement. Capital is released to campaign organizersonly after a majority of donors approve specific withdrawal proposals, which must besupported by cryptographic expenditure proofs hosted on the InterPlanetary File System(IPFS). Additionally, the system features an autonomous refund mechanism that activatesif a campaign fails to reach its financial target by a set deadline, allowing for the directreclamation of funds without central intervention. Implementation via a React-baseddecentralized application (DApp) and validation through Hardhat-based testing confirmthat this frameowrk enforces all governance rules deterministically, effectively eliminatingthe need for centralized authority in the charitable ecosystem.
Hongxu Su, Mingzhe Liu, Jie Xu, Xiaohua Jia · 5 authors
ERC-4337, the Ethereum account abstraction standard, simplifies account management and transaction fee payment in decentralized applications by introducing programmable smart contract wallets and gas sponsorship via paymasters. However, its heavy reliance on on-chain validation and frequent state updates incurs substantial gas overhead, leading to performance bottlenecks and limiting scalability in large-scale deployments. To mitigate these issues, we propose GasLiteAA, a framework that optimize ERC-4337 by offloading paymaster logic to Trusted Execution Environments (TEE). GasLiteAA delegates the secure execution of stateful gas sponsorship logic and user quota management to TEE, enforcing validation rules off-chain while anchoring their integrity on-chain via lightweight cryptographic attestations. This verifiable offloading architecture significantly reduces on-chain computation and storage costs without sacrificing verifiability or decentralization. Experimental results demonstrate that GasLiteAA substantially lowers transaction fees, while remaining fully compatible with Ethereum Layer 1. By balancing security, efficiency, and deployability, GasLiteAA provides a practical and scalable approach to gas sponsorship for account-abstraction-based decentralized applications.
Internet of Vehicles (IoV) and IoT environment require decentralized platforms that can support a high number of transactions and provide high security and privacy assurance. This study suggests a reputation-aware, zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) based, dynamically sharded smart contract system that is able to process scalable and privacy-preserving transactions. The suggested architecture highly incorporates dynamic sharding, ZKP-based verification, decentralized smart contracts and reputation-based selection of leaders to jump over the scalability, trusting and performance limitations of traditional blockchain systems. There are also extensive experimental assessments that occur within 100-1000 transactions per second (tps) and batch sizes of 10, 30, 50, and 100. Findings indicate that the given framework demonstrates the ability to scale throughput linearly to about 1000 tps, and Enhanced Fabric and Ethereum reach throughput saturation at 140-150 and 15-20 tps, respectively. The proposed system has an average latency of less than 500 ms at an arrival rate of 1000 tps whereas at the same rate, baseline approaches have a latency of over 8000 ms with larger batch sizes. The success rate of the transaction is always above 97, which is due to the isolation of reputation and adaptive scheduling of shards. Moreover, the framework decreases 40-50% and 45-50% the computation overhead and the cost of communication respectively, over heavyweight baseline schemes. These results show that the synergistic implementation of ZKP, dynamic sharding, decentralized smart contracts, and reputation-aware control are a scalable solution with high throughput IoT and IoV applications that is efficient and secure.