Blockchain Papers

N. Bhalaji, P. C. Abilashkumar, S. Aboorva

No abstract is available for this record.

Daniel-Jesús Munoz, Denisa-Andreea Constantinescu, Rafael Asenjo, Lidia Fuentes

No abstract is available for this record.

Ahmed Faeq Hussein, Abbas K. AlZubaidi, Qais Ahmed Habash, Mustafa Musa Jaber

A crucial role is played by personal biomedical data when it comes to maintaining proficient access to health records by patients as well as health professionals. However, it is difficult to get a unified view pertaining to health data that have been scattered across various health centers/hospital sections. To be specific, health records are distributed across many places and cannot be integrated easily. In recent years, blockchain has arisen as a promising solution that helps to achieve the sharing of individual biomedical information in a secure way, whilst also having the benefit of privacy preservation because of its immutability. This research puts forward a blockchain-based managing scheme that helps to establish interpretation improvements pertaining to electronic biomedical systems. In this scheme, two blockchains were employed to construct the base, whereby the second blockchain algorithm was used to generate a secure sequence for the hash key that was generated in first blockchain algorithm. This adaptive feature enables the algorithm to use multiple data types and also combines various biomedical images and text records. All data, including keywords, digital records, and the identity of patients, are private key encrypted with a keyword searching function so as to maintain data privacy, access control, and a protected search function. The obtained results, which show a low latency (less than 750 ms) at 400 requests/second, indicate the possibility of its use within several health care units such as hospitals and clinics.

Francesco Verde, Arnaldo Stanzione, Valeria Romeo, Renato Cuocolo · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Subhi Alrubei, Jonathan Rigelsford, Callum. A Willis, Edward A. Ball

Blockchain technology is a distributed database `distributed ledger' and offers features such as autonomy, decentralisation and a trustless environment. These features make blockchain suitable to be applied to different applications within the Internet of Things (IoT) realm. This paper provides a practical implementation of Proof of Authority (PoA) Ethereum blockchain on an IoT system in a real-world use case. This implementation was practically accomplished in order to investigate and highlight some of the possible issues that could affect the integration of blockchain with IoT, to lay the ground for future research and possible solutions to these issues.

Abhishek Jha, B. Indira Reddy

Bitcoin is a Cryptocurrency which is evolving in digital world and gaining a larger market related to digital currency and stands on all the user expectation of decentralize mechanism of system by providing proof of work in peer-to-peer network with the help of Blockchain. In this paper I have done a literature review on Blockchain technology and its application in Bitcoin.

Gautam Srivastava, Jorge Crichigno, Shalini Dhar

This paper deals with the incorporation of Blockchain technology in the security of Internet of Things(IoT) based on Remote Patient monitoring systems. The paper presents the benefits and also practical obstacles of blockchain-based security approaches in remote patient monitoring using IoT devices. Furthermore, the paper evaluates various potentially suitable cryptographic technologies for deployment in IoT.

Danda B. Rawat, Vijay Chaudhary, Ronald Doku

Blockchain also known as a distributed ledger technology stores different transactions/operations in a chain of blocks in a distributed manner without needing a trusted third-party. Blockchain is proven to be immutable which helps for integrity and accountability, and, to some extent, confidentiality through a pair of public and private keys. Blockchain has been in the spotlight after successful boom of the Bitcoin. There have been efforts to leverage salient features of Blockchain for different applications and use cases. This paper present a comprehensive survey of applications and use cases of Blockchain technology. Specifically, readers of this paper can have thorough understanding of applications and user cases of Blockchain technology.

Valentin Rakovic, Jovan Karamachoski, Vladimir Atanasovski, Liljana Gavrilovska

No abstract is available for this record.

Pankaj Mendki

Number of internet connected devices is increasing as IoT is getting more prevalent. Volume of data collected by IoT sensors is very high and requires considerable resources for data processing like analytics. Edge processing enables getting the sensor data processed closer to the source. It's not always possible and/or economical to set up a resource intense infrastructure at the edge. This paper proposes use of blockchain based decentralized application to enable IoT edge processing. With this setup, it is possible for a resource owner to join the ecosystem and to lend the compute resources as needed. IoT devices can offload some of the edge computation to the resource owner nodes as and when required. This paper explains architectural components and overall solution for implementation. Based on the usecase of video analytics at edge, experimental setup is implemented for the IoT edge solution using hyperledger sawtooth blockchain.

Rexford Nii Ayitey Sosu, Quist-Aphetsi Kester, Laurent Nana

With the rise of cyber attacks and the advancement of technology providing easy access to personal data and information in real time using networks and other services such as the cloud. These advancements have placed sensitive data such as medical information under threat. Due to the ease in accessing and modifying such data leading to little or no trace of such wrongdoings. This paper proposes a cryptographic blockchain approach using the md5 hash algorithm to verify and validate the medical data of the health information system infrastructure. The approach makes it difficult for data to be altered without detection and adopts a distributed approach coupled with blockchain.

M. Shyamala Devi, R. Suguna, P. M Abhinaya

The Internet of Things is evolving as a complete matured technology to be used in all the Smart applications and it establishes itself in the future generations of internet. As like Internet of Things, Blockchain is the blooming technology in which each node involved in the blockchain contains the distributed ledger which enhances the security and data transparency. Illegal users are not able to perform any fault transaction in the blockchain network due to its ability of performing smart contract and consensus. The Internet of Things can be merged with the blockchain to improve the performance of the application in real time. However, managing the devices connected to the sensors in IoT environment and mining the block chain remains the technical challenge forever. With this background, an attempt is made to survey the core details of blockchain technology and its features. The design architecture by merging IoT and BlockChain for Satellite Monitoring and ended up with some new architectural framework has been proposed in this paper.

Haibo Tian, Jiejie He, Yong Ding

No abstract is available for this record.

S. Shreyas Ramachandran, A. K. Veeraraghavan, Uvais Karni, K. Sivaraman

No abstract is available for this record.

Luca Faramondi, Gabriele Oliva, Roberto Setola, Luca Vollero

No abstract is available for this record.

Zhaohui Guo, Zhen Gao, Haojuan Mei, Ming Zhao · 5 authors

Blockchain has a broad development potential and application prospects. At present, huge storage volume on each node has become one of the primary bottlenecks that restrict the expansibility of blockchain. Optimization for storage mechanism has become a necessary way to accelerate the improvement of blockchain. There are a variety of solutions to relieve the storage burden by modifying the architecture of blockchain, but most of them weaken the decentralization property of the system, which is the core advantages of the blockchain. In this paper, an optimization scheme based on the redundant residual number system is proposed to dramatically reduce the storage volume of nodes in the blockchain system, and fault tolerance mechanism is designed based on the new storage scheme. The simulation experiments are performed to prove the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism.

Kelechi G. Eze, Cajetan M. Akujuobi, Matthew N. O. Sadiku, Mohamed Chouikha · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Axel Curmi, Frankie Inguanez

No abstract is available for this record.

Zhengying Cai, Jing Qu, Pingping Liu, Jiao Yu

To improve the security performance of blockchain smart contracts against quantum attacks, a smart contract based on light-weighted quantum blind signature is proposed here. Firstly, a smart contract architecture is built after the discussion of related researches, and information processing and information transmitting for quantum blind signature are analyzed. Secondly, the life cycle and signature rules of quantum blind signature for smart contracts are presented. Thirdly, a quantum blind signature protocol for single signer in light-weighted smart contract is put forward, where its algorithm design and business flow are introduced in detail before the security performance of the proposed algorithm is analyzed. Fourthly, based on the former single-person signature algorithm, a more complex multi-person quantum blind signature algorithm is proposed, and its security is also analyzed. Fifthly, related references are compared to verify the proposed method. The proposed quantum signature schemes based on quantum entanglement features can be used in single signer case or more, and will improve the security of blockchain smart contracts against quantum attacks, but with light-weighted structure and no need of any trusted third party or arbitrary institute. Finally, some suggestions for engineering applications and the research results are summarized and the future research is prospected.

Wei Xiong, Li Xiong

There are two traditional data trading modes, the hosting mode, and the aggregation mode, which depend on the trusted third parties to a large extent. The hosting mode is that the data are completely hosted in the data trading center, so the data trading center retains the data. On the surface, the aggregation mode is that the data trading center is not to retain the data of trading, but actually, it has the ability to retain the data. There is a fundamental difference between the ability to retain the data and the inability to retain the data. These two trading modes cause the data owners to be afraid to share data trading. In this paper, we propose a solution to the data trading mode based on the smart contract using blockchain and machine learning. Our solution takes advantage of the immutability, tamper-proof and traceability of blockchain, the programmability of smart contract, and the verification of data availability by the similarity learning to propose a challenge response mechanism between the data purchaser and the data owner, an off-chain download mechanism between the data purchaser and the data storage service provider, and an arbitration mechanism for the controversy resolution of the data trading. The challenge response mechanism is used to authenticate and authorize the data owner, the off-chain download mechanism is used to authenticate and authorize the data purchaser to download the purchased data, and the similarity learning is used to deal with the controversy over the data availability in the data trading. The design and implementation of data trading smart contract successfully achieved the goal of removing the trusted third party in the data trading, and thus, the problem that the data trading center has the ability to retain the data in the process of the data trading is solved, as well as the automatic payment by using the Ethereum encrypted currency among the trading participants is realized. This paper presents the whole process of smart contract from the design and implementation to the test completion and provides the security analysis and performance evaluation. The full code of smart contract and the ABI interface have been uploaded to the GitHub for the public release.

Leila Ismail, Huned Materwala, Sherali Zeadally

Healthcare data management has been gaining a lot of attention in recent years because of its high potential to provide more accurate and cost-efficient patient care. The traditional client-server and cloud-based healthcare data management systems suffer from the issues of single point of failure, data privacy, centralized data stewardship, and system vulnerability. The replication mechanism, and privacy and security features of blockchain have a promising future in the healthcare domain as they can solve some of the inherent issues of the health management system. However, most of the recent research works on blockchain in the healthcare domain have primarily focused on the permission-less Bitcoin network that suffers from drawbacks such as high energy consumption, limited scalability, and low transaction throughput. Consequently, there is a need for a scalable, fault-tolerant, secure, traceable and private blockchain to suit the requirements of the healthcare domain. We propose a lightweight blockchain architecture for the healthcare data management that reduces the computational and communication overhead compared to the Bitcoin network by dividing the network participants into clusters and maintaining one copy of the ledger per cluster. Our architecture introduces the use of canal, that allows secure and confidential transactions within a group of network participants. Furthermore, we propose a solution to avoid forking which is prevalent in the Bitcoin network. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed architecture in providing security and privacy compared to the Bitcoin network by analyzing different threats and attacks. We also discuss how our proposed architecture addresses the identified threats. Our experimental results demonstrate that our proposed architecture generates 11 times lower network traffic compared to the Bitcoin network as the number of blocks increases. Our ledger update is 1.13 times faster. Our architecture shows a speedup of 67% in ledger update and 10 times lower network traffic when the number of nodes increases.

Cécile Monteil

No abstract is available for this record.

Zhe Xiao, Zengxiang Li, Yong Liu, Ling Feng · 7 authors

With the development of information and storage technologies, electronic document recording has become an unalterable trend, which transforms the way that people store, access and operate the data generated in various applications. Healthcare is the leader application domain that pioneers in usage of electronic medical records (EMRs). Cross-organizational EMRs' sharing has many constructive effects in motivating the domain innovation, introducing better domain understanding and overall the domain intelligence. However, the privacy concern, trust issue as well as the sophisticated legal regulation of the sensitive EMRs' use leads to inefficiency in the data sharing process. In this paper, we propose a cross-organizational medical data sharing framework based on permissioned blockchain technology, named “EMRShare“, to resolve the trust concern existing in EMRs sharing practice among different participants like patients, clinicians and researchers, and other relevant parties such as the insurance agent and government, to make medical data sharing and access secure, efficient, transparent, immutable, traceable and auditable. A working prototype system is implemented to demonstrate the key features for the cross-organizational medical data sharing and access management. The objective of this work targets at explaining the essential design considerations along with the working principle and operation logics using the blockchain technology to facilitate the medical data sharing in a highly-cooperative healthcare ecosystem.

Hoai Luan Pham, Thi Hong Tran, Yasuhiko Nakashima

Nowadays, a combination between Internet of Things (IoT) technology and remote healthcare system is extensively researched due to its efficiency and convenience for human life. When the number of IoT devices in health care system is increased exponentially, the privacy and security issues of patients are becoming a concern. In order to protect personal and device-generated information, we propose to use blockchain-based smart contracts for managing patients' information and medical devices. In detail, using blockchain based on the Ethereum protocol, we create a remote healthcare system including healthcare provider (such as hospital), healthcare professionals (doctors) and patients. Health condition of patients is measured by sensors and such information is written into blockchain automatically. In addition, we propose a processing mechanism to store the medical device information efficiently and sparingly in accordance with health situation of patient. Concretely, we filter the data from sensors before deciding whether to write data into blockchain or not. Doing so we can reduce the size of blockchain as well as save amount of coins for transaction efficiently. However, the abnormal data from sensors will be written to blockchain immediately and trigger an emergency contact to doctor and hospital for on-time treatment. We have verified the proposed smart contract on Ethereum test environment called TESTRPC and implemented the system on an experimental environment with real devices. This system works well at small scale.