Paulo Caetano da Silva, Djalma Oliveira Costa Filho, Daniel Jose Diaz, José Alan da Silva Teixeira
Blockchain has received a lot of attention for multiple use cases and applications since the first works emerged about 15 years ago, with its use targeting cryptocurrencies. During this period, a wide variety of platforms (e.g. Ethereum, Hyperledger, and others web3 Blockchain platforms), tools, programming languages and other resources such as smart contracts were proposed. With the aim of better understanding the use of smart contracts in Blockchain-based systems, this article presents a systematic review of the literature on Blockchain application architectures that make use of smart contracts, applied in different areas. It is expected to bring together approaches for the design and implementation of smart contracts on the Blockchain.
This study examines security risks, emerging technologies, and cryptographic techniques in cloud-based digital currency transactions using a quantitative research approach. Data was sourced from the REKT Database, Web3 Security Report, and Elliptic Open Dataset, employing descriptive statistical analysis, regression modeling, and time-series analysis to assess security vulnerabilities, fraud reduction trends, and regulatory compliance effectiveness. Findings reveal that AI-driven security measures reduced fraud cases by 55% from 2022 to 2025, while illicit transactions declined from 12.5% in 2019 to 6.1% in 2023, demonstrating the impact of cryptographic advancements and regulatory interventions. However, cybercriminals are shifting toward high-value, precision-based attacks, necessitating an integrated security framework. This study contributes to AI-driven security, cryptographic resilience, and regulatory compliance in cloud-based digital transactions. By analyzing emerging threats and security frameworks, it offers valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and financial institutions. The findings aid in developing robust fraud detection, post-quantum cryptography, and regulatory strategies to enhance digital financial security. This research bridges technological advancements with compliance measures, ensuring a more resilient and secure cloud-based cryptocurrency ecosystem. The study recommends enhancing AI fraud detection with cryptographic security models, adopting post-quantum cryptography, strengthening regulatory compliance, and implementing zero-trust security models to ensure long-term resilience in cloud-based financial ecosystems.
Lo‐Yao Yeh, P. C. Chiu, Guan Yu Chen, Jiun‐Long Huang · 5 authors
Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks have emerged as a significant concern for numerous platforms, websites, and servers in recent years. Employing a blacklist access control mechanism stands out as a viable defense strategy against such attacks. However, there exists a hesitation among some Security Operation Centers (SOC) engaged in gathering threat intelligence to share their knowledge, primarily due to a lack of incentives. Therefore, advocating for a fair and effective method of sharing threat intelligence emerges as a promising research area. In this paper, we put forth a proposal for a Web3-based mechanism, outlining a threat intelligence sharing scheme that incorporates incentives while ensuring transparency through the maintenance of exchange records on smart contracts for fair reward. To uphold data confidentiality, the suggested system incorporates a proxy re-encryption scheme, which maintains data in an encrypted form during exchange, thereby preventing data leakage to unauthorized persons. Additionally, our innovative scheme incorporates a novel non-false-positive-based double filter that operates without generating false positives. This advancement serves to amplify the efficiency of data requesters, enabling them to seamlessly search for pertinent information while effectively excluding irrelevant data sets and safeguarding data privacy. According to our simulation results, the execution time of proxy re-encryption in our proposed scheme demonstrates a significant improvement of approximately 65%-70% compared to other existing schemes. This enhancement underscores the efficiency and robustness of our proposed approach in mitigating the impact of DDoS attacks.
Blockchain technology has emerged as a disruptive force with transformative potential across various industries, and its application in the realm of smart homes and businesses is gaining considerable attention. In the context of smart homes, blockchain facilitates secure and decentralized management of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Through decentralized ledgers, homeowners can establish trust in device interactions, ensuring data integrity and preventing unauthorized access. Smart contracts, a key feature of blockchain, enable automated and transparent execution of predefined actions based on predetermined conditions, thereby streamlining processes such as energy management, access control, and home automation. For smart businesses, blockchain technology provides a foundation for transparent and tamper-proof record-keeping. Supply chain management is revolutionized as blockchain ensures end-to-end visibility, traceability, and authenticity of products. This has significant implications for industries where provenance and quality assurance are paramount, such as food and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, blockchain fosters new business models, enabling decentralized energy grids, peer-to-peer transactions, and autonomous organizations. This decentralization reduces reliance on intermediaries, lowers costs, and enhances the overall resilience of business operations. In conclusion, the adoption of blockchain technology in smart homes and businesses holds immense promise for creating more secure, efficient, and transparent ecosystems. As the technology continues to mature, it is anticipated that blockchain will play a pivotal role in shaping the future of smart living and business operations.
The usage of electronic gadgets has grown dramatically in the current digital era. Devices like mobile phones and smart watches are unavoidable and has ingrained themselves into every person's daily routine. Almost everyone owns at least one portable electronic device and these devices are usually expensive. Due to this widespread use, there is also an increase in the number of lost or stolen cases reported. In a recent study, it has been revealed that the number of devices lost is mostly because of misplacing in public places like home, office, public transport. Such incidents will not only cause financial loss but it may also lead to data breaches stored in the portable devices. Hence there is a need for a secure eco-system which helps to identify the genuine owners of electronic devices. A blockchain-based framework is deployed on an Ethereum-based network and adopts the Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism to protecting gadgets. Further, it is designed using the smart contract defined using solidity programming language. The system enables the owner's details to be recorded upon purchase of a device. The complete specification details of the devices along with owner details is contained in a block and then appended to network. Later on, if the owner wants to resale the device, then the transfer of ownership information is stored in a block and added to the network. The proposed system provides an appropriate interface to check the genuine owner. The proposed framework has been implemented using solidity language, Remix IDE and Sepolia testnet. Obtained results highlights the suitability of the method and its performance in terms of gas consumption and execution latency.
Mahmoud Allahham, Atheer Ahmed Alrashed, Omaia Al-Omari, Wasef Ibrahim Almajali
This justifies the feature of blockchain in decision-making where companies predominantly use data processing and managing methods or have intricate supply chains demanding authenticity and relying on blockchain technology. This study is motivated by increasing convolutions and demands for secure speedy supply chain system as it is important in nurturing trustworthiness and accountability during commercial transactions, so it focuses on showing why current supply chain authentication methods are inefficient and unreliable leading to potential frauds and mistrust. This research starts by reviewing existing supply chain authentication methods and their shortcomings. The Basics of Blockchain refer to How Decentralized and Secure it really is, explaining what blockchain technology is. This blog post discusses how blockchain can be used to enhance decision-making processes, providing an unchangeable, auditable way to keep track of and authenticate the supply chain, and briefly covers various use cases of blockchain in supply chains and explains how they are transforming the security and efficiency of operations. The objective of this study is to suggest a structure that combines blockchain and machine learning for better supply chain decisions and authentication systems. It makes use of decentralized system architecture from methodological point of view by which the immutability aspect of blockchain and machine learning analytics can be integrated together in forecasting of demand while at the same time ensuring safety for transactions. Overall, blockchain technology enables significant disruption in supply chain authentication by helping partner systems and organizations make better decisions and reinforcing security requirements between partners. Combined with blockchain, RFIDs provide improved transparency and cost savings and ensure data is secure and trustworthy, thereby greatly enhancing supply chain networks. Indeed, the findings have shown clearly that coherent use of these technologies in supply chain management yields tangible improvements in such areas as fraud prevention, operational efficiency and even customer trust.
Blockchain technology, renowned for its ability to securely store data, hashes, and signatures permanently, faces unprecedented challenges in secure Consumer IoT (CIoT) networks with the advent of quantum computing. This paper proposes a set of robust quantum-based protocols and techniques to address these challenges by enhancing the security, scalability, and reliability of CIoT systems in the face of quantum threats. Updating the blockchain infrastructure is imperative to ensure ongoing security, which involves forks or protocol adjustments to establish new post-quantum chains and addresses, requiring rapid data and asset migration by users. Blockchain guarantees data integrity through an immutable ledger of transactions distributed via cryptographic hashes. The proposed quantum protocols and techniques enhance scalability and reliability and address the unique security needs of both commercial and governmental applications in secure CIoT networks through immersive embedded cyber-physical systems. These include Quantum Currency Security Protocols, Distributed Ledger Data Blocks, Quantum Ledger Verification, Quantum Solutions for Middleman Attacks, and the integration of Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based security measures. By integrating these methods, the proposed approach ensures robust protection against emerging quantum threats, thereby securing sensitive information and transactions.
The advent of sixth-generation (6G) technology is poised to revolutionize connectivity, particularly by enhancing the integration of Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) devices. This advancement offers ultra-fast data transmission, low latency, and high mobility but also brings the challenge of ensuring secure and energy-efficient communication. To solve these challenges, this paper introduces a novel hybrid greylag goose-based optimized clustering (HGGOC) algorithm. It merges the efficiency of greylag goose optimization with the precision of the golden sine strategy. The Lévy flight mechanism guides the algorithm to optimize cluster head selection in 6G-enabled IoMT networks. The integration of blockchain technology further strengthens data security and transparency. Simulation results show that HGGOC surpasses existing methods, delivering up to 64% improvement in network stability, a 47% increase in node lifetime, and a 59% boost in energy efficiency and data throughput. These findings position HGGOC as a promising solution for sustainable communication in 6G-enabled IoMT environments.
Abstract Plant diseases are considered as the major bottleneck for the farmers to monitor and diagnosis with the super intelligent methods. With the onset of Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things(IoT), predicting the plant diseases in early stages has given the bright light of hope to farmers for boosting the productivity of agriculture in which increases the country’s economy. But the current advances in the IoT-AI-driven data gathers data from the agricultural fields and integrates the strong communication system for the early prediction and diagnosis process. Though these intelligent drive systems have several advantages, these procedure have been suffering from the varied security challenges which accelerates an outcry for a cognitive systems in the form of data breaches and privacy problems. The protection of patient data remains a significant concern due to the sensitivity and value of healthcare information, especially when transmitted over the Internet. This has heightened the demand for secure systems to safeguard against data breaches and privacy issues. Similarly, in agriculture, security challenges have been addressed using Web 3.0 and Blockchain technologies, which are favored for their immutable and decentralized features. This research proposes an advanced Web 3.0 Ensemble hybrid blockchain framework to enhance authentication security within the agricultural sector. To improve the authentication process further, chaotic maps are used to generate highly dynamic hashes during the creation of genesis blocks, ensuring that all data is securely stored in the recommended approach. The framework was tested on the Ethereum blockchain using Web 3.0, with Python 3.19 as the primary programming language for developing various interfaces. The security strength of the framework was thoroughly assessed using NIST standard tests, and its robustness was compared with other blockchain models. The results demonstrate that the proposed framework provides stronger defenses against various attacks and surpasses varied approaches in terms of complexity and robustness.
"A distributed database that maintains an ever-expanding list of ordered records, called blocks," is how a blockchain is defined.These parts are connected by the use of cryptography. A timestamp contain by each, the preceding block of a cryptographic hash , and with a transaction information. Also we can say that distributed, public, decentralized digital ledger that keeps track of transactions across several computers is called a blockchain. Its goal is to stop record tampering without interfering with network consensus or all subsequent blocks. Because blockchain and smart contracts are developed using non-standard software life cycles, there may be security flaws and difficulties in getting users to adopt the technology. For instance, distributed applications may not receive regular updates or may have bugs that can only be fixed by releasing a new version. A detailed review of smart contracts was covered in this publication. In terms of security, privacy, communication channel, etc., it further differentiated and contrasted the security of smart contracts with that of traditional security. This study also discusses other smart contract systems, including Stellar, Monax, Ethereum, Bitcoin, and Lisk. For smart contracts certain suggested methods are applied in various contexts to address security risks. Furthermore, also smart contract classification of the security application was put out in an effort to address some of the shortcomings. Additionally, the paper offers a thorough security scenario for smart contracts using several methods. Finally, the dangers and weaknesses of the smart contracts that might lead to an attack are listed. Here we can find and focuses on security risks and weaknesses specific to smart contracts.
The rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) has driven significant advancements across sectors such as urbanization, manufacturing, and healthcare, all of which are focused on enhancing quality of life and stimulating the global economy. This survey offers an in-depth analysis of the integration of blockchain technology with IoT, addressing aspects such as architectural alignment, applications, security, limitations, scalability, and latency. Moreover, this survey focuses on security, integration techniques, and future research directions. The primary contributions of this review include a taxonomy of security concerns specific to IoT, an analysis of integration methods, and insights into consensus mechanisms suitable for resource-constrained environments. These findings highlight the unique challenges and opportunities in IoT–blockchain integration, providing a foundation for advancing secure and scalable IoT applications. By exploring consensus mechanisms and resource-constrained deployments, this paper provides a framework for developing secure and efficient IoT applications utilizing blockchain technology and providing a basis for future research and practical applications. In addition, this survey investigates innovative trends, including AI-driven blockchain for IoT.
HealthCare 4.0 stands as a cutting-edge technology that integrates human-sourced data with communication systems to enable highly accurate clinical diagnostics and treatments. While sensor-based devices have simplified many aspects of daily life, these advancements also face significant security challenges, particularly in safeguarding patient information. In response, this research introduces a novel blockchain-based hybrid chaotic encryption and authentication for maintaining EHR transmissions aimed at robust and secure authentication within HealthCare 4.0. The complete framework incorporates the Infura Web API, using Python 3.19. To strengthen authentication security, modified Hippopotamus-evoked scroll maps are used to generate dynamic hashes in the genesis block formation, securing all EHR data in the proposed architecture. This entire framework was evaluated on the Ethereum Blockchain, leveraging Web 3.0, with Python 3.19 serving as the core programming environment for interface development. Security analysis was performed utilizing Burrows-Abadi-Needham (BAN) logic, while the framework's resilience was rigorously tested against NIST standards. Comparative testing highlights the model's superior defense capabilities against various attacks, surpassing other frameworks in complexity and robustness. The findings ultimately provide a comprehensive view of the optimized encryption scheme on blockchain technology and the future pathways for secure authentication frameworks in HealthCare 4.0.
Abdul Subhani Shaik, M. Mahima, Jajimoggala Sravanthi, Hassan Ali · 6 authors
Therefore, there is a need to formulate a predictive analytics approach to get increased regulatory compliance within blockchain supply chain management. The plan is to apply machine learning to determine probabilistic outcomes that can be used in attempting to identify future compliance concerns and trends derived from analysis of past blockchain transactions. The model also becomes aware of the patterns in the supply chain data and hence estimates regulatory changes before the noncompliance incidents happen. Besides, smart contracts that include machine learning aspects allow for the automatic execution of regulation adherence. The system includes other document check mechanisms which utilize a Technical feature of artificial intelligence to ascertain the validity of documentation in the supply chain. Furthermore, risk assessment algorithm fosters compliance regulation attention by highlighting key compliance risks within the supply chain. By so doing, the system has the capability to identify fraudulent transactions and policies in an effort to prevent them as well as meet set compliance levels. In conclusion, this forward-looking work provides a holistic framework on how predictive analytics can aid in the kind of decision-making required to strengthen the transformative power of blockchain supply chains in the areas of compliance, openness, and responsibility.
After the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), the way devices interact with each other changed, as it allowed automation and seamless communication in various fields. However, various challenges related to security and trust have emerged, hindering the widespread adoption of the IoT. Blockchain technology is considered the ideal solution to face these challenges because of its immutable and decentralized nature. This paper explores the potential of blockchain technology to address critical security and trust challenges within the rapidly growing IoT ecosystem. Through a systematic literature review, this study examines how blockchain’s decentralized, immutable, and transparent features contribute to enhancing security and trust in IoT networks. Key findings indicate that blockchain integration can prevent data manipulation, ensure robust identity management, and facilitate transparent, verifiable transactions, supporting both security and trust in IoT systems. These attributes not only improve IoT security but also promote sustainable practices by optimizing resource efficiency, reducing environmental impact, and enhancing resilience in systems like supply chain management and smart grids. Additionally, this study identifies open research challenges and suggests future directions for optimizing blockchain in IoT environments, focusing on scalability, energy-efficient consensus mechanisms, and efficient data processing.
Sunil Raj Y, E. Helen Parimala, V. S Jayakumar Paul Bosco, Aarav Kannan J · 6 authors
In the growing field of the Internet of Things (IoT), ensuring security and privacy has become a critical concern, particularly in sensitive domains such as healthcare. This paper presents a Real-Time Adaptive Intrusion Detection System (IDS) specifically designed for Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) networks. The proposed system leverages Federated Learning (FL) and Blockchain technologies to address key challenges, including handling non-independent and identically distributed (non-IID) data, ensuring secure model updates, and providing real-time detection capabilities. By employing FL, the system enables IoMT devices to collaboratively train models without sharing sensitive data, thereby preserving privacy and improving scalability. Blockchain integration further enhances the system by ensuring the integrity and security of model updates, mitigating risks of tampering. The system demonstrates strong performance in detecting simpler intrusions in real-time, though additional enhancements are required to manage more complex attacks and large-scale IoT deployments. This work contributes a robust and scalable IDS framework, particularly valuable for protecting critical IoT environments such as healthcare networks.
As unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technology expands into diverse applications, the demand for enhanced performance intensifies. Blockchain sharding technology offers promising avenues for improving data processing capabilities and security in drone networks. However, the inherent mobility of UAVs and their dynamic operational environment pose significant challenges to conventional sharding techniques, often resulting in communication latencies and data synchronization delays that compromise efficiency. This study presents a novel blockchain-based adaptive sharding framework specifically designed for UAV ecosystems. Our research extends beyond improving data transmission rates to encompass an enhanced Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic algorithm, tailored to address long-term optimization objectives in aerial networks. The proposed optimizations focus on dual objectives: enhancing data security while concurrently accelerating processing speeds. By addressing the limitations of traditional approaches, this work aims to facilitate seamless communication and foster innovation in UAV networks. The adaptive sharding framework, coupled with the refined A3C algorithm, presents a comprehensive solution to the unique challenges faced by mobile aerial systems in blockchain implementation.