Blockchain Papers

Abdulwahab Ali Almazroi, Mohammed A. Alqarni, ‪Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda‬‏, Monagi H. Alkinani · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Upendra Singh, Sumit Sharma, Mukul Shukla, Preeti Jha

No abstract is available for this record.

Ahmed Didouh, Anthony Bahadir Lopez, Houda Labiod, Yassin El Hillali · 6 authors

Vehicular communications have become essential for functional and road safety purposes due to the development of vehicle fleets. However, these communications have made vehicles more vulnerable to cyber-attacks. The security of data exchanges in vehicular networks currently relies on a centralized architecture that is responsible for managing various security services such as authentication, confidentiality, non-repudiation, real-time misbehavior detection, certificate management and revocation. However, this centralized approach can be challenging and costly for authorities, and it may even weaken the network's overall security. In this paper, we propose a complementary solution that uses a decentralized security framework to help authorities better manage their network security by involving each vehicle in the overall security management. Our framework, TileChain, is blockchain based solution that use road information to manage the network's security dynamically. The architecture is designed to optimize any security service efficiently. To demonstrate the feasibility and performance of our proposed solution, we selected certificate revocation as a critical service and performed simulations using real vehicle traffic data provided by The French road operator DIR Nord. Our Smart Contract achieved an accuracy of 81.3% in misbehavior detection, leading to certificate revocation. Furthermore, the computation load for security management by authorities potentially reduced by a factor of 96.8%. In summary, our proposed solution, TileChain, offers a promising decentralized approach for managing vehicular network security that can potentially improve the overall security of the network while reducing the computational burden on authorities.

Yibing Li, Yangjie Cao, Yan Zhuang, Jie Li · 6 authors

With the advancement of intelligent transportation systems, location-based services (LBS) have been widely applied in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). LBS utilizes mobile devices to gather vehicle location data, which is then processed using relevant technologies. By combining this data with additional information, LBS offers users personalized and intelligent services. However, providing LBS brings critical security issues related to the exposure of vehicle positions, as well as privacy-preserving problems during the process of collecting location information in VANETs. We propose a distributed trust-based k anonymity scheme to address the aforementioned issues. Our proposed scheme adopts a trust framework among vehicles for various types of LBS. This framework involves a multiparty evaluation and consideration of trust value fluctuations to enhance the efficiency of establishing a reliable k anonymous cloaking region. Furthermore, by leveraging the tamper-proof and decentralized nature of blockchain, we employ a lightweight consortium blockchain to maintain the security of the trustworthiness data throughout the entire model. Extensive security analysis and rigorous experiments have been conducted to demonstrate that the scheme exhibits a certain degree of resilience against attacks on various trust models. Additionally, it has the ability to construct anonymous regions with limited time delay, thereby preserving the privacy of vehicle locations. In comparison to other schemes, it exhibits lower computational complexity and enhanced security.

Deepanshu Garg, Rasmeet Singh Bali

Data security in autonomous vehicles is of primary importance due to the possibility of cyberattacks on these interconnected and complex systems. As these vehicles are equipped with a number of sensors, software, and communication infrastructure, they are more vulnerable to different types of security issues. In this article. blockchain-supported QoS-based secure data communication (QoS-SDC) is proposed for high-speed, software-defined autonomous vehicles. This proposed mechanism will provide a promising solution for delivering protected data among autonomous vehicles. This model is evaluated by using the NS3 simulator, and the simulation results exhibit satisfactory secure data transactions.

Shaomin Zhang, Kangkang Zheng, Baoyi Wang

With the development of Electric Vehicles (EVs), Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) electricity transactions have gained popularity. Among them, EV users can easily obtain information such as their own location and speed through the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and communicate with other entities through the IoV, but the leak of the electricity transaction plan and private information such as identity, location, speed, etc. required for the transaction may put the users in danger and undermine the fairness of the transaction. Aiming at the above problems, A V2V electricity transaction scheme with privacy protection based on the IoV and consortium blockchain is proposed. Firstly, a long-term and short-term pseudo-identity algorithm is designed for users participating in V2V transactions. Users conduct each electricity transaction with different short-term pseudo-identities to prevent the leakage of their identity information; and when fraudulent transactions occur, the real identity of the fraudulent users can be traced based on their long-term pseudo-identities or public key information. Secondly, a certificateless aggregate signcryption algorithm is designed for secure communication in the IoV. Finally, consortium blockchain technology is adopted to solve the problems of single point of failure and data tampering that exist in centralized transactions. At the same time, a reputation value evaluation mechanism based on transaction completion rate and a Proof of Reputation consensus mechanism based on fixed time and fixed block capacity packing method are also designed, which not only reduces the computational power consumption but also motivates the seller EV to conduct V2V electricity transactions in good faith. The theory proves that the scheme is capable of protecting the privacy of EV users effectively. The performance evaluations demonstrate that this scheme has low communication overhead and the computational overhead also has certain advantages.

Huimin Shen, Taochun Wang, Chen Jian, Yuan Tao · 5 authors

The proliferation of intelligent transportation technology has led to an increased frequency of communication between vehicles. However, the openness of the Internet of Vehicles and wireless communication has introduced substantial privacy and security concerns, necessitating the adoption of identity authentication technology to ensure secure vehicle-to-vehicle communication. In response to the challenges posed by single point of failure and high computational costs in traditional centralized identity authentication schemes, this study proposes a blockchain-based batch authentication scheme for the Internet of Vehicles BBASV. By leveraging a non-pairing certificateless mechanism, the BBASV scheme effectively addresses these limitations, reducing the computational complexity and network traffic in the authentication process, thereby enabling efficient batch authentication. Additionally, identity-based prefix-key encryption is utilized to preserve the privacy of vehicle identities during proxy vehicle broadcasting. Moreover, the proxy vehicle leverages signature fusion technology to perform batch authentication on neighboring vehicles, alleviating the authentication burden on roadside units. The effectiveness of the BBASV scheme is rigorously evaluated through theoretical analysis and empirical experimentation, demonstrating its resilience against various security threats, including DoS attacks, man-in-the-middle attacks, and simulated attacks. Furthermore, the scheme exhibits favorable attributes such as low computational requirements and network traffic, rendering it a promising solution for ensuring secure and privacy-preserving communication within the Internet of Vehicles domain.

S. Sivasankari, Deepak K. Gupta, Ismail Keshta, Ch. Venkata Krishna Reddy · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Avaneesh Singh, Preeti Rani, Janjhyam Venkata Naga Ramesh, Shashikant V. Athawale · 8 authors

Intelligent transport systems (ITSs) aim to improve the performance of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It provides new opportunities for the Internet of Vehicle (IoVs) environment but poses some security concerns, especially concerning the Vehicle-to-Vehicle secure communication connection. The advent of the Next Generation technology for Internet of Vehicles (IOVs) secure communication has greatly benefited mobile networks. While 5G IoVs has many privacy and security challenges, several must be addressed. The confidentiality and privacy of data transmitted between vehicles, roadside units (RSU), and control rooms is a critical issue that must be addressed effectively. Blockchain technology presents a potential solution for securing the IOVs because of its decentralization, stability, and transaction tracking capabilities. To overcome these issues, this paper introduces BLAP-IOVs, a Blockchain-based Lightweight Authentication Protocol for generating Trustworthy IOVs communication. Comprehensive analysis and simulation results verify that the proposed BLAP-IOVs approach is efficient for secure information transmission in IOVs. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed BLAP-IOVs approach achieves high success communication rates with acceptable vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) loss and computation overhead. BLAP-IOVs suggest using Blockchain to improve Security, trust, and collaboration.

Jegadeesan Subramani, Azees Maria, Arun Sekar Rajasekaran, Jaime Lloret

Abstract The wide applications of the Internet of Drones (IoD), ranging from package delivery to surveillance, attract the attention of industrialists and academicians. Drones are given the task of obtaining sensitive field information within the flying zone in real‐time. Hence, it is important to tackle the privacy and security issues associated with drones that are employed in these kinds of situations. Also, when the drones move to the new unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operator coverage area, the drones are required to execute the authentication process again, which affects the performance of IoD. To overcome the above‐said shortcomings, a physically secure and privacy‐preserving blockchain enabled authentication method is proposed in this paper. The blockchain network permits drones to perform quick re‐authentication by transferring drone authentication codes to the following UAV operators. In the proposed work, the drone does not need to store the secret keys to perform anonymous authentication, and it provides physical security for the drones. When compared to competing techniques, the proposed scheme delivers the needed security features while incurring lower storage, computational, and communication costs.

Zihao Shen, Yuanjie Wang, Hui Wang, Peiqian Liu · 6 authors

Aiming to address issues of query request submission, data transmission leakage, and vehicle privacy leakage caused by untrustworthy cooperating Partners (CPs) in privacy-preserving caching for Internet of Vehicles (IoV), this paper proposes a trust mechanism privacy protection scheme combining blockchain and multi-party evaluation (TMPP-BMPE). First, a data broadcasting mechanism is proposed based on the Paillier encryption algorithm and the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) for data protection. The homomorphic encryption algorithm and the ECDSA are applied for data privacy protection during transmission. Second, a trust mechanism based on multi-party assessment is proposed. The trustworthiness of CPs is comprehensively assessed considering assessment indicators from multiple entities, mitigating risks of interacting with untrustworthy CPs. Finally, a blockchain-assisted trust management scheme is designed to effectively prevent malicious tampering with trusted data. The simulation experiment results show that the TMPP-BMPE performs well in protecting data privacy, evaluating the trustworthiness of CPs, and preventing data tampering. It provides valuable insights for security and trust establishment in IoV.

Nenad Gligorić, David Escuín, Lorena Polo, Angelos Amditis · 6 authors

The paper proposes a traceability framework based on methodological approach for the deployment of IOTA-Based Distributed Ledger in the mining industry, as a first step of certification and labelling of the sustainable material production. The methodology is evaluated in real-world implementation in scope of the DIG_IT project. The implementation provides significant amount of heterogeneous data originating from different processes and sources during the operation in mines, such as vehicles operations, mining and raw material extraction, workers physical parameters, environmental parameters, sensors (field, biometric, assets), market (supply chains, commodity prices), weather data, etc. Most of these datasets, especially the data about the emission, needs integrity and the ability to be audited by the public community, government and the stakeholders. The methodology for establishing the transparency for the mining operations, the requirements, technical architecture, General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) assessment, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) infrastructure, as well as end-to-end traceability, are proposed and evaluated with the actual deployment. The approach advocates end to end security for the increased traceability and data integrity based on Distributed Ledger Technology. Namely, W3C Decentralised Identities and Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) should be deployed from the data source to the cloud and anchored onto the Blockchain. The approach showed promising results with the regulations compliance made possible, making the data available and advertised publicly for the emission compliance.

Hussam Dheaa Kamel Al-Janabi, Saima Anwar Lashari, Ayman Khalil, ‪Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda‬‏ · 7 authors

Vehicular fog computing (VFC) is a developing concept that utilizes the ideas of fog computing to facilitate immediate communication and cooperative decision-making among vehicles. However, guaranteeing safe authentication in VFC presents notable difficulties as a result of characteristics such as dynamic network topology, extensive mobility, and limitations on resources. This paper introduces D-BlockAuth, an innovative authentication mechanism for 5G-assisted VFC that utilizes a dual blockchain approach. To reach the most vehicles, this link makes use of all the features of the fifth-generation base station (5G-BS). D-BlockAuth employs two blockchains: a permissioned blockchain to handle long-term identities and a consortium blockchain to enable streamlined and effective authentication at the fog layer. The D-BlockAuth concept incorporates advanced cryptographic techniques such as ring signatures and group signatures, which provide improved privacy and anonymity for vehicles within the network. The study provides a comprehensive description of the architecture of D-BlockAuth, examines its security characteristics, and assesses its performance using simulations. The results indicate that D-BlockAuth successfully performs both efficient and safe authentication in VFC, while also maintaining user privacy.

Badiea Abdulkarem Mohammed, ‪Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda‬‏, Abeer Abdullah Alsadhan, Zeyad Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi · 8 authors

The driving experience in fifth-generation (5G)-assisted vehicular fog computing systems has improved thanks to recent advancements in intelligent transportation. However, in the present vehicular system setup, the phenomenon of providing low computation overhead with massive serving capability is crucial. In the existing scenario, the computational complexity rises when an authenticated driver travels from one roadside unit (RSU) area to another RSU region and must undergo re-authentication by the existing RSU. In this paper, an efficient blockchain-based pseudonym authentication scheme to address these issues and avoiding using RSU for 5G-assisted vehicular fog computing. The pseudonym identity generated for each vehicles and fog servers in order to exchange information about the road environment. The proposed scheme avoids re-authentication by the future fog server by utilising bilinear pairing of points on the elliptic curve and utilising blockchain technology without the need for a trusted authority. For fog computing, fog server obtains the verification key to authenticate the messages sent from vehicles for supporting revocation. The security analysis part of this work shows that the proposed scheme is not only satisfy requirements of security and privacy, but also resistance security attacks. Finally, the evaluation of the proposed scheme’s performance shows that it is more efficient than existing schemes with regards to computation cost, verification speed, and energy consumption.

Kashif Naseer Qureshi, Hanaa Nafea, Ibrahim Tariq Javed, Kayhan Zrar Ghafoor

Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANET) is an emerging area of research due to its low cost, high coverage and fast transmission features. In these networks, the flying nodes are connected with ground stations and communicate wirelessly, especially when the networks are congested and complex. Due to mobility, and lack of predefined infrastructure, these networks have suffered from various security and trust issues. The traditional trust and security solutions are designed for ground networks and are not feasible for these networks. This paper proposes a trust and authentication model including Trust Establishment Mechanism for FANET (TEM-FANET) and authentication system by using Block-chain method. The trust is calculated to evaluate the node’s trust status and ensure the existence of the trustworthy nodes by using direct, indirect, and cumulative trust values. Whereas the authentication system is utilizing blockchain technology for nodes authentication and evaluate its feasibility. The proposed model is lightweight and able to monitor the node’s behavior and compute the trusted quality and broadcast the node status with neighbor nodes. The proposed model is also integrated with ground stations for record keeping and decision-making processes. The proposed model is evaluated in simulation with state-of-the-art trust solutions where the results show the better performance in terms of overhead, data delivery, node detection rate, and computational time.

Dharminder Chaudhary, P. Santhi, M. S. P. Durgarao, A Padmavathi · 6 authors

Truck platooning uses networking technology and automated driving support systems to join multiple trucks in a group. When these vehicles interact for particular journey stages, such as on highways, they autonomously maintain a predefined, tight spacing among themselves. Platooning improves transportation by making better use of highways, delivering cargo faster, and minimizing congestion in traffic. Therefore, safety and platooning are two important attributes of an intelligent truck system. This paper discusses a quantum-safe blockchain-empowered authentication mechanism for autonomous truck platooning. The proposed idea is to use blockchain to combine multiple nodes and ensure authenticity with the help of an aggregation technique. The proposed design ensures authenticity to the system due to hard assumptions:1) Learning With Error (LWE) and 2) Short Integer Solution (SIS) on random module generated lattice. This paper uses operations over module lattices to be more efficient than general lattices. We can perform operations on module lattices with the help of fast algorithms for polynomial arithmetic.

Asma Bibi, Sohail Jabbar, Yousaf Saeed, Muhammad Munwar Iqbal · 7 authors

In the emerging and well-rooted field of Vehicular Adhoc-Networks (VANETs), the imperative of secure content exchange via Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication for better safety emphasizes the importance of strong communication protocols. Implementing Information-Centric Networking (ICN) in VANETs allows for more efficient resource utilization via name-based content requests and delivery techniques. However, the dynamic and open nature of VANETs creates major security risks, necessitating rigorous defence against malicious attacks. To address these challenges, we introduce a novel trust-aware VANET framework that integrates ICN and Blockchain for content security. Our method uses authenticated vehicle data to ensure content integrity across the network, resulting in effective and efficient security measures. Through precise simulation, our technique exhibits resilience against malicious assaults by improving bandwidth utilization, throughput transactions, network content utilization, and content delivery in the face of hostile scenarios. The experimental results confirm the efficacy and feasibility of our proposed technique, highlighting its potential to improve VANET content security in real-world applications.

Aitizaz Ali

The rise of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) within intelligent transportation systems has introduced new demands for real-time, scalable, and privacy-preserving authentication mechanisms. Traditional authentication methods, such as Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), are often insufficient in highly dynamic vehicular environments due to their reliance on static credentials and centralized control. This paper proposes an adaptive and context-aware authentication framework that integrates Edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) with blockchain technology to secure vehicular communication. The framework leverages edge- based AI models to assess driver behavior and contextual signals in real time, generating dynamic trust scores for authentication. These scores are verified and recorded through a permissioned blockchain, ensuring tamper-proof identity validation and decentralized access control. The proposed system addresses key challenges including low latency, dynamic trust evaluation, and conditional privacy. Through detailed architectural design and security analysis, this work highlights the potential of hybrid AI-blockchain models to enhance the security, scalability, and accountability of future vehicular networks.

Badiea Abdulkarem Mohammed, ‪Mahmood A. Al-Shareeda‬‏, Zeyad Ghaleb Al-Mekhlafi, Jalawi Sulaiman Alshudukhi · 5 authors

The quick progress of 5G networks has allowed for intelligent driving. The primary environment for intelligent driving is provided by vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), which relay real-time data and communications between moving vehicles and fixed infrastructure. Since the communication is open-access, the message exchanged is vulnerable to privacy and security attacks. To address with this challenge, several authentication schemes have proposed. Nevertheless, the complexity of current these schemes means that re-authenticating vehicle identities every time they reach a new area of infrastructure coverage significantly hampers the overall network’s efficiency. This paper has proposed a handover authentication, called HAFC scheme based on fog computing to achieve fastly re-authentication of vehicles via secure property transfer among infrastructures (fog servers) for 5G-assisted vehicular blockchain networks. The proposed HAFC scheme consists of both stages namely, initial-authentication stage and handover-authentication stage. In security analysis shows that the proposed HAFC scheme’s vehicle to fog server-for both stages is Computational Diffie-Hellma (CDH)-secure. According to the simulation results, the novel handover authentication stage takes only a fraction of the time required for the first one.

Md. Afroz, Emmanuel Nyakwende, Birendra Goswami

No abstract is available for this record.

Abhishek Dwivedi, Ratish Agarwal, Piyush Kumar Shukla

No abstract is available for this record.

Apurva K. Vangujar, Alia Umrani, Paolo Palmieri

No abstract is available for this record.

Mingyue Xie, Zheng Chang, Hongwei Li, Geyong Min

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have emerged as pivotal roles within internet of vehicles (IoV), serving as mobile base stations. However, while expanding coverage and improving mobility, the deployment of UAVs also poses a threat to the integrity and privacy of sensitive data due to open wireless communication channels in IoV. Therefore, preventing unauthorized access and data tampering is critically important between UAVs and vehicles. For the authenticity and legitimacy of the UAV certificate, existing authentication approaches may lead to significant challenges in key management overhead or dependence on a trusted third party. In this paper, a blockchain-based authentication scheme for UAV-assisted IoV system (BASUV) is proposed. This solution enables dependable UAV registration and authentication services, and permits the dynamic addition and removal. Specifically, blockchain is introduced to achieve the decentralized management and distributed trust of the UAV certificate ledger. Furthermore, to prevent information tampering and identity deception, we design CMPES, a novel combined scheme based on multiple public key generators (PKGs) for encryption and signature. Identical key pair in encryption and signature can reduce key generation and management overhead. The security and experimental analysis demonstrates the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed scheme.

Hengchang Pan, Y. W. Wang, Wei Wang, Ping Cao · 6 authors

Efficient and trusted regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is an essential but challenging issue in the future era of the Internet of Low-altitude Intelligence, due to the difficulties in UAVs’ identity recognition and location matching, potential for falsified information reporting, etc. To address this challenging issue, in this paper, we propose a blockchain-based UAV location authentication scheme, which employs a distance bounding protocol to establish a location proof, ensuring the authenticity of UAV positions. To preserve the privacy of UAVs, anonymous certificates and zero-knowledge proof are used. The security of the proposed scheme is analyzed. Experiments demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed scheme.