Igor Lyukevich, Irina Gorbatenko, Elena Andreyevna Bessonova
Technical analysis is a popular tool for assessing financial assets. It has fairly well-established tools, namely indicators. In addition, modern financial market has expanded due to the new segment of cryptocurrency. The cryptocurrency market is both decentralized (by blockchain technology) and centralized (by cryptocurrency stock exchanges). It is highly heterogeneous as there is bitcoin, on the one hand, and numerous multifaceted altcoins and stablecoins, on the other. Its significant volatility allows one to use low leverage of margin trading, small lot amount, and low commissions. There is a boom in the growth of the number and volume of individual investments in modern financial market. At the same time, most of the research focuses on automated and algorithmic trading and is devoted to finding ways of using artificial intelligence to build trading strategies, which is suitable for professional traders only. The goal of the study was to substantiate the use of one of the well-known technical indicators for planning investment strategies by individual investors in the cryptocurrency market. The features of the cryptocurrency market have been identified for planning trading strategies to achieve the goal. False and reliable signals generated by the most popular oscillators in the cryptocurrency market, i.e. the MACD, Scochastic and RSI, were analyzed. The research was conducted using technical capabilities of the TradingView web platform. It was concluded that the MACD oscillator which is one of the most popular overbought / oversold indicators, does not work properly in the cryptocurrency market when it is necessary to determine historical lows or highs, since it is based on absolute price values. The Stochastic oscillator also does not work properly in this situation. The Stochastic gives false signals on short timeframes even though it is based on relative price values. The innovative nature of the results lies in the conclusion that the RSI oscillator is the most reliable for developing trading strategies based on historical highs and lows of oversold / overbought indicator. It 'absorbs' impulsivity by dividing absolute values of the averages of all positive candlesticks by the average of all negative candlesticks. Theoretical significance of the study lies in proving the hypothesis that the choice of technical indicators for creating trading strategies depends on the market segment. Its practical significance lies in finding a financial solution for an individual investor, namely, in justifying the procedure for individual investors to use a simple, understandable, technical indicator (RSI) available on all platforms in the cryptocurrency market.
The paper discusses the influence exerted by financial systems on the change of the financial sector and its further development. The study is relevant since there is need for building up more trust in blockchain. In the course of the research, the main trends of decentralized financial systems were identified and presented, including the problems related to decentralized financial systems and options for resolving them. The study is aimed at defining the problems and searching for ways to tackle them when regulating decentralized finances (DeFi) in order to ensure effective regulation on the part of the Central Bank and control risks. Rather than eliminating the need for regulation, DeFi, in fact, has to be regulated so as to achieve its main decentralization goal. In addition, DeFi presents a potential possibility for developing a fairly new regulation method: the idea of “integrated regulation”. The paper considers various approaches to regulation, which can be integrated in the DeFi design. It can potentially lead to the decentralization of both finance and its regulation, which eventually expresses RegTech (Regulatory Technology), which is used by financial organizations for being able to meet the requirements of the regulator more easily. The study defines the problems that are encountered in the course of using DeFi and points out the possible ways for dealing with them, including a way for switching to blockchain independently so that the transaction is not charged in ETH for calculation on blockchain; reducing the complexity and costs of use and understanding of DeFi software by most users. A whole lot of risks that decentralized financial protocols are susceptible to is analyzed: vulnerabilities in the code security of smart contracts, their stacking and layout; oracle risk, which is subject to manipulation in the process of data transfer; the financial risk of high volatility, regulatory risk and crisis of the global economy due to the inability to predict in which way the Covid-19 pandemic is going to be resolved.
The object of research is software for financial accounting and distribution of funds in a non-profit charitable foundation using smart contracts of the Ethereum platform. The work is aimed at designing and implementing a software application for a charitable foundation, which allows to exclude the misuse of funds of a non-profit charitable foundation. The paper proposes an implementation of the Ethereum smart contract for the software of a charitable foundation. In the app, users can apply for financial aid or make a charitable donation. The request for financial support is confirmed by administrators to avoid abuse by those seeking help. Anyone who has a crypto wallet can become a sponsor by transferring funds from its account to a selected request. The sponsor remains incognito when making a charitable contribution. After collecting the entire declared amount, the funds are automatically transferred to the crypto wallet of the request’s owner. A smart contract and a corresponding decentralized web application for interacting with it were experimentally deployed, and their joint work was tested. To implement the smart contract, the Solidity programming language was chosen; developed smart contract converted to bytecode using remix. The resulting bytecode is ready to be deployed on the Ethereum platform. Decentralized web application for interacting with the contract is implemented using Web3.js, Vue.js. A rough estimate of the cost of deploying a project on the Ethereum platform has been made. The deployment and operation of smart contracts and web applications comes with a certain overhead, which is most dependent on the cost of ether. However, this is a justified price to pay for the transparency of transactions and the shadowing of the turnover of funds of the charitable foundation. The results of the research can be used as a basis for further transformation into full-fledged software with the ability to submit all reporting documents to the relevant government agencies and sponsors.
The object of research is software for financial accounting and distribution of funds in a non-profit charitable foundation using smart contracts of the Ethereum platform. The work is aimed at designing and implementing a software application for a charitable foundation, which allows to exclude the misuse of funds of a non-profit charitable foundation. The paper proposes an implementation of the Ethereum smart contract for the software of a charitable foundation. In the app, users can apply for financial aid or make a charitable donation. The request for financial support is confirmed by administrators to avoid abuse by those seeking help. Anyone who has a crypto wallet can become a sponsor by transferring funds from its account to a selected request. The sponsor remains incognito when making a charitable contribution. After collecting the entire declared amount, the funds are automatically transferred to the crypto wallet of the request’s owner. A smart contract and a corresponding decentralized web application for interacting with it were experimentally deployed, and their joint work was tested. To implement the smart contract, the Solidity programming language was chosen; developed smart contract converted to bytecode using remix. The resulting bytecode is ready to be deployed on the Ethereum platform. Decentralized web application for interacting with the contract is implemented using Web3.js, Vue.js. A rough estimate of the cost of deploying a project on the Ethereum platform has been made. The deployment and operation of smart contracts and web applications comes with a certain overhead, which is most dependent on the cost of ether. However, this is a justified price to pay for the transparency of transactions and the shadowing of the turnover of funds of the charitable foundation. The results of the research can be used as a basis for further transformation into full-fledged software with the ability to submit all reporting documents to the relevant government agencies and sponsors.
The main components of blockchain technology, specific features of this technology, the basics of this network, and technological features are identified. A SWOT analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, opportunities, and threats of this technology is conducted. The specifics of Smart Contract implementation as a way of exchanging digital values in the Blockchain are studied. The directions of Blockchain technology development in accounting, insurance, supply chain management, smart trade, storage, and data exchange are investigated. The specifics of the application of blockchain technology in business are studied according to their experience, contents, and limits (complications of accounting, the risk of neglecting the interdependence of key blockchain concepts, fraud risk for cloud services).
Problem setting. An important condition for the financial security of any state is full control over the monetary system, which allows not only to perform tasks in the field of regulation of social processes, but also to predict their further development, to determine priorities. Legislation regulated such types of financial security as budget, tax, banking, monetary, currency, investment, debt and others. Legal relations within these areas of financial activity of the state are clear to its participants, they function in the material "physical" world and the state only corrects them by making changes and additions to existing legal norms and laws. The rapid development of information technology (digital revolution) has penetrated and continues to affect all spheres of society. In IT, there is a direction that works to improve financial technologies. The creation of a virtual currency or cryptocurrency, i.e. virtual money, can be considered a revolutionary discovery in the field of financial technologies. Money is the main component of the state's financial sovereignty, the basis of its existence. The monopoly on the issuance of money and control over its circulation has always belonged to the state represented by central banks and other financial regulators (Ministry of Finance). In essence, the state has an objective need to issue, control and supervise its currency (one of the features of the state in general is the collection of taxes, i.e. money in the form of taxes). Therefore, the issue of protecting financial security in the circulation of virtual currencies is important for any state. The purpose of the research is to analyze the legal regulation of virtual currency in the areas of banking, tax, budget activities of the state and activities related to combating and preventing money laundering. Analysis of resent researches and publications. The essence of such a new financial phenomenon as virtual currency, its functionality, types and principles of operation were studied in the works of domestic scientists M. Kucheryavenko, A. Kud, E. Smychok, A. Ovcharenko, O. Glushchenko, S. Khvalinsky and foreign - Fredrik Schneider, E. Gots. At the same time, there is a separate aspect of this problem – these are the challenges and threats that arise and tend to increase in the financial security of any state, namely - in the banking system, tax and budgetary relations, in the field of money laundering by criminal means. Articles main body. The emergence of a new virtual currency, money that is emerging, existing and disappearing forever in cyberspace - this is in the full sense of the word a new challenge to financial security. Legislatively regulating the circulation of virtual currency in detail is a difficult task, because the very algorithm of its operation, originally laid down by the founders - provides for the purpose of avoiding such regulation. The circulation and operation of virtual currency is based on mathematical schemes and formulas, which gives it stability to any state and centralized regulation. The main advantage of virtual currency is its anonymity. The personal data of the e-wallet owner is kept secret. Sometimes the transactions themselves contain such a complex and confusing pattern of movement, which generally disappears in cyberspace. The circulation of virtual currency is not controlled by the state. Does this pose a threat to the financial security of the state? Really, and serious. After all, an alternative currency and a payment system operating in cyberspace have been created, improved and are gaining momentum. Cryptocurrency becomes a competitor to the national currency of any state. Therefore, it should be noted that the state has grounds to interfere in the regulation of cryptocurrency circulation. What are the direct threats and risks from the existence of a virtual decentralized cryptocurrency system? These threats can be divided into areas of financial activity of the state and identify the most important of them. These are the banking sector, the monetary sphere, the tax and related budget sphere, the legal relations in the field of financial monitoring, the debt sphere. The introduction of digital currencies and blockchain technologies threatens to destroy the banking system in its traditional form. The fact is that virtual currencies and the blockchain allow any entity (physical and legal, etc.) to communicate economically directly, bypassing any intermediaries. And modern banks are such classic intermediaries, in addition to the monopoly type. Problems also arise in the field of tax evasion with the help of virtual currency. Such activity can be taxed only if one condition is met - if users of this network (real taxpayers) will be willing to declare and keep records of their transactions with virtual currencies. And will there be many such people? It is clear that the risks of tax evasion in the circulation of virtual currencies pose threats first in the tax sphere, destroying the state's ability to protect its economic interests, the ability to realize and develop the country's tax potential, and then create threats to budget security. Virtual currencies that can be exchanged for real money pose a threat of their illegal use for money laundering and terrorist financing. They may allow for anonymous transfers if the sender's and recipient's identities are not properly established. In this situation, there is no control body with which to track and detect suspicious transactions. Today, we can give examples of services designed to hide sources of virtual currency, transactions with them and complete anonymity. Yes, anonymizer means "dark networks" and "mixers", which are designed for these types of operations. Their types are the Tor network (anonymous network), Dark Wallet (anonymous network service), Bitcoin Laundry (mixer), Cold Storage, Hot Storage. Conclusions. The emergence of Fintech in information and telecommunication technologies, on the basis of which a system of virtual currencies and decentralized payment systems was developed and implemented, has created a number of serious threats and risks for the world. The main principle of the virtual currency is anonymity, which allows users to completely prevent government and financial control by the authorities, which is a very attractive prospect for many of them. Unregulated cryptocurrency market threatens the financial security of the state in the banking, tax, budgetary spheres and legal relations in the field of money laundering. The only way to counter these threats is to take full control and supervision of the decentralized system of virtual currency circulation. Unfortunately, the creation of an alternative centralized system of virtual currencies, which is subordinated to state and financial institutions, is not able to completely solve this problem.
Ю. Мохова, І. Драган, О. Козирєва, Н. Гавкалова · 5 authors
Abstract. The article examines the mechanisms of process financing informatization of administrative services. The purpose of the article is to determine the sources of funding and prospects for the provision of administrative services in terms of informatization of the public sector of Ukraine. Research methods are comparative analysis of analytical and official statistical data of Ukraine, institutes of international support on the basis of group classification of instruments of financing of Administrative Servics Center (ASC). It is proved that decentralization, development and improvement of the quality of administrative services determine the ASC as a priority area of reforming the system of administrative services in Ukraine. The legal bases of creation and maintenance of functioning of ASC, legal statuses of establishment, principles of process of rendering of administrative services in ASC are defined. The dynamics of the number of administrative service centers and regional features of functioning are analyzed. Sources of financing of ASC (the state budget, regional and city budgets, means of the State fund of regional development, the international projects of technical assistance) are allocated. It is proved that the most common and largest source of funding for informatization processes in the ASC is the state budget (subvention for infrastructure development). The authors propose a forecast model for the creation and development of administrative service centers in Ukraine under conditions of further state funding in appropriate volumes. The necessity of attracting external sources of financing (funds of international technical assistance projects, initiatives of international donors) in the conditions of limited and deficit of the state budget of Ukraine is substantiated. The necessity of modernization of ASC from the point of view of use of IT-technologies is substantiated. Priority areas for comprehensive reform of improving the quality of administrative services are identified: decentralization, simplification, deregulation, institutional capacity development and communication support. Keywords: financing, administrative services, informatization, public sector. JEL Classification D92 Formulas: 0; fig.: 4; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 13.
The article is devoted to the current state and prospects of further legislative regulation in Ukraine of the legal status of cryptocurrency (cryptoassets), primarily in terms of the need to clearly define its place in the system of objects of civil rights. The author emphasizes on the current uncertainty at the national and international level about the legal nature of cryptocurrency that causes gaps in the legal regulation of this phenomenon, which on the one hand allows its free and accelerated development, but on the other - creates significant legal risks for participants of the relevant legal relationships. Based on the comparative legal analysis of the approaches of different countries to the qualification of the legal essence of cryptocurrency, as well as the analysis of the Laws of Ukraine "On Prevention of Corruption", "On Prevention and Counteraction to Legalization (Laundering) of Proceeds from Crime, Financing Terrorism and Financing Spread of the Weapon of Mass Destruction”, the draft Law of Ukraine“ On Virtual Assets ”№3637 of 11.06.2020 adopted as a basis and prepared for the second reading by the Parliament and opinions of national regulators of financial market and securities market the author considers as a debatable approach of Ukrainian authorities to regulation circulation of virtual assets and, in particular, such their type as a cryptocurrency, as an intangible asset (other intangible goods). There is a contradiction of such a qualification in terms of traditional features of intangible assets (pronounced personal nature, the impossibility of the existence of such goods in isolation from the subject of law without his consent, lack of property and economic content) and the economic purpose of cryptocurrency as a mean of payment. In this regard, the author concludes that there should be an expediency of classifying this object of civil rights as a special (private) form of money, for which he proposes to carry out a more detailed civil law classification with a division into fiat (cash, non-cash, digital) and private (cryptocurrencies and electronic money).
Nataliіa Teslіuk, O. Zhulin, Iaroslava Nazarenko, Alexandra Kuimova
У статті проаналізовано фінансові інструменти на віртуальному ринку фінансових послуг. Визначено термін «криптоактив», відмінності між криптовалютою та електронними грошима, проаналізовано ринок криптовалют за рейтингом, наведено основні переваги та недоліки на сучасному етапі розвитку віртуального фінансового ринку. Ринок криптовалюти нестабільний, але постійно удосконалюється завдяки фінансовим інноваціям, що ускладнюють економічну природу цього явища. Цей вид віртуального активу прогресує і набуває правового статусу в певних країнах світу, політикою яких є створення інновацій як основного інструменту розвитку суспільства. Об’єкт дослідження – процес функціонування та розвитку криптовалюти на фінансовому ринку. Мета дослідження – аналіз функціонування криптовалют і перспективи подальшого їх розвитку на віртуальному ринку фінансових послуг. У ході дослідження визначено терміни «критоактиви» та «критовалюта» проаналізовано основні переваги та недоліки використання криптовалют. До основних позитивних аспектів відносяться: анонімність персональних даних власника електронного гаманця, відкрита історія трансакцій, криптовалюта може використовуватись не тільки як платіжний засіб, а і як інвестиційний інструмент. Основні негативні аспекти: значна волатильність, енергоємність, банкротство криптобірж, відсутність законодавчого регулювання, високий ризик хакерських атак та ін. Проаналізовано, що увага до криптовалют з боку інституційних інвесторів значно посилилася завдяки удосконаленню негативних факторів збоку розробників. Наразі мережа криптоматів та торгових точок розширюється, відомі платіжні системи приймають відомі криптовалюти для оплати товарів та послуг, деякі компаній приймають криптовалюту в якості платежу за свої товари та послуги. Висновки – розповсюдження та використання криптовалют вимагає чіткого регулювання, яке передбачатиме встановлення відповідної термінології та впровадження нормативної бази. Це призведе, у свою чергу, до збільшення довіри з боку користувачів, до кращого розуміння специфіки віртуального ринку та зменшення таких негативних явищ, як шахрайство та маніпуляції, банкротство критовалютних бірж, втрата грошей суб’єктами ринку.
The emergence of “virtual currencies” is extremely recent, with a history of only 13 years. Being an ultra-new economic tool, it arouses interest and effervescent reactions, especially in terms of definition, but also about the cumulative effects it has begun to produce in the economic world. The subject also becomes controversial due to the fact that, being an economic instrument of absolute novelty, it is reflected in the legislation of very few countries in the world. One of the definitions determines as virtual currency – the digital representation of the value that is not issued or guaranteed by a central bank or a public authority, which is not necessarily linked to a legal currency and which does not have the legal status of the currency, but which can be accepted by natural or legal persons as a means of exchange and which may be transferred, stored and traded by electronic means. The evaluation of cryptocurrency publications has shown that most of them are related to attempts to establish legislative agricultural work for the operation of virtual currencies. The functions of the cryptocurrencies that we have defined are: the exchange and payment function, the hoarding function, the investment function and the attraction of funds necessary for the activity. Thus, we established that virtual currencies, as well as fiduciary ones, have the role of: means of payment, means of accumulation, means of capitalization and investments. Likewise, through this research we managed to highlight the main features and peculiarities of cryptocurrencies. Among the basic characteristics of cryptocurrencies we highlight: the high degree of security, maximum speed of transactions, full freedom from financial organizations, irreversibility of operations, full anonymity of transactions, open source, they can be ”mined”. Another approach was to determine the advantages and disadvantages and risks of using cryptocurrencies. The main advantages of using cryptocurrencies are related to its functions an caracteristics, such as: it represents a real alternative to classic banking services, market freedom, privacy of transactions, high speed of trnasactions, alternative payment methos, increasing the customer base etc. On the other hand there are some disatvantages. They are related mosly with the following risks: legal uncertainty, market volatility, low degree of acceptance, unsecured crypto wallets, risks related to use for illegal or criminal purposes, money laundering risks. Taking in consideration the global trend of the digitization of the society, the share and importance of fiat currencies will tend to decrease for the benefit of virtual currencies. Cryptocurrencies are becoming a real alternative to physical currencies, but its main disadvantage is that the public autorities are missing controlling it yet. Even so, in the nearest future the money could become digital figures.
Introduction. Today, in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of economic problems have arisen in the country, which can be prevented by improving revenue policy. As the revenue part is formed in the current conditions of the budget decentralization reforms, the risks arising during the pandemic have become an important challenge for the entire economic system of the state and each territorial community in particular. The purpose of the article is to highlight current issues of state regulation of the domestic economy related to global economic challenges and fiscal risk management caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Results. The high dependence of budget revenues on tax and debt policies, the growth of their role in the economic downturn are analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the need and importance of developing tactics and strategies for budget and tax policies, as well as the possibility of their flexible change in the face of unpredictable economic downturns. The need for state revenue policy to take into account fiscal incentives and fiscal decentralization is indicated. Particular attention is paid to the opportunities and threats posed by the deepening of decentralization processes in Ukraine, emphasis is placed on the components of the financial capacity of local communities and the adequacy of financial resources. It was mentioned that the territorial redistribution of funds must take into account the requirements of the most rational allocation of productive forces, promote business, resolve conflicts that arise in the process of balancing budget revenues and constitutional social obligations. Processes of decentralization of budgetary and tax relations should be accompanied by strengthening of their social orientation. It is noted that the financial literacy of the population plays a significant role in reducing the level of emotional turmoil during economic downturns. At the same time, the study proposed a hypothesis for further research about the dependence of the effectiveness of decentralization policy on the use of modern approaches to financial management at the regional level, which require the implementation of innovative regulatory levers for change management. Conclusions. A number of conclusions and recommendations were formulated. In particular, it is proposed to implement a number of measures to identify and counter the risks of destabilization as a basis for ensuring the financial and economic security of the state. The need to further improvement of the institutional coordination of the application of regional regulatory fiscal instruments and mechanisms with national and international norms and rules was emphasized. It was noted that in the conditions of quarantine restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of a set of measures of tax and budget support for citizens, small and medium businesses should be carried out in accordance with a clearly defined and approved program. Keywords: fiscal policy, budget policy, consequences of COVID-19, decentralization, public finance, financial literacy.
Стаття присвячена дослідженню проблематики створення та розвитку децентралізованої фінансової моделі та можливості її використання для кредитування на основі технології криптовалют. Метою статті є дослідження особливостей децентралізованої фінансової моделі для кредитування на основі технології Ethereum. Технологія децентралізованих програм для фінансування (DeFi), що дозволяють перетворювати традиційні фінансові послуги у послуги, які надаються без посередника за допомогою смарт-контрактів на блокчейні, поступово розширює власні можливості. Децентралізація усуває необхідність в довірених третіх сторонах, зменшуючи ринкові можливості посередників, отримані завдяки інформаційній перевазі, яку вони мають у порівнянні з учасниками угоди, використовуючи їх посередницькі послуги. На даний час більшість фінансових послуг DeFi складається з монетарно-банківських послуг; надання платформ однорангової позики; забезпечення вдосконалених фінансових інструментів, таких як децентралізовані біржі, ринки деривативів. Застосування технології блокчейн у фінансовому секторі привело до створення системи, здатної відтворювати стандартні фінансові послуги та пропонувати інноваційні рішення для розвитку цієї галузі. Система блокчейн реалізована Ethereum, саме тому вона є дуже ефективною для системи транзакцій, ніж інші транзакції, оскільки вона має технологічні особливості смарт-контракту, які пов’язані з минулою транзакцією. Пошук подальших варіантів використання децентралізованих фінансів, на основі можливостей блокчейну, має вирішальне значення для створення відкритих фінансових продуктів. У разі успіху система децентралізованих фінансів розширить можливості надання кредитних ресурсів на основі технології Ethereum з покращеними умовами.
<p style="text-align: justify;">Changes in the payment systems of some countries, initiated by the use of cryptocurrencies, have opened up many dilemmas in the economic literature. Although knowledge of this phenomenon has not been yet sufficiently crystallized, some states managed to regulate its use. In this paper, we investigate whether cryptocurrencies can be considered аs а currency, which has drawn increasing attention from regulators who are concerned about tax, insurance and other consequences related to the legal treatment of cryptocurrencies. The subject of the paper is to analyze the history, characteristics and level of cryptocurrency regulation in the world. The aim of the paper is to analyze the possibilities for regulating cryptocurrencies in the Republic of Serbia through the analysis of countries where the use of cryptocurrencies is legal.</p>
The paper is devoted to the analysis of the practice and prospects of application of blockchain technology to provide the exercise of payment services. In particular, it is noted that this technology can be used in the architecture of payment systems, as well as as the technological basis of payment instruments. In addition, blockchain can be used in areas directly related to payment services (for example, for customer identification, currency exchange operations, etc.). The author defines a number of concepts, in particular “peering payment system”, “mining”, “cryptocurrency wallet”. The paper highlights the necessity to differentiate between the actual peering payment systems (networks) and payment services operating with the use of blockchain technology. The latter can be decentralized in terms of how information is transmitted, but not managed. The presence of an entity controlling, administering or otherwise managing individual processes within such a system does not allow it to be regarded as truly decentralized — peering networks are based on the equality of all participants. According to the results of the study, it is concluded that the blockchain technology indeed has a high potential of practical application in the payment field. Meanwhile, currently a cryptocurrency wallet has significant limitations of practical application for the organization of mass payments. Therefore, this technology should not be expected to replace traditional payment institutions in the nearest future. It can be predicted that blockchain will be just implemented into the existing payment infrastructure, rather than replace it completely.
Introduction. The active development of the international economy leads to the emergence of new financial instruments, which expands the capabilities of economic entities in carrying out efficient economic activities. However, cryptocurrency coins have become a relatively new, widely used financial instrument used by economic entities to increase the efficiency of payments and investments. The cryptocurrency market is growing rapidly and its capitalization is estimated at trillions of dollars. The main purpose of the article is to study the impact of cryptocurrencies on the international and national micro- and macroeconomics in the third decade of the XXI century. Methods. The theoretical and methodological basis of the article is the fundamental provisions of modern economics, the work of scientists. In the process of research, in particular, the following methods were used: analysis - to study the object and subject of research; abstract and logical (theoretical generalizations and formulation of conclusions on the impact of cryptocurrencies on national and international micro- and macroeconomics). Results. It has been established that cryptocurrency mining and trading has become an objective reality in the second decade of the XXI century, and at the beginning of the third decade already has a significant impact on the national and international economy, competing significantly with fiat money and, as far as possible, filling niches, filled fiat money. It has been proven that mining and trading of cryptocurrencies causes both positive and negative effects at both micro and macro levels, both in the international and national markets. It is noted that the circulation of cryptocurrencies is carried out mainly without legislative regulation (except for El Salvador, the United States and several other countries); however, self-regulation through the “invisible hand of the market” is quite effective. As long as there is no significant regulation of the cryptocurrency market, in our opinion, the cryptocurrency market will develop extremely actively, and its regulation by government agencies may hinder its development. Discussion. The obtained results can be used to expand knowledge about certain aspects of the impact of “mining” and circulation of cryptocurrencies on the activities of economic entities at the micro and macro levels. Keywords: mining, cryptocurrency, Monero cryptocurrency (XMR).
The subject of the article is a study of the formation, development and implementation of Fintech technologies in the context of ideologies of sustainable development and innovation DeFi (Decentralized Finance) [6], caused by the intensification of large-scale digital economy and global digitalization of all spheres of production and services. blockchain and prospects for the spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) in combination with artificial intelligence (AI). Results of work. Features of chronology and joint course of epochs of industrial evolution together with stages of development of the financial technologies based on a combination and integration of so-called, drivers of "Fintech for sustainable development" (FT4SD) are designated and characterized. The toolbox of FT4SD is shown to be a triad of blockchain, AI and IoT, which together provide a synergistic effect of "decentralized finance", creating a virtually unlimited investment resource for technological innovation in the digital economy within the processes of sustainable development. Conclusions. Despite the difficult economic and epidemiological situation in the world in general and in Ukraine in particular, it has been shown that the ideology of "decentralized finance" has had and will have a positive result.
Vladyslav Tipanov, О. В. Драчов, Світлана Ткаленко, Tetiana Mirzodaieva · 5 authors
Abstract. The essence of cryptocurrencies is considered and the definition of their legal status is offered. The experience of some jurisdictions regarding the opportunities and threats of using and regulating cryptocurrencies has been studied. The authors analyzed the cryptocurrency market. The factors that led to the widespread use of cryptocurrency, which include financial instability, significant currency fluctuations, limiting capital flows and inflation of the currency in the country. The problem of information protection using blockchain technology, which is solved by a combination of block design and cryptographic protection, is considered. The capitalization of TOP cryptocurrencies for the last three years is analyzed, among which the leading ones are Bitcoin (VTS), Ethereum (ETH), Tether (USDT) and others. Identified issues that need to be addressed in the field of finance and legal regulation. In the process of analyzing the experience of regulating cryptocurrency, we have found similar and distinctive features in some jurisdictions. First, each country, in view of the great potential of the blockchain technology, is trying in one way or another to create a favorable climate for its development. Secondly, the use of cryptocurrency goods is rapidly developing, and their impact on economic processes, both at the international and national levels is increasing, while states are faced with the problem of adapting their tax legislation to the current challenges of the digital economy, since the definition of the status of cryptocurrency does not directly lead to lack of funds to the state budget from operations with these assets. Thirdly, today there are more than 2,000 cryptocurrencies is traded through various trading platforms — stock exchanges and can be used to launder proceeds from crime. Thus, it is necessary to develop common standards for the regulation of cryptocurrency and the requirements for such crypto exchange counterparts, through the licensing of operations with cryptocurrencies. At the same time, the important question is what government bodies should exercise such control. Keywords: technology blockchain, cryptocurrency, virtual currency, legal regulation of cryptocurrencies, state functions, cryptocurrencies taxation. JEL classіfіcatіon F01, F20, K33, K34 Formulas: 0; fig.: 0; tabl.: 1; bibl.: 23.
The article considers the concept of cryptocurrency, its history, features, pros and cons, ways of distribution of cryptocurrency in the world and in Ukraine. The problematic issues of making virtual currencies are considered, in particular, why this issue is relevant today. Cryptocurrency is an opportunity to look at economic issues from a new angle. Its emergence is due to the needs of the time. Undoubtedly, this is an actual technical achievement. Opportunities and popularity are currently growing at a rapid pace. It is similar in characteristics to ordinary money but has a number of features that are becoming increasingly popular today. There are many ways to earn cryptocurrency and make a profit from it. Сryptocurrency is a new word in money circulation. We can assume that cryptocurrency may soon become an alternative to traditional means of payment.
Cryptocurrency has attracted more attention recently. With the rapid increase in popularity of cryptocurrencies´ transactions it is necessary to adopt a unified approach to this novel, 21st century phenomenon. Since 2009, when the first cryptocurrency Bitcoin was created, thousands of other cryptocurrencies have appeared. As the transactions with cryptocurrencies have increased, national and multinational jurisdictions started to deal with issues concerning taxation and accounting for the cryptocurrency. Multinational jurisdictions and professional institutions differ in their opinions about cryptocurrencies. There are opinions considering cryptocurrency a financial asset, a financial instrument, cash, cash equivalents, inventories or intangible asset. As there is no accounting standard within IFRS specifically addressing cryptocurrency, it is necessary to look at the existing IFRS and apply a principles-based approach. The aim of the paper is to compare the accounting of cryptocurrencies in Slovakia with the requirements and/or recommendations by other standards setters and authorities. Slovakia is selected as it is one of the first countries launching accounting regulation for cryptocurrency. The analysis and comparison are used as the main scientific methods in this study. The IFRS IC in June 2019 concluded that IAS 2 applies to cryptocurrencies when they are held for sale in the ordinary course of business. If IAS 2 is not applicable, holdings of cryptocurrencies should be accounted for under IAS 38. The Slovak Republic is applying different approach to holdings of cryptocurrency, the cryptocurrency is considered the short-term financial asset. Difference between Slovak and multinational solution is even in questions of cryptocurrency´s measurement.
The article presents a sketch of the most important legal and normative problems and challenges that are directly related to the emergence and development of cryptocurrencies. The case study is Poland, where in the first phase of existence, Bitcoin and other altcoins were considered property rights. Since 2018, under the Act on counteracting money laundering and terrorist financing, thanks to the unification of European Union law, they are classified as virtual currencies. The challenges identified in the course of the analysis that must be addressed include: the problem of creating an effective regulatory framework for the functioning of cryptocurrencies and placing them in the legal system; the problem of regulating relations with state institutions as monopolists in the field of finance and the worldwide trend of abandoning cash in favor of electronic payments and the formation of a cashless society
The analysis of separate tools for the visualization of movement of cryptocurrency values, and also identification of users who carried out the corresponding transactions has been carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrency from the point of view of offenders and law enforcement agencies have been studied. The main directions of using cryptocurrency in a criminal environment have been determined. The current state and perspectives of normative and legal regulation of cryptocurrency in Ukraine have been analyzed. Theoretical principles of cryptocurrency functioning have been studied. The basic concepts used in this area have been revealed. The properties of cryptocurrency have been described. The mechanism of its issuance of guaranteeing pseudo-anonymity while working with cryptocurrency has been outlined. Some features of blockchain technology and formation of cryptocurrency addresses have been revealed. It has been noted that one of the first and most well-known cryptocurrency is bitcoin. The format of bitcoin address presentation has been described. It has been emphasized that bitcoin wallet software can operate with any number of addresses or each address can be served by a separate wallet. The technology of mixing transactions and the method of increasing the anonymity of CoinJoin have been described. The authors have revealed the possibilities of separate services intended for the analysis of cryptocurrency transactions (Maltego, Bitconeview, Bitiodine, OpReturnTool, Blockchain.info, Anyblockanalytics.com, Chainalysis, Elliptic, Ciphertrace, Blockchain Inspector). The process of risk assessment and construction of visual chains of cryptocurrency transactions has been demonstrated on the example of the “Crystal Expert” service. Different types of bitcoin addresses’ holders and risk levels have been described. The main and additional investigation tools used on the “Crystal Expert” platform have been revealed. Based on the conducted analysis, the authors have defined the main tasks for law enforcement agencies at the current stage of development of cryptocurrency. The basic requirements for tools designed for cryptocurrency analysis have been outlined. The authors have suggested some measures of law enforcement agencies’ respond to threats related to cryptocurrency.
Rapid digital economy development brings about not only new opportunities, but new risks as well. Absence of any virtual borders, simplicity of transactions between investors from different countries created by digital technologies and the difficulty in the identification of persons entering into such transactions create a national security threat causing the need for the public regulation of the digital environment. This conclusion is especially relevant in respect of cryptocurrency relationships presenting an international alternative to national payment relationships.
The article is devoted to the study of blockchain technology in the financial sphere of Ukraine, as well as accounting and audit of their application in domestic and international practice. The article contains data on the prospects of blockchain development in the world and in Ukraine, as well as information on the peculiarities of the use of such technologies in the perspective areas – accounting and audit. The article argues that the development of blockchain technology will enable the transition to more modern methods and techniques, which in turn will allow to modernize the accounting and auditing system. The principle of triple entry as a major component of blockchain technology in accounting is emphasized. One of the most promising areas of application of blockchain is accounting for accounts payable and receivable, tax accrual and payment, record keeping and documentation. The article highlights the advantages and disadvantages of using blockchain technology in the financial sphere of Ukraine.