In this work, we show how blockchain can be used to manage the supply chain for non-perishable agricultural food (NPAF). Keeping product quality high across the supply chain is a major challenge for the food business. Traditional foods are severely affected. The system's major purpose is to make product history accessible. At each stage of the supply chain, the product can be checked for quality and cleanliness. We created a trust less environment by utilising Blockchain, RFID, and IoT. Encryption and the network are more trusted than public or private institutions. This research suggests an execution model for the supply chain management of non-perishable agricultural foods that addresses these challenges by combining Ethereum smart contracts with IPFS, RFID, and IoT technologies. These technologies were combined in an effort to find a solution to these problems. The technology will give consumers a clear view of the complete process from raw material to the finished product and make it simple for a controlling authority to conduct operational examinations on the excellence of the goods and decent working practises.
Agricultural sector plays a major role in a country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The existing Food Supply Chain (FSC) suffers from issues like quality, safety, conscious consumption, and regulatory issues. Blockchain technology is a promising technology that can handle all the short comes faced by the current FSC with its key multidimensional features like decentralization, immutability, security, and smart contract. Introducing blockchain technology to FSC systems enhances sustainability and ensures trust among different entities. The blockchain-based FSC system suffers from data handling capability and regulatory issues. In this paper, the problems of the existing blockchain-based FSC system are overcome by introducing a new Food Supply Chain Traceability System (FSCTS) using an Ethereum smart contract linked to an InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) which can handle huge amount of data. The interaction between the different entities is elaborated using sequence diagrams through the proposed cryptocurrency called Amrita Virtual Coin (AVCoin) which overcomes regulatory compliances. The paper also discusses the implementation of the proposed frameworks using enhanced algorithms and its advantages over the existing framework. Finally, different types of open research challenges in the blockchain-based FSC are also addressed in the paper.
In today's globalized world, there is no transparency in exchanging data and information between producers and consumers. However, these tasks experience many challenges, such as administrative barriers, confidential data leakage, and extensive time delays. To overcome these challenges, we propose a decentralized, secured, and verified smart chain framework using Ethereum Smart Contract which employs Inter Planetary File Systems (IPFS) and MongoDB as storage systems to automate the process and exchange information into blocks using the Tendermint algorithm. The proposed work promotes complete traceability of the product, ensures data integrity and transparency in addition to providing security to their personal information using the Lelantos mode of shipping. The Tendermint algorithm helps to speed up the process of validating and authenticating the transaction quickly. More so in this time of pandemic, it is easier to meet the needs of customers through the Ethermint Smart Chain, which increases customer satisfaction, thus boosting their confidence. Moreover, Smart contracts help to exploit more international transaction services and provide an instant block time finality of around 5 sec using Ethermint. The paper concludes with a description of product storage and distribution adopting the Ethermint technique. The proposed system was executed based on the Ethereum-Tendermint Smart chain. Experiments were conducted on variable block sizes and the number of transactions. The experimental results indicate that the proposed system seems to perform better than existing blockchain-based systems. Two configuration files were used, the first one was to describe the storage part, including its topology. The second one was a modified file to include the test rounds that Caliper should execute, including the running time and the workload content. Our findings indicate this is a promising technology for food supply chain storage and distribution.
Summary The worldwide food supply chain network firms have embraced digitalization and have changed customers' everyday lives in serval viewpoints. This work proposes a framework for IoT and Blockchain based smart Food Chain Management System (IBFS) aiming to regulate the food inventory systems in an organization focusing on the safety and nature of the items conveyed to the end consumers. The proposed IBFS framework is an IoT‐based blockchain with smart contract architecture for trust, reliability, and transparency. A Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) broker or server is deployed on the broadcast to record all data collected from the IoT sensors. The data provided by IoT‐sensors or devices is pooled and gathered by MQTT based cloud brokers and the shipment's geolocation, movement, and temperature are logged. The work uses two types of smart contracts based on Ethereum‐based blockchain technology (BCT) environment as the operational backbone written in the Solidity language. The first smart contract deals with custody and the second smart contract deals with shipment or transportation to track the produce. The food supply chain process evaluates the collected data from the IoT sensors managed with the help of blockchain and MQTT servers. The quality of food is measured by evaluating by temperature and humidity function, transition time, final item and for validation of smart contracts. Performance evaluation of IBFS in terms of Gas cost under various test conditions prove the effectiveness of the work.
Abstract: At present, more and more consumers and manufacturers are aware of the importance of product traceability, so it is very important to strengthen the traceability in the supply chain. The existing centralized database system has isolated data storage, and many parties involved in data query lack mutual trust. Based on the distributed ledger of the blockchain, this paper attempts to solve this problem by transforming the traceability information of physical goods into the digital of the blockchain, so as to realize the collaborative traceability of entities in the supply chain. At present, the relationship between components and products in manufacturing process cannot be captured, which limits the ability to track the source of products. This paper proposes a supply chain traceability model based on blockchain, which uses smart contracts to
Gain and oil are important compounds in global food supplies, and ensuring the quality and safety of grains and oil is a critical issue in the food supply chain security. Data traceability is the key factor in quality and safety management. Currently, it is a big challenge to ensure the reliability of data and guarantee the efficient exchange of data in various highly heterogeneous systems. To address this challenge, we develop a reliable traceability model applied to the grain and oil industry. In this paper, we first analyze the characteristics of the whole chain traceability information flow, and then we propose the concept that the connector for blockchain and industrial internet is suitable for data traceability in the grain and oil industry. Based on this concept, a reliable traceability model of grain and oil quality and safety is constructed. Finally, a reliable traceability prototype system for wheat quality and safety was designed, and the system implementation of the model was validated. The overall advantage of the proposed model is that the traceability information is safe and credible, the interaction is concise and efficient, and the security and full-process traceability of cross-chain information interaction are guaranteed. This paper fills the gap in the application of research chain network in the field of grain and oil traceability. Reference to this model can also be used to implement and adjust the traceability system, which is adaptable to stakeholders in the grain and oil industry. The model and techniques in this paper not only demonstrate value in real-world applications but also inspire further research in the field.
Blockchain-based traceability systems are a promising approach because they are decentralized, transparent, and tamper proof; however, if all traceability data are uploaded to a blockchain platform, it may affect the efficiency or even lead to data explosion. Additionally, it is difficult to guarantee the reliability of the original data source of massive Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Furthermore, when different enterprise nodes adopt different data storage structures, the costs that are associated with data sharing will increase. In this paper, we have proposed a trustworthy product traceability system that is based on hyperledger fabric and Electronic Product Code Information Service (EPCIS), which is not only capable of making products traceable, but it can also authenticate and authorize the IoT devices that are used for data collection. First, we adopted the on-chain and off-chain collaborative management mechanism in order to alleviate data explosion on the chain. Second, we proposed a scheme to authenticate and authorize devices based on blockchain. Third, we complied with EPCIS and Core Business Vocabulary (CBV) standards and provided the EPCIS location discovery service in order to improve the interactivity. Finally, we implemented and tested the proposed traceability system and compared it with the existing research. The proposed solution provides product information traceability, data tamper proofing, data confidentiality, and data source reliability.
Alejandro Javier García, Javier A. Dávila, Lenis Wong
The value of coffee is decreasing in the international market caused by the poor traceability that coffee cooperatives offer to the rest of the public in the production chain. There are paper records or storage in centralized databases of the details of the product that is delivered and received at each stage, generating high cost and inefficiency in paper-based processes, fraud, corruption and errors in both processes. Other investigations pose the problem proposing solutions with opportunities to improve. A framework is proposed to improve the traceability of the coffee production chain using blockchain. The proposed framework is composed of 3 phases: (1) Blockchain architecture design, (2) Smart contracts design and (3) Web application design. Blockchain technology is used to guarantee immutable traceability of the production chain. The proposed framework was validated in a coffee cooperative located in Cajamarca (Peru) applying 2 experiments and a survey based on expert opinion. The results show that with the proposed framework, time of process and the number of errors can be reduced in the defined scenarios, where in turn a reduction of 99.87% of the time in the generation of coffee traceability is evidenced. In addition, the results of the survey show that the “performance”, “traceability parameters” and “usability” of the system have an average value of 4.6 (Value close to 5).
Currently, the composition and structure of the production industry's supply chain is becoming increasingly complex. The loss and untimely transmission of supply chain information exacerbated the bullwhip effect. At the same time, due to the lack of a reliable repository of information, difficulties in traceability and accountability have also made supply chain management difficult. Blockchain has the characteristics of supporting distributed networks, synchronization of information between nodes, digital encryption, traceable information and unforgeable block content, which is suitable for use in supply chain and can provide a solution for it. In this paper, a design scheme of an integrated platform for information services provided by supply chain participants and based on the Ethereum blockchain is proposed. Using Ethereum smart contracts, the regular trade involved in the supply chain is realized using blockchain technology, and key information about the production and circulation of the supply chain is stored on the blockchain to ensure that the information cannot be falsified. At the same time, a reputation evaluation method based on smart contracts is used to evaluate the reputation of enterprises in the supply chain, which can provide references for supplier selection among enterprises.
Juan Carlos López-Pimentel, Miguel Alcaraz-Rivera, Rafael Granillo Macías, Elìas Olivares-Benítez
Currently, the Mexican avocado supply chain has some social limitations that make the traceability process a difficult task and severely limits the regions that can add their harvest to the international market. We hypothesize that modernizing the traceability process and improving the trust of the final user could help in opening the market to other regions. This paper describes the Mexican avocado supply chain characteristics, identifies the actors involved in the supply chain, and emphasizes the problems that the current actors have when exporting them to the US market. On this basis, we propose a technological solution system to automate the traceability process. The system was designed to comply with the authority and consumer requirements. It proposes a combination of the benefits of traditional data traceability using Microservices architecture with a new layer of Blockchain auditing that will add value to current and new actors in every step of the supply chain. We contribute by proposing a model that adds value to the avocado supply chain with the following characteristics: Integrity, auditing service, dual traceability, transparency, and a front-end application with trust user-oriented. Our proofs demonstrate that the blockchain layer does not represent a considered high extra transaction cost; it could be regarded as despicable for the economy of the consumer considering costs and benefits.
Sukrutha L. T. Vangipuram, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos, Chittaranjan Ray
It is a known fact that large quantities of farm and meat products rot and are wasted if correct actions are not taken, which may lead to serious health issues if consumed. There is no proper system for tracking and communicating the status of the goods to their respective stakeholders in a secure way. Consumers have every right to know the quality of the products they consume. Using monitoring tools, such as the Internet of Agricultural Things (IoAT), and modern data protection techniques for storing and sharing, will help mitigate data integrity issues during the transmission of sensor records, increasing the data quality. The visibility state at the customer end is also improved, and they are aware of the agricultural product's conditions throughout the real-time distribution process. In this paper, we developed and implemented a CorDapp application to manage the data for the supply chain, called "agroString". We collected the temperature and humidity data using IoAT-Edge devices and various datasets from multiple sources. We then sent those readings to the CorDapp agroString and successfully shared them among the relevant parties. With the help of a Corda private blockchain, we attempted to increase data integrity, trust, visibility, provenance, and quality at each logistic step, while decreasing blockchain and central system limitations.
In today's scenario, blockchain technology is an emerging area and promising technology in the field of the food supply chain industry (FSCI). A literature survey comprising an analytical review of blockchain technology with the Internet of things (IoT) for food supply chain management (FSCM) is presented to better understand the associated research benefits, issues, and challenges. At present, with the concept of farm-to-fork gaining increasing popularity, food safety and quality certification are of critical concern. Blockchain technology provides the traceability of food supply from the source, i.e., the seeding factories, to the customer's table. The main idea of this paper is to identify blockchain technology with the Internet of things (IoT) devices to investigate the food conditions and various issues faced by transporters while supplying fresh food. Blockchain provides applications such as smart contracts to monitor, observe, and manage all transactions and communications among stakeholders. IoT technology provides approaches for verifying all transactions; these transactions are recorded and then stored in a centralized database system. Thus, IoT enables a safe and cost-effective FSCM system for stakeholders. In this paper, we contribute to the awareness of blockchain applications that are relevant to the food supply chain (FSC), and we present an analysis of the literature on relevant blockchain applications which has been conducted concerning various parameters. The observations in the present survey are also relevant to the application of blockchain technology with IoT in other areas.
In Tunisia, one of the major problems of the olive oil industry is marketing. Several factors have an impact, such as quality, originality, lobbying, subsidies and the certification of extra virgin olive oil. The major problem remains the traceability of the production process to guarantee the origin of the food at all times. This fine-grained traceability can be achieved by applying Blockchain technologies. Blockchain can be used as a solution that could bring visibility to the oil supply chain. It is proposed in order to guarantee the veracity of the product information at different stages. In this paper, a multi-Blockchain, multi-sensor traceability system using IoT will be presented. Two Blockchains that can be programmed via Smart Contract will be used. The first one is Quorum, which is a private Blockchain used by the actors of our system, and the second one is Ethereum, which is public and connects the different actors who have access to our system. This smart contract allows us to conta our system to track the olive oil manufacturing process from the farmer, through the oil mill, the transporter and the quality controller to the customer. A general approach for managing the olive oil supply chain is presented. This approach offers the possibility for the system to be configurable. It is based on smart contracts and applications that interact with the same smart contracts. The IoT is used to configure sensors. These sensors are the source of data for the supply chain process. These sensors are connected to the embedded platforms that host Quorum.
Supply chain traceability refers to product tracking from the source to customers, demanding transparency, authenticity, and high efficiency. In recent years, blockchain has been widely adopted in supply chain traceability to provide transparency and authenticity, while the efficiency issue is understudied. In practice, as the numerous product records accumulate, the time- and storage- efficiencies will decrease remarkably. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first work studying the efficiency issue in blockchain-based supply chain traceability. Compared to the traditional method, which searches the records stored in a single chunk sequentially, we replicate the records in multiple chunks and employ parallel search to boost the time efficiency. However, allocating the record searching primitives to the chunks with maximized parallelization ratio is challenging. To this end, we model the records and chunks as a bipartite graph and solve the allocation problem using a maximum matching algorithm. The experimental results indicate that the time overhead can be reduced by up to 85.1% with affordable storage overhead.
Daniel Mago Vistro, Attique Ur Rehman, Muhammad Shoaib Farooq, Fasiha Khalid
Agriculture is a science related to cultivation and production of plants and livestock. The agriculture supply chain is an integrated process for planning and control of the flow of agricultural goods, information and money across the entire value. The agriculture supply chain system can provide all involved stakeholders with a single source of timely information. Traditional agriculture supply chain methods compromises the stakeholders trust, traceability, transparency and auditability of food items. The usage of blockchain technology ensures these compromises with the help of peer to peer network, distributed ledger, mining and consensus protocols. In this review, we have conducted a systematic literature review in order to investigate and synthesize all literature regarding state-of-the-art blockchain technology in the agriculture food supply chain. This SLR has been developed by reviewing carefully selected literature work published between 2015 and 2021 from reputed paper repositories. In this article, we have proposed a taxonomy based on key areas of agriculture supply chain using blockchain technology. Additionally, we have proposed a framework for agriculture supply chain based on blockchain technology. Finally, research gaps, challenges and limitations have been discussed to give a clear direction for future to the developers and researchers in the field of agriculture supply chain.
To tackle the problems of questioning the authenticity of products faced in e-commerce live streaming and the low data integrity in the process of product transactions, the concept of traceability and a product authentication scheme that integrates blockchain technology and traceability are proposed. The proposed scheme deploys the product authentication strategy on the Ethereum blockchain in the form of a smart contract and calls the product authentication method on the traceability body by executing the smart contract to realize the authentication of product quality. A combination of on-chain and off-chain is used to store private information to guarantee information integrity. Security analysis results show that the proposed scheme can make the risk of information leakage lower and data security higher under the premise of achieving product certification. A system simulation experiment shows that the solution can meet product certification requirements and have a favorable impact on the live commerce industry.
Khwanchol Kampan, Takuji W. Tsusaka, Anil Kumar Anal
Blockchain has become a modern technology that can enhance the traceability of products and services, which is particularly relevant to agri-food supply chains. This paper reviews studies on blockchain technology applications to the agri-food supply chain system and food industry, and discusses potential adaptation of blockchain technology for livestock-based products with a focus on the ASEAN Region and Thailand. A comprehensive method for reviewing the literature was adopted, and this paper encompasses stakeholders along the supply chain of livestock-based products to understand the prospect of applying blockchain technology to the sector. It was found that while blockchain technology is potentially sustainable and worthy of applications, there remain various limitations and complications toward adoption, such as the low awareness among stakeholders, the weak sector-wide coordination, and the lack of capacity in primary suppliers. Potential benefits and implications of blockchain technology for the food industry have yet to be widely understood, especially in the ASEAN. These findings would call for coordinated support from both the governments and the private sector, especially to raise awareness of the technology, reinforce sector-wide coordination, and develop skills required for adoption.
Agriculture is an industry that is essential to the functioning of any economy. Our entire economic structure revolves around this one factor. Agriculture is not only an important source of food and raw materials, but it is also an important source of employment opportunities for a significant fraction of the total population. In agriculture food supply chains, also known as ASCs, customers are the ones who pay for the agricultural products that farmers produce. During this process, customers place a higher priority on the safety of agriculturally produced foods, while farmers anticipate an increase in their revenues. The effectiveness of traceability and management for agri-food products is met with a vast array of obstacles as a result of the complexities and dynamism of ASCs. However, the majority of the currently available solutions are not able to satisfactorily meet the standards of ASCs regarding traceability and management. Chen et al., proposed a blockchain-based ASC framework to provide product traceability. This framework guarantees decentralized security for the agriculture food tracing data stored in ASCs. This was done in order to address the problems that have been presented. In order to guarantee the quality of the food, it is critical to have complete visibility into the agricultural supply chain management. Along with that, it improves the overall pleasure of the customers and the productivity of the peers. The centralized storage of data makes it more difficult to guarantee the items' quality and rate, as well as their point of origin. Consequently, we are in need of a decentralized system that allows for transparency and provides everyone, from the producers to the consumers, with the satisfaction they seek. The supply chain can now have both greater traceability and transparency thanks to blockchain technology, which is a form of digital technology. According to Madumidha utilization of this technology results in an improvement to the community that exists between the various stakeholders and the farmers. Increased capacity, improved security, immutability, minting, speedier settlement, and full traceability of all recorded transaction records are fundamentally provided by blockchain's features.