Pratyush Kumar Patro, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Ibrar Yaqoob
Efficient traceability management is necessary for managing products in the fishery supply chain. Any negligence in products’ traceability can result in food fraud that may adversely affect the consumer’s health. Monitoring and tracking of the fishery supply chain operations can assist system stakeholders in identifying the origins and causes of product fraud and malpractice. Most of the existing systems and technologies used to manage the fishery supply chain processes fall short of providing traceability, accountability, transparency, reliability, trust, privacy, and security features. In this paper, we propose a private Ethereum blockchain-based solution to efficiently manage the fishery supply chain operations in a manner that is decentralized, transparent, traceable, secure, private, and trustworthy. We present the solution architecture and propose five smart contracts to automate the processes in fishery supply chain. We present ten algorithms along with their full implementation, testing, and validation details. We conduct a security analysis to show that the proposed solution is both secure and trustworthy. We compare our solution with the existing blockchain and non-blockchain-based solutions to show its effectiveness and novelty. We make the smart contract code publicly available on GitHub.
All sectors have been updated with new technologies, but India's agriculture, especially Tamil Nadu, is still lagging behind. Third-party interventions are so high that reduced food chain traceability, increased costs, and security issues affect smallholder’s farmer and provide consumers with sufficient knowledge to buy products at low prices. Use of blockchain technology in smart contracts combined with the Internet of Things. This paper analyses literature studies that focus primarily on food chain traceability and explores aspects of cost analysis, time consumption, and security. Therefore, these challenges are blockchain technology in smart contracts, which is being monitored by smallholder’s farmer and consumers are also benefiting from it.
Showkat Ahmad Bhat, Nen‐Fu Huang, Ishfaq Bashir Sofi, Muhammad Sultan
Modern-day agriculture supply chains have evolved from sovereign and autonomous local stakeholders to a worldwide interconnected system of multiple participants linked by complicated interactions, impacting the production, processing, transportation, and delivery of food to end consumers. Regular instances of fraudulent acts reveal a lack of openness in agriculture supply chains, raising worries about financial losses, eroding customer trust, and lowering corporate brand value. To develop an efficient and reliable trading environment, several fundamental modifications in the present supply chain architecture are required. There is broad consensus that blockchain can improve transparency in agriculture-food supply chains (agri-food SCs). Consumers now demand safe, sustainable, and equitable food production processes, and businesses are using blockchains and the internet of things to meet these needs. For enhanced responsiveness in agri-food SCs, new concepts have evolved that combine blockchains with various Industry 5.0 technologies (e.g., blockchain technology, big data, internet of things (IoT), radio frequency identification (RFID), near field communication (NFC), etc.). It is critical to cut through the hype and examine the technology’s limits, which might stymie its acceptance, implementation, and scalability in agri-food supply chains. This study presents Agri-SCM-BIoT (Agriculture Supply Chain Management using Blockchain and Internet of things) architecture to address the storage and scalability optimization, interoperability, security and privacy issues security, and privacy of personal data along with storage concerns with present single-chain agriculture supply chain systems. We also discussed the classification of security threats with IoT infrastructure and possible available blockchain-based defense mechanisms. Finally, we discussed the features of the proposed supply chain architecture, followed by a conclusion and future work.
Agriculture is the foremost form of sustenance for all living beings on the planet. Food supply chain management is the flow of agricultural products from farms, harvesters, processing, distributing, retail and finally consumers. It is a sequence that starts from food production till final consumption. The existing traceability of the food supply chain isn’t entirely reliable and the authentic city of each stakeholder cannot be checked manually as it is a time-taking. Instead of a centralized source, a transparent and decentralized process can be adapted through Blockchain Technology to trace the food back to its source. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network that helps keep the data in the ledger tamper-proof. It would be a way to prevent serious health risks and be versed in the origin, transport and sale of the products that consumers buy from stakeholders. In this paper, we propose a traceable food-safety with Blockchain Technology & Smart Contracts which would make it transparent and tamper-proof. Through the proposed solution, a long-lasting trust is established among the consumers and the stakeholders to make it reliable, contamination-free and traceable. The entire supply chain, right from the fields to the kitchen, will be closely monitored which leaves room for no mistakes.
Purpose This paper aims to explore the potential of blockchain technology (BT) to support the operational excellence in perishable food supply chain (PFSC) during outbreaks, by doing use-case analysis. Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review is performed to determine the dimensions of operational excellence in the food supply chain (FSC), then a single use-case analysis is conducted to explore the potential of blockchain in order to achieve operational excellence for PFSC during the pandemics by applying context, interventions, mechanism and outcomes (CIMO) logic. Findings The findings of this study reveal that blockchain capabilities such as immutability and transparency, visibility, traceability, integration and interoperability, disintermediation and decentralisation, smart contracts and consensus mechanism provide better sustainable operational excellence outcomes for PFSCs to be more responsive, flexible, efficient and collaborative to cope with the impacts of COVID-19. Research limitations/implications This research employs only one real case with multiple PFSC participants. Statistical generalisation is not possible at this stage of the research. However, the findings are not restricted to this single use-case. Practical implications This study provides a research direction to explore the potential of BT to achieve operational excellence in the PFSC during outbreaks and generates prescriptive knowledge for better managerial decision-making across the PFSC during outbreaks. Originality/value This research conducts semi-structured interviews with different participants in one blockchain ecosystem to understand multiple participants' perspectives of operational excellence within PFSC.
Demand for Halal food has significantly increased with the growing Muslim population and society’s interest in sustainable food production. However, there has been an increase in concerns regarding the Halal food labeling transparency process, with misleading labels found across the world. Blockchain-based traceability systems are a potential solution for current limitations in monitoring the production process of food due to its inherent decentralization and immutable nature. The technology allows stakeholders, including consumers, to promote farm-to-fork transparency, where traceability is a core component. This paper will explore the blockchain-based traceability system use case implemented by the Indonesian poultry player PT Sreeya Sewu Indonesia Tbk. Utilizing a blockchain-based system as a foundation for traceability shows promising results: data throughout the process is recorded permanently and difficult to tamper. Although the system does not eliminate the possibility of incorrect information being recorded, the same immutability characteristics will keep the new knowledge of fraud permanent if found during the audit. This layer of accountability contributes to the transparency that benefits both the consumers and stakeholders of the value chain.
Kirti Nayal, Rakesh D. Raut, Balkrishna E. Narkhede, Pragati Priyadarshinee · 6 authors
Blockchain can solve the problems that the agriculture supply chain (ASC) is facing to achieve sustainable growth. In a nation like India, blockchain application in the supply chain is still new; therefore, supply chain players need a better understanding and awareness of blockchain through valuable insights. This article aims to study the mediating role of blockchain technology adoption (BLCT) for sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP). This study investigates the influence of numerous factors such as green and lean practices, supply chain integration, supply chain risk, performance expectancy, top management support, cost, internal and external environmental conditions, regulatory support, and innovation capability on BLCT adoption. A sample of 316 respondents from Indian ASC industries was collected, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was used. This study's outcomes show that green and lean practices, supply chain integration, supply chain risks, internal and external conditions, regulatory support, innovation capability, and cost positively influence BLCT adoption. Moreover, BLCT positively influences sustainable agriculture supply chain performance. This article is valuable for policymakers, managers, service providers, researchers, and academicians to understand the role of factors in influencing BLCT and BLCT's role in improving sustainable supply chain performance (SSCP).
In supply chains where stakeholders belong to the economically disadvantaged segment and form an important part of the supply chain distribution, the complexities grow manifold. Fisheries in developing nations are one such sector where the complexity is not only due to the produce being perishable but also due to the livelihood dependence of others in the coastal regions that belong to the section of economically disadvantaged. This paper explains the contextual challenges of fish supply chain in a developing country and describes how integrating disruptive technologies can address those challenges. Through a positive deviance approach, we show how firms can help unorganized supply chains with economically disadvantaged suppliers by carefully redesigning the supply chain through the integration of satellite imagery and blockchain technology. With COVID-19 in the backdrop, we highlight how such technologies significantly improves the supply chain resilience and at the same time contributes to the income generating opportunities of poor fisherfolks in developing nations. Our study has important implications to both developing markets and food supply chain practitioners as this paper tackles issues such as perishability, demand-supply mismatch, unfair prices, and quality related data transparency in the entire value chain.
In traditional agricultural supply chain management, due to involvement of many stakeholders in the entire procedure ranging from farmers, retailers to final vendors, it is merely the producer of the agricultural products i.e., farmers get its direct benefit. The middle stakeholders are always more beneficial than farmers and hence, the conditions of farmers are always the same though they sometimes get good earning and it is becoming a very serious concern in India. The major reason behind it, the transparency and traceability of the entire supply chain of this agricultural products journey from farm to vendor shop. In addition, consumers are becoming more conscious of where their food and food products come from. Block chains have distributed ledger technology (DLT) which has potential to provide transparency and trust for agricultural product supply chains at its different stages and even useful for improving its efficiency. This can boost confidence of all stakeholders who are involved in this farming supply chain. This research paper proposes the same concept in its subsequent sections.
Gaetano della Corte, Federica Ricci, Giuseppe Modaffari, Vincenzo Scafarto
Motivated by the recent surge of interest in blockchain adoption across industries, this paper has theoretically examined the potential advantages and major barriers to blockchain adoption in the agri-food sector. Recent research and pilot studies suggest that blockchain may promote agri-food sustainability, however blockchain adoption is still in its infancy and further studies are needed to accurately assess the advantages and limitations of using lockchain-based technologies in the agri-food sector. We acknowledge the shortcomings of the present study due to its conceptual nature, but drawing on the existing theoretical and empirical literature, it may act as a springboard for future research directions.
Vinay Surendra Yadav, A.R. Singh, Rakesh D. Raut, Naoufel Cheikhrouhou
Abstract Blockchain has the potential to improve sustainable food security due to its unique features like traceability, decentralized and immutable database, and smart contract mechanisms. However, blockchain technology is still in the early stages of adoption in particular in agricultural applications. In this context, this article aims to identify blockchain drivers to achieve sustainable food security in the Indian context and model them using an integrated MCDM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making) approach. The blockchain adoption drivers are identified through an exhaustive literature review and opinions from domain experts from industry, academia, and Agriculture Supply Chain (ASC) stakeholders. Subsequently, the integrated MCDM approach is developed by combining Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) and Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), which does not only investigate the interrelation between the identified constructs and builds hierarchy but also determines the intensity of the causal interrelationships. At a later stage, Fuzzy Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) is used to cluster the identified drivers to evaluate the importance of each driver. The results reveal that Traceability, Real-time information availability to agro-stakeholder, and Decentralized and immutable database are the most significant drivers. Policymakers, governmental organizations and other relevant stakeholders may utilize the information about the interrelationship between these drivers and their influential power, to frame suitable strategies for enhancing the adoption rate of blockchain in the Indian ASC.
Khoa Tan Vo, Anh-Thu Nguyen-Thi, Tu-Anh Nguyen-Hoang
Quality assurance and food safety are the most problem that the consumers are special care. To solve this problem, the enterprises must improve their food supply chain management system. In addition to tracking and storing orders and deliveries, it also ensures transparency and traceability of food production and transportation. This is a big challenge that the food supply chain system using the client-server model cannot meet with the requirements. Blockchain was first introduced to provide distributed records of digital currency exchanges without reliance on centralized management agencies or financial institutions. Blockchain is a disruptive technology that can improve supply chain related transactions, enable to access data permanently, data security, and provide a distributed database. In this paper, we propose a method to design a food supply chain management system base on Blockchain technology that is capable of bringing consumers’ trust in food traceability as well as providing a favorable supply and transaction environment. Specifically, we design a system architecture that is capable of controlling and tracking the entire food supply chain, including production, processing, transportation, storage, distribution, and retail. We propose the KDTrace system model and the Channel of KDTrace network model. The Smart contract between the organizations participating in the transaction is implemented in the Channel of KDTrace network model. Therefore, our supply chain system can decrease the problem of data explosion, prevent data tampering and disclosure of sensitive information. We have built a prototype based on Hyperledger Fabric Blockchain. Through the prototype, we demonstrated the effectiveness of our method and the suitability of the use cases in a supply chain. Our method that uses Blockchain technology can improve efficiency and security of the food supply chain management system compared with traditional systems, which use a clientserver model.
Blockchain is a technology that, integrated into intelligent systems, can solve many of the tasks and challenges in intelligent agriculture, such as monitoring and tracking the supply chain, financial management, establishing critical data, including those received by the IoT, and others. Launched in March 2021, the National Research Program “Intelligent Plant Breeding” sets the task to develop models for efficient blockchains for intelligent agriculture in Bulgaria. The report presents a model for the development of a supply chain based on blockchain technologies, which includes the following as separate channels: the BG Gene Bank, farmers-curators, farmers-producers, food producers, a trade network of stores, logistics, and transport, financial and insurance institutions, distributors, government regulators, etc.
Luís Alves, Estrela Ferreira Cruz, Sérgio Ivan Lopes, Pedro Miguel Faria · 5 authors
The textile and clothing industry sector has today a big environmental impact, not only due to the consumption of water and the use of toxic chemicals but also due to the increasing levels of textile waste. One way to reduce the problem is to circularise the, currently linear, textile and clothing value chain, by using discarded clothes as raw material for the production of new clothes, transforming it into a model of circular economy. This way, while reducing the need to produce new raw materials (e.g. cotton), the problem of textile waste produced is also reduced, thus contributing to a more sustainable industry. In this article, we review the current approaches for traceability in the textile and clothing value chain, and study a set of technologies we deem essential for promoting the circular economy in this value chain - namely, the blockchain technology - for registering activities on traceable items through the value chain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) technology, for easily identifying the traceable items' digital twins.
The food holds a major role and at the worldwide level in human lives and societies, the agriculture sector is known to be a major employer. In all the developing countries, food supply chain is the major domains of research which need a growth. Nowadays, the world wide serious topic is a food safety and the food safety issues are tackled by the trusted food traceability system. It can track and monitor the food production whole lifespan in which the processes of food raw material cultivation/breeding, processing, transporting, and selling etc. are included. In this paper, food quality problems are discussed and the food traceability system is proposed which is based on the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technique for agricultural products. The presented system architecture is detailed and other existing problems are also discussed. The consortium blockchain is utilized as the basic network and the traceability system can achieve more reliable and trustable devices.
This paper explains about the feasibility of Blockchain Technology in food organization. The technology of BCT helps the organizations to achieve integrity among peer-to-peer nodes, such as maintaining proof of work, reducing intermediaries, traceability, etc. It can be applied in the BCT at different levels of Supply Chain Management processes. This empirical study was conducted with the help of the primary data. The data was collected from food industry managers who have knowledge about the BCT in the process of supply chain management. The questionnaire was prepared based on the different supply chain activities like procurement, pre-processing, logistics, warehousing, inventory management, distribution, retailing, processing, and marketing activities. Based on the literature and data analysis, the BCT had the greatest advantages are cost reduction, traceability, time-saving, immutability, authentication and proof of work. The major weaknesses that are associated with present employees having a lack of knowledge, limited scalability, complexity in usage, and high initial cost.
Modern agri-food supply chains have transitioned from autonomous and independent local actors to globally interlinked system of multiactors connected by complex relationships, affecting ways in which food is produced, processed, transported, and delivered to end consumers. Frequent incidences of fraudulent practices expose lack of transparency in agri-food supply chains, causing concerns related to economic losses, eroding consumer trust and enterprise brand value. Traditionally associated with cryptocurrencies, banking and finance, blockchains are now being applied in the agri-food sector to address supply chain-related challenges. This article examines the question: How blockchain technology facilitates transparency in agri-food supply chains? Primary attributes of blockchain, namely traceability, immutability, auditability, and provenance, promote transparency in supply chains. Using thematic analysis, the following three areas were identified for implementing blockchain in agri-food supply chains: first, agri-food distribution; second, agri-food origin and sourcing; third, agri-food safety and quality. By cross-mapping thematic areas with primary attributes, our analysis resulted in classification of 25 uses cases. Preliminary findings of this study highlight blockchain-enabled transparency via contemporary uses cases in conceptual, proof-of-concept and commercial stages. It is imperative to sift through the hype and scrutinize limitations of the technology which could interfere with its adoption, deployment, and scalability in agri-food supply chains.
The chain of distribution management is predominant wherever the process occurs in stage-by-stage manner. Among the various types, agriculture Supply Chain Management is very critical as it is sensitive to failures. In India, the agriculture supply chain is very poor, and the farmers are not able to know the real condition of their goods. Hence, the farmers must accept the price given by the company person or the brokers. It would be better if there exists some technology helping them to view the status of their goods at the end of each stage. Blockchain is one such technology providing the user security and immutable storage of data. In this paper, the strategies applying Blockchain for the agriculture supply chain are analysed and inferred how-far the technology is utilized
In 2020, the annual consumption of fluid cow milk worldwide was 81 million tons, and the use of dairy products was 222.5 billion pounds [1]. However, in such a big dairy market, the supply system has had a series of problems including diarrheal disease which causes 760,000 childhood deaths annually [2]. Among all the reasons, food fraud, illegal production, and foodborne illness are critical. This paper presents a brand new dairy logistic supply ecosystem with blockchain technology. Taking advantage of many attributes of blockchain such as decentralization, security, and transparency, it solves the problems mentioned above that the centralized dairy supply systems cannot solve. The blockchain approach guarantees to provide customers with fresh and safe dairy products at fair prices. All the data in the system is open to all participants and the Internet of things (IoT) lowers the labor and decrease errors. The most important attribute is its smart contracts with crowdfunding function, with which an eco-society is created. We finally discuss the difference between the e-commence model in the Internet and eco-commence model in the Blockchain. Which system is the future? The answer is waiting for us to dig out.
It is necessary to identify what factors affect distributed trust and validate their effect on distributed trust and user satisfaction in an area of the food supply chain for sustainable business. The purpose of the present study is to examine determinants of distributed trust in the blockchain-based food supply chain and test seven hypotheses derived from the structural equation model integrating distributed trust, its three determinants, and user satisfaction. Transparency, traceability, and security are suggested as three determinants of distributed trust along the blockchain-based food supply chain. Data were collected from users of Chinese firms employing blockchain-based food supply chains to validate the research model and test the seven hypotheses. The present study contributes to clarifying the significance of distributed trust and suggesting evidence of its role in the food supply chain. The present study discussed trust-free systems based on blockchain technology related to sustainability through the findings.
This paper examines blockchain technology and food waste management in the hospitality industry. Food waste prevention is an important issue for hotels, as food consumption is difficult to estimate, often leading to huge amounts of waste. Food waste occurs at each stage of the food supply chain and represents a big percentage of hospitality waste. Although many studies examine the difficulties of food waste management, only a limited number of studies examine the stages of food waste inside food supply chains. The coordination of food supply chains can be supported by blockchain technology, which can break the supply chain into smaller parts and help managers to better mitigate food control. To address these issues, this paper conducts an extensive literature review, firstly to clarify the concept of food waste management in the hospitality industry and secondly to examine the benefits of the use of blockchain technology in food supply chains. Combining the obtained knowledge, this study aims to analyze the relationship between blockchain and food waste management practices. It also aims to examine how this combination boosts hotels to increase their performance and gain customers’ loyalty. Therefore, this paper analyses food waste management in the hospitality industry makes propositions on how blockchain technology could support food waste management in the food supply chain and forms the base for future research.
The food industry is highly dependent upon food supply chains. It is highly critical for the quality of the food product that reaches the consumer, that all actors that interact with the corresponding supply chains act responsibly and according to the appropriate regulations. Because of that, monitoring of food supply chains is a necessity nowadays. The main problem of current food supply chain systems is the lack of transparency, traceability, and sustainability as those are required to operate in a complex ecosystem, involving multiple stakeholders across different countries. Blockchain technology has been proposed as the means to enhance existing systems by increasing transparency and traceability, and thus regain customer's trust. This paper aims at providing a state of the art with regards to the use of blockchain technology in the food industry and food supply chains in particular. The survey summarizes all relevant research efforts and concludes with the main findings, while it also identifies existing challenges and limitations.
Rohit Sharma, Taab Ahmad Samad, Charbel José Chiappetta Jabbour, Maurício Jucá de Queiroz
Purpose The authors originally explore the factors for blockchain technology (BCT) adoption in agricultural supply chains (ASCs) to enhance circularity and understand the dependencies, hierarchical structure and causalities between these factors. Design/methodology/approach Based on an extant literature review and expert opinion, the present study identified ten enablers for adopting BCT to leverage the circular economy (CE) practices in the ASCs. Then, using an integrated interpretive structural modeling and decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (ISM-DEMATEL) approach, hierarchical and cause–effect relationships are established. Findings It was observed that traceability is the most prominent enabler from the CE perspective in ASCs. However, traceability, being a net effect enabler, will be realized through the achievement of other cause enablers, such as seamless connectivity and information flow and decentralized and distributed ledger technology. The authors also propose a 12 Rs framework for enhancing circularity in ASC operations. Research limitations/implications The paper identifies enablers to BCT adoption that will enhance circularity in ASC operations. The ISM hierarchical model is based on the driving and dependence powers of the enablers, and DEMATEL aids in identifying causal relationships among the enablers. Practical implications The study's findings and proposed 12 Rs framework may help the practitioners and policymakers devise effective BCT implementation strategies in ASCs, thereby empowering sustainability and circularity. Originality/value This study enriches the literature by identifying and modeling enablers for BCT adoption in ASCs. The study also proposes a new 12 Rs framework to help enhance ASC circularity.
Food is the utmost important thing for every living being. The quality and safety of food has become a crucial factor in the food industry. Most of the customers tend to pay more attention to food safety and seek to get food from verifiable resources. To improve this trustworthiness Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) - based Food Supply Chain (FSC) plays a vital role because of its traceability. There are multiple actors involved throughout the journey of FSC and with the high visibility of data in DLT, everyone can ensure trust. The transparency of data itself is a reason for some to opt-out because some of their private data can be exposed to others. Hyperledger Fabric (HF) based FSC can address that matter as it supports permissioned network solutions. Though there are a lot of solutions available in a similar kind of approach, whether the crops take their journey throughout the FSC without any wastage, is still questionable. This study focuses on reducing wastage of food crops as they take a long journey in their raw state and possible hazards are high. It discusses farmers' behavior based on the Sri Lankan context and how it accompanies food crop wastage. Further, this paper ruminates the other possible crop wastage that can take place in FSC and how to eliminate it with the proper involvement of knowledgeable and authorized parties. Then, the study explores how all the parties can collaboratively join the FSC based on HF so that everyone can benefit. Finally, it concludes on how such design is effectively contributing to reducing food crop wastage in Sri Lanka (SL).