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Nov 27, 2022ยทAnalytical and Comparative Jurisprudence
3 cites
Prevention of criminal offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency

ะ. ะ. ะ›ัƒะณั–ะฝะฐ, I.V. Kybysh

The importance of legal protection and ensuring the prevention of criminal offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency was noted. The history of legal regulation of the use of cryptocurrency in Ukraine is briefly analyzed. An analysis of the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" was carried out and some of its shortcomings were identified. Cryptocurrency is proposed to be considered one of the types of virtual assets, namely digital currency (electronic funds), the emission and accounting of which is based on asymmetric encryption, the use of cryptographic protection methods. It is indicated that activities to prevent crimes related to the use of cryptocurrency should be extremely diverse, taking into account the fact that violations of the circulation of cryptocurrency will eventually penetrate into all major spheres of public life, and will require adequate measures. The concept and main types of general social principles for the prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency in Ukraine are defined. It is indicated that such preventive activity is a humane means of maintaining the country's security and law and order. These include verification of state regulation of the virtual assets market, control over the activities of participants in the virtual assets market, identification of criminogenic factors in legal entities where offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency are most often committed; development of rules for the use of cryptocurrency typical for all participants of the virtual assets market and others. The implementation of general social principles for the prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency in Ukraine, along with the protection of society from these offenses, protects offenders from committing more serious offenses, and thus saves them from severe criminal punishment. Special criminological measures to prevent crimes related to the use of cryptocurrency are analyzed. It is emphasized that such measures involve the creation of an optimal system for detecting the facts of these offenses and identifying persons who commit such actions. For this, it is necessary to reach a situation where the maximum possible number of sources of information regarding offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency will function. Individual approaches to the prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency involve the work of authorized bodies with individual individuals. Forms of individual prevention include studying the identity of potential offenders, interviewing individuals, surveillance and other measures. An important measure of individual prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency is the creation of a data bank on persons who have committed offenses in the specified or related areas.

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Nov 25, 2022ยทContract Law in Changing Times
0 cites
Pacta sunt servanda in the age of cryptocurrency

Chao Xi

This chapter offers a descriptive and analytical account of how the concept of pacta sunt servanda in Chinese law has been thrust into a state of uncertainty amidst Chinaโ€™s changing cryptocurrency regulatory landscape. Our research shows that in the face of the legal ambiguity sparked by Chinaโ€™s shifting regulatory stance, the Chinese courts have diverged in their approaches to the validity and enforceability of crypto investments and transactions. In particular, some Chinese courts and contract parties have invoked illegality to limit pacta sunt servanda in cases involving cryptocurrency transactions. Using China as a case study, the chapter highlights the potential challenges that pacta sunt servanda may face in times of rapidly evolving new technologies.

European and International Contract Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction
Original source
Nov 9, 2022ยทEuropean Property Law Journal
0 cites
Property Rights in Money (and Cryptocurrencies)

Jan Hoffmann

133 Abstract There is a common core of principles that governs all property rights, whether they relate to tangible or intangible goods. The classical principles of property law are applicable to the property law of intangibles. However, classical property law is also specifically designed to deal with physical objects, which raises the question of the extent to which the regulatory complexes of property law can or must be adapted when dealing with incorporeal goods. This is a challenge that can be observed in the discussion on property rights in data. This modern problem has received much attention, while a very similar and classical problem of property law has not been taken into much consideration in this context. The legal tension between a physical storage medium and the incorporeal good contained in it has dominated the property law discussion on money for decades. In fact, the question of whether classical property law is capable of dealing with the assignment of an incorporeal good is an old one, and much experience has been gained in the national property law systems with regard to money. The examination of this classical problem of property law also seems to be an appropriate starting point for the evaluation of newer legislation on property rights in cryptocurrencies. The new discussion on property rights in data and the old discussion on property rights in money have a strong point of contact when it comes to assigning absolute rights to cryptocurrencies.

Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Nov 6, 2022ยทHighlights in Business Economics and Management
1 cites
Legal Conditions in the Field of Digital Assets and Feasibility Analysis of the Application of Blockchain Technology: the Support and Limitations of the Field in the Macro Background

Ziqi Zhou

With the development of blockchain technology and digital assets, the problem pages of digital assets at the legal level are becoming more and more prominent. This article will start with smart contracts and combine the case of Shenzhen Ethereum to analyze the legal issues based on blockchain technology and digital assets. The current status of conservation and its possible future development directions are analyzed. This article will specifically discuss the issue of contract law regulation of smart contracts from the perspective of legal system construction, as well as the compatibility between smart contracts and current contract law. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, consciously accepting the law needs to adapt to social changes and accepting the fact that the law needs to be adjusted. Secondly, at the operational level, the use of technology must comply with. Thirdly, at the research level, relevant legal research must be done, and legal scholars must have inter-professional knowledge and capabilities.

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Original source
Oct 31, 2022ยทNortheast Asian Law Journal
0 cites
From Intellectual Property to Digital Goods - Intellectual Property in an Era of Cryptocurrency and NFT -

์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ฒ•ํ•™์—ฐ๊ตฌ์› ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ต์ˆ˜., Il Ho Lee

๊ฐ€์ƒํ™”ํ, NFT(non-fungible token) ๋“ฑ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์žฌํ™”์˜ ์ถœํ˜„๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์œจ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ์ดˆ์— ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์— ์˜ํ•ด, ๋˜ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์  ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์—†์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹ค์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ทœ์œจ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ด ๋”ฐ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด๋“ค์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”ํ™”์˜ ๊ด€๊ฑด์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ๋งค์šฐ ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋  ๋งŒํ•œ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ณง ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์€ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์žฌ์‚ฐ์ธ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  โ€˜์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฒ•โ€™์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ž์‚ฐ, ํ™”ํ ํ˜น์€ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์žฌํ™”์— ์ธ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก ์ด๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ค๊ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ฐธ๊ณ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ ๋ฐ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์žฌํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถˆ์™„์ „์„ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์˜์™ธ์˜ ์ง€์ ์—์„œ ํ•ด๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ, ๊ทธ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ด๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์–‘์‹์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ก , ์žฌ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ท€์†๊ณผ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์—๋„ ๊นŠ์€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค. ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฒ„์Šค ๋“ฑ ์ƒํƒœ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ํ˜„์žฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์žฌํ™”๋กœ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜๋Š” ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”ํ์™€ NFT์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ํŽธ์˜์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ž์นซ ๊ทœ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฃผ๋„๊ถŒ์ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ, NFT ๋ฐ ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์žฌํ™”๋กœ ํŽธ์ž…๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์ฃผ์˜ ๊นŠ๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ณ , ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฒ•์  ๋Œ€์‘๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ•๊ตฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๊ทœ์ œ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ ์„ ์ทจํ•  ํ•„์š”๋Š” ์—†์ง€๋งŒ, ๋งน๋ชฉ์  ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ก  ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋‚™๊ด€๋ก ์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Innovation in Digital Healthcare Systems
Original source
Oct 11, 2022ยทFrontiers in Artificial Intelligence
12 cites
Intersemiotic translation of contracts into digital environments

Olimpia G. Loddo, Andrea Addis, Giuseppe Lorini

An intersemiotic translation is any form of translation that involves at least two different semiotic codes; for example, the translation from words to images, to numerical code, or to non-verbal sounds. One of the most widespread examples of intersemiotic translation in the contemporary world is transposing natural language into machine language in digital environments. In this case, if the source text is a legal text, we encounter a particular type of intersemiotic translation, namely an intersemiotic legal translation in a digital environment. This paper will focus on the intersemiotic legal translation of contracts in digital environments, and is divided into two parts. In the first part (Section Ways of intersemiotically translating a contract using digital tools), we will analyze four possible uses of the intersemiotic translation of contracts in a digital context. In particular, we will highlight the technical characteristics of intersemiotic translation, its limitations, and its potential in different phases of contract management, namely the drafting of the document, the agreement, the archiving of the document, and the execution of contractual clauses. We will examine different digital tools that exploit intersemiotic translation, such as contract drafting tools and online platforms that allow for the conclusion of electronic contracts, document archiving in blockchains, and building smart contracts. When analyzing these uses of intersemiotic translation in the digital environment, we will highlight four types of output that can represent the product of intersemiotic translation in the digital environment: epistemic effects, legal effects, digital effects, and economic effects. In the second part (Section A tool for translating the contract intersemiotically), we will describe a hypothetical prototype that, in light of the four potential uses of intersemiotic translation, could represent a support tool to simplify the communication between professionals and clients through the drafting of legal documents with the aid of dynamic forms and, eventually, with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). Beyond facilitating the dialogue between legal professionals and their clients, we use interfaces to allow clients to create their own drafts of their documents and the lawyer to work on the drafts drawn up by the customer, correct them, and structure them in order to guarantee the validity of the document. The system can also be designed to archive legal documents and private deeds securely and entrust them to a professional by using blockchain technology and automating the execution of some contractual clauses via smart contract protocols.

Open access
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
European and International Contract Law
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Oct 10, 2022ยทZBORNIK MES
0 cites
UMETNOST I UMETNIฤŒKO DELO U DIGITALNO DOBA

Momฤilo Bajac, Aleksandar Babiฤ‡

U ovom radu pratimo poloลพaj umetnosti, umetnika i umetniฤkog dela s obzirom na uslove u kojima umetniฤko delo nastaje, u okruลพenju u kome vladaju kapital odnosi i visoko tehnoloลกko okruลพenje koje ih prati. Prelaskom sa analognih na digitalne formate otvorene su nove perspektive za umetniฤko stvaralaลกtvo i distribuciju umetniฤkog dela, ali i probleme vezane za zaลกtitu autorskih prava i praviฤne monetizacije umetniฤkog dela. Pojavom blockchain tehnologije, posebno Ethereum blockchain platforme sa tehnologijom otvorenog koda i pametnim ugovorima omoguฤ‡ena je efikasnija komunikacija, distribucija i monetizacija umetniฤkog dela. Fokus ovoga rada posebno suลพavamo na pojavu NFT nerazmenljivih tokena (Non Fungible Tokens) koji mogu biti nosioci vrednosti umetniฤkog dela. Oni omoguฤ‡avaju da se odrลพi unikatnost dela kroz kontrolisanu oskudicu. Predstaviฤ‡emo standard ERC-721 koji omoguฤ‡ava kreiranje NFT-a, kao i prvih pet vodeฤ‡ih platformi za plasman NFT tokena na blokฤejnu kroz odabrane primere.

Open access
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Oct 7, 2022ยทLegal Science and Practice Journal of Nizhny Novgorod Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia
1 cites
Smart contract as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights: problems of theoretical substantiation and practical application

Yulia Aleksandrovna Krokhina, Vladimir Svechnikov

Complex socio-economic processes are simultaneously taking place in Russian society: the economy is adapting to external economic challenges and, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, many aspects of social life are being transferred online. As a result, there is a transformation of all types of entrepreneurial activity, oriented both to the end consumer and to another legal entity (B2B transactions). The digitalization of commerce objectively requires an effective legal response to the procedures for concluding and executing contracts. A feature of the Russian legal system for regulating digital assets can be considered the impossibility of concluding direct transactions, bypassing a specialized information platform.
 The article discusses the features of smart contracts as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights. The activity of an information platform operator or a market maker as an intermediary is analyzed. Their positive and negative impact on the digital asset market is shown.
 The conclusion is substantiated that the disposal of digital rights through the use of a smart contract cannot be identified with all other classical contractual structures. Smart contracts, including those that are made using blockchain and Ethereum technology, are legally different from the electronic form of a civil law contract. Despite the obvious advantages of a smart contract as a way to manage digital assets, in the absence of legal regulation, significant business risks arise that require a prompt and effective legislative solution

Open access
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Oct 2, 2022ยทDigital Law Journal
2 cites
Conclusion and performance of commercial contracts with the use of information technologies

Sofya Yu. Filippova

The article attempts to evaluate the possibilities of using blockchain and smart contract technologies, as well as big data and artificial intelligence technologies in traditional commercial contracts. In addition, the author illustrates the legal risks of using information technologies and the limits of their implementation in the field of contract law. The goal chosen by the author predetermined the use of the formal legal method in the analysis of the current legal norms. At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the search for answers to the questions without referring to the comparative legal method: in the article, the author refers to the views of English and American scholars when considering the problems of using artificial intelligence technology in commercial contracts. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that firstly smart contracts designed for automatic transactions on the Internet do not allow moving real goods in the real world, therefore the scope of their use is only limited to the conclusion, but not to the execution of contracts of sale. Secondly, a smart contract can completely supplant traditional contracts and obligations in mediation contracts aimed at performing only legal actions. Thirdly, there is a problem of ensuring the right to privacy when using big data, therefore, the commercial use of the collected data, though does improve sales, violates basic human rights. And finally, the mastered capabilities for automating the processes of selecting counterparties, determining and changing storage conditions, tracking the balance of goods in the warehouse, etc., allow author to discuss the potentially great possibilities of using AI in commerce.

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Sep 30, 2022ยทLaw and World
0 cites
Signing a Smart Contract

Salome Tezelashvili

When we talk about blockchain and smart contracts, it is necessary to consider the parties participating in them, their rights and obligations, as well as the prerequisites for concluding a smart contract, namely, offer and acceptance. We also have to understand how it is used in different fields of law. As we are aware, blockchain is considered as the fourth generation industrial revolution. Its creation is related to a person named Sabo, it is still unknown who he was โ€“ it means that we do not have exact information, whether it was one person who created blockchain โ€“ part of the fourth industrial revolution or a group of people. At the same time, let's define the meaning of the contract in general, we can formulate the definition of the agreement (contract) as follows, the agreement (contract) is a deal concluded by two parties, which must have legal consequences, i.e. the parties participating in it have rights and obligations. It should also be noted, that thousands of years have passed since the first contracts were signed, however, the most significant change in the development of contracts occurred during the last century. The article will discuss all the issues and problems that are very important in relation to this topic. The role of offer and acceptance in blockchain and smart contracts and how it differs from the usual standard contract will be described, we will also talk about the parties of the smart contract and how we can use it in different fields of law.

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Sep 30, 2022ยท๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•ํ•™
0 cites
Civil Law Review on NFT

Jin-Myung Chung

์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ํ† ํฐ(NFT) ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์„ฑ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋“ฑ๊ฐ€๋ฌผ, ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ NFT๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์žฌํ™”์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํƒ€์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํŒŒ์ผ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•œ NFT๊ฐ€ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์žฌํ™”๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๋ฉด, NFT๊ฐ€ ์žฅ๋ž˜์— ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ค ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ธฐํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ชป ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋‹ค. NFT๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์ƒ์—์„œ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ํŠน์ •์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ• ๋‹นํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ NFT๋Š” ์œ ๋ฌดํ˜•์˜ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํ† ํฐ์„ ๋ฐœํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ NFT ๋ฐœํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ NFT์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ถ„ ๊ถŒํ•œ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ œ3์ž์—๊ฒŒ ์žฌํŒ๋งค๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ NFT๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์›๋ณธ์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ €์ž‘๊ถŒ๋ฒ•์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ต๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ถŒ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ˆ˜์ต์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฒ”์œ„์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•  ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ NFT์— ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, NFT์— ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. NFT๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ๊ณ„์† ์ง„ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ„์•ผ์ด์–ด์„œ ์„ฃ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ ๋ช…์ง•ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋„์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ•์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” NFT๋Š” ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, NFT๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  NFT์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.Recently, the non-fungible token (NFT) market is growing rapidly. NFTs are creating a rise in value in the market by increasing the liquidity of assets such as digital equivalents of rare works of art, digital content of value for rarity, etc. However, unlike real-world goods, NFTs do not limited, exclusive, and inherent characteristics. Considering the reality that NFTs, which are merely digital files, are traded as goods with value in the market, it is very interesting to see what role NFTs will play in the market in the future and what legal issues they will raise. NFTs can allocate the assets to be linked to a specific person on the blockchain. As a result, NFTs can trade in the market by issuing a limited number of tokens for tangible and intangible assets. In addition, the issuer of the NFT can voluntarily give up the right to dispose of the NFT and resell it to a third party. In particular, the NFT is demanding a revision of the jurisprudence on the separation of revenue from use of copyright law and revenue from use of real rights under civil law due to the absence of digital originals. Accordingly, civil law is obliged to formulate a legal logic for transactions within this scope. However, it is not yet clear whether the jurisprudence of the current civil law can be applied to the NFT, and what legal problems will arise when the jurisprudence of the civil law is applied to the NFT. Since NFT is a field that is still evolving, it is not easy to draw clear research results hastily. However, it is necessary to investigate changes in the legal environment according to the development of new technologies. Therefore, in this study, what NFT is, what kind of legal characteristics NFT has, and what kind of legal problems there are were examined.

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Sep 30, 2022ยทKorea Law Review
1 cites
Non-Fungible Token(NFT) Utilization and Legal Considerations in the Entertainment Industry

Byung Hwa Lim, Youngmi Ko

๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ๊ด€๋ จ NFT ์‹œ์žฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ฐ NFT ํ™œ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ NFT ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‚ด NFT ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๋Œ€๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ NFT ํ™œ์šฉ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค. ์–ธ๋ก ๊ณผ ์˜ํ™”, ์—๋‹ˆ๋ฉ”์ด์…˜, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์Œ์•… ์‹œ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ํŠน์ • ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ์Œ์•…, ์˜ํ™”, ๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๋“ฑ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„ NFT ํ™œ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ํ™œ์šฉ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋น„๊ตยท๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋‚ด์— NFT ๋ฐœํ–‰ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์™€ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์Œ์•…, ์˜ํ™” ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ์†ก, ๊ฒŒ์ž„, ๋ฉ”ํƒ€๋ฒ„์Šค ๋“ฑ ๊ฐ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—… ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ณ„ NFT ํ™œ์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ NFT์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํญ๋„“์€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ผ€ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ โ€˜์ง€๋ฃจํ•œ ์›์ˆญ์ด์˜ ์š”ํŠธํด๋Ÿฝ(BAYC)โ€™ NFT ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด NFT๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ํ–ฅํ›„ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์ „๋งํ•ด ๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ตญ๋‚ด ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์˜ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ NFT ์‹œ์žฅ ์ฐธ์—ฌ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ด€๋ จ ๋ฒ•์  ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์€ NFT๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ž์‚ฐ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ํˆฌ์ž์ž, ๊ธˆ์œต ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๋ฐ ํ•€ํ…Œํฌ ๊ธฐ์—…, ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์ƒ์—…์  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์†์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์‚ฐ์—…์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•ยท๊ทœ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜์‹ ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ผ์ • ๊ทœ๋ชจ์™€ ์‹œ์ ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” NFT์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ง์„ ํ”ผํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์˜์œ„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋ผ๋„, ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ์€ ํƒ€ํ˜‘์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์  ๋ฐ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ NFT ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—”ํ„ฐํ…Œ์ธ๋จผํŠธ ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„์ž๋“ค์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์  ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ค‘์—์„œ, ๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œํ˜„ํ™ฉ, ๊ธˆ์œต๋ฒ•, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ง€์‹์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•œ ์ฃผ์š” ์Ÿ์ ๋“ค์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค.

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Cultural and Historical Studies
FinTech, Crowdfunding, Digital Finance
Original source
Sep 25, 2022ยทAdvances in Law Studies
3 cites
ANALYSIS OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMES RELATED TO CRYPTOCURRENCIES

Yakov Haminskiy

The article analyzes the problems and threats associated with the use of the latest information technologies for criminal purposes, as well as the use of cryptocurrencies in the process of legalizing proceeds from crime to finance terrorism and extremism

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Sep 21, 2022ยทUniversity of Split Repository
0 cites
Smart contracts on blockchain technology

Josipa Glaviniฤ‡

Blockchain tehnologa predstavlja novu eksponencijalno rastuฤ‡u tehnologiju i jednu od obeฤ‡avajuฤ‡ih tehnologija za buduฤ‡nost. U sklopu diplomskog rada, objaลกnjena je navedena tehnologija kao i primjer jedne od upotrebe blockchain-a. Na samom poฤetku diplomskog rada, za ลกto bolje razumijevanje blockchain tehnologije, objaลกnjen je pojam kriptografije i osnovnog algoritma koji se koristi. Razjaลกnjena je razlika izmeฤ‘u decentraliziranih i centraliziranih sustava, koja je osnovna razlika blockchain-a od ostalih tehnologija. Priloลพen je i povijesni razvoj blockchain tehnologije s kljuฤnim dogaฤ‘ajima koji su doveli do rasta i interesiranja ลกire populacije za istu. Nadalje je objaลกnjen razvoj interneta kroz godine s kljuฤnim znaฤajkama web3 tehnologije, koji predstavlja nocu eru revolucije interneta temeljenu upravo na blockchain tehnologiji. U iduฤ‡em poglavlju je pojaลกnjen princip rada blockchain-a, ukljuฤujuฤ‡i principe postizanja konsenzusa. Pojaลกnjava se i pojam pametnih ugovora, koji su sastavni dio funkcioniranja blockchain tehnologije. Navedeni su i primjeri za koje se navedena tehnologija moลพe koristiti s beneficijama koje bi pruลพila. U sklopu diplomskog rada izraฤ‘ena je aplikacija temeljena na blockchain tehnologiji koriลกtenjem pametnog ugovora. Kreirana je decentralizirana aplikacija za razmjenu poruka izmeฤ‘u korisnika aplikacije. Decentralizirane aplikacije (eng. dApp) predstavljaju novu generaciju interneta koja pruลพa korisniku slobodu i privatnost koriลกtenja interneta, bez praฤ‡enja i kontrole velikih tehnoloลกkih divova. Za izradu navedene aplikacije koriลกten je React, za kreiranja korisniฤkog suฤelja, a za izradu pametnog ugovora je koriลกten Solidity.

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Digital Transformation in Law
Original source
Sep 15, 2022ยทZenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
4 cites
Crimes Related to Cryptocurrency and Regulations to Combat Crypto Crimes

Naheeda Ali

In recent years, cryptocurrencies' economic application and speculative value have soared. Cryptocurrency is being used as a means of trade, even in Pakistan. The government does not legalize it, but it is traded like many other states. Globally it causes fraudulent investment schemes. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, as the dot-com boom of the 1990s. Even though these organizations lacked a product, business plan, and profit potential, the stock market was eager to invest heavily in internet-related companies. A few years later, a dot-com catastrophe ended an era of unjustified and speculative online firms. The gold rush occurred much earlier. In the 1800s, people worldwide sought their fortune in the U.S., Canada, and Australia. They rapidly understood that mining a significant gold stake was dangerous and unlikely to succeed. In 2021, cryptocurrencies will become the dominant form of money. 2021 was the landmark year. Bitcoin became the new gold rush and caused online fraud, known as cryptocurrency fraud. We will examine cryptocurrency, crimes, laws, and regulations to combat crypto crimes.

Open access
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Sep 8, 2022ยทRepository of the University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business
0 cites
Regulation of cryptocurrencies in the EU

Nikolina Butorac

Kriptovalute su digitalna imovina koja koristi decentralizirani sustav kontrole i kriptografiju za olakลกavanje, osiguranje i provjeru transakcija te stvaranje dodatne imovine. One se stvaraju i osiguravaju pomoฤ‡u kriptografskih algoritama koji se odrลพavaju i potvrฤ‘uju u procesu koji se naziva rudarenje, gdje mreลพa raฤunala ili specijalizirani hardver obraฤ‘uju i potvrฤ‘uju transakcije. Proces potiฤe rudare koji pokreฤ‡u mreลพu s kriptovalutom. Kriptovalute takoฤ‘er utjeฤu na ekonomiju, mjeri se njihov utjecaj na poslovanje banaka i prouฤava poloลพaj novih financijskih elemenata. Blockchain je temeljna tehnologija kriptovaluta i definira se kao distribuirana knjiga koju zajedniฤki odrลพava peer-to-peer mreลพa sudionika koji se nazivaju rudarima. Blockchain omoguฤ‡uje kriptovalutama kao ลกto je Bitcoin rad na decentraliziran naฤin bez posrednika kao ลกto su financijske institucije. Svrha ovog diplomskog rada je objasniti pojam i vrste kriptovaluta, objasniti implementaciju blockchain tehnologije na kripovalute i opisati naฤin na koji kriptovalute djeluju na ekonomiju. Rad ฤ‡e se fokusirati na regulaciju kriptovaluta u EU na koju je stavljen veฤ‡i naglasak nego ลกto je to bilo proลกlih godina. Opisati ฤ‡e se naฤin na koji drลพave EU-a reguliraju kriptovalute i koja su pravila i zakoni o kriptovalutama doneseni u njima. Ukoliko se u nadolazeฤ‡im godinama regulacija kriptovaluta joลก viลกe unaprijedi dobrobit za korisnike bi se mogla poveฤ‡ati u vidu sigurnosti podataka i poveฤ‡anja ulaganja u kriptovalute.

Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Regional Development and Management Studies
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Sep 7, 2022ยทะ’ะตัั‚ะฝะธะบ ะ ะพััะธะนัะบะพะณะพ ัƒะฝะธะฒะตั€ัะธั‚ะตั‚ะฐ ะดั€ัƒะถะฑั‹ ะฝะฐั€ะพะดะพะฒ. ะกะตั€ะธั: ะฎั€ะธะดะธั‡ะตัะบะธะต ะฝะฐัƒะบะธ
14 cites
Digital disputes in the new legal reality

Ekaterina P. Rusakova, Evgenia E. Frolova

The article presents the authorsโ€™ view on the ongoing changes in the process of resolving new โ€œdigitalโ€ disputes. The authors assess the global practice of resolving digital disputes through arbitration, as well as the new form of digital rights protection - blockchain arbitration. They analyze regulation of the new procedure for the protection of digital rights in foreign practice. The authors believe that the developed foreign experience in resolving smart contracts is progressive and effective. The findings of the research can be outlined as follows: 1) for the first time, special rules for resolving digital disputes have been formulated; they have been developed in tight cooperation of lawyers and IT specialists; 2) disputes from smart contracts and blockchain were isolated into a separate form of rights protection; 3) special approaches to settling digital disputes at the stage of concluding smart contracts have been worked out; 4) the process of enhancing the procedure for resolving digital disputes is ongoing.

Open access
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Original source
Aug 31, 2022ยทThe Journal of Comparative Law
0 cites
A legal and institutional study on countermeasures for Non-fungible token(NFT) and Virtual assets to prevent terrorist crimes

์„œ๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๊ณต๊ณต์ธ์žฌํ•™๋ถ€ ๊ต์ˆ˜, ๊ฐœ์ธ์ •๋ณด๊ด€๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ(CPPG), ๋ฒ•ํ•™๋ฐ•์‚ฌ., Joon-Bok Lee

๊ตญ๋‚ดยท์™ธ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฐ์ข… ๊ฐ•๋ ฅ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ๋ฐ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋“ฑ์— ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์€ ๊ฐ์‹œ ์™€ ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์•…์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์–‘์ƒ ์€ ์ ์ฐจ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋˜๊ณ , ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•ํ–‰ ์œ„ ๊ฒ€๊ฑฐ ๊ฑด์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ์ธ์›์€ ๋งค๋…„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  NFT๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜ ์—ฌ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ, ์ž๊ธˆ์„ธํƒ๋ฐฉ์ง€๋ฒ• ์ ์šฉ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋†“๊ณ  NFT๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜ ๋‚ด์—ญ์„ ์ถ”์ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ค๊ณ„๋˜์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ž๊ธˆ ์„ธํƒ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ๋„ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿผ์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•๋„๋ฐ•์ด๋‚˜ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ์ž๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ์•…์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ NFT๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์ˆ˜ ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์— ๋น„์ค‘์„ ๋‘๊ณ  ๊ทœ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก ๋ฉด์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถฐ์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž ์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋…๊ณผ ํŠน์งˆ, ํ˜„ํ™ฉ ๋“ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ดค๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž ์‚ฐ ๊ทœ์ œ ๊ด€๋ จ ํ•ด์™ธ ์ž…๋ฒ•๋ก€ ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ ์†๊ผฝํžˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฏธ ๊ตญ๊ณผ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์—ฐํ•ฉ(EU) ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ์ •๋ฆฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ํ…Œ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒ” ์ฃ„ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฒ•ยท์ œ๋„์  ๋Œ€์‘์ฑ… ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณต๊ณต์•ˆ์ „์„ ํ•ด์น˜๋Š” ๋ฒ” ์ฃ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ „ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํ›„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ ์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ํ™•๋ฆฝ์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ยท๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ , ๊ทœ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์˜ ๊ฐ๋… ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์˜ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์„ค์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ œ๋„์  ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ ๋Œ€์‘ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ฏธ์™„์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ผ์ง€๋ผ ๋„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋–ผ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๊ณผ์ • ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Aug 19, 2022ยทSSRN Electronic Journal
3 cites
These Are Not the Apes You Are Looking For

Andrรฉs Guadamuz

Considering copyright licensing issues involving non-fungible tokens to manage creative works.

Open access
2 source records
Copyright and Intellectual Property
Digital Rights Management and Security
Web and Library Services
Original source
Aug 9, 2022ยทThe Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts
1 cites
โ€œNFTs: Future or Fad?โ€ Excerpts From A Practical Discussion of NFT Use Cases and Copyright Concerns Raised by NFT Offerings

Sean Sullivan

The current hype cycle surrounding non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, has been going on for close to two years. As we continue to move through this phase and into whatever is next, it is important to look at the current use cases out there and some of the intellectual property issues facing companies that avail themselves of this technology. What follows are excerpts from my contributions to a discussion panel that took place in November 2021, modified as necessary for clarity and for the purposes of this Article. 
 The first question one might ask is, โ€œWhy are companies choosing to enter into the NFT space in the first place?โ€

Open access
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Digital Transformation in Law
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Original source
Aug 4, 2022ยทIUS ET VERITAS
17 cites
Metaverso y Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs): Retos y Oportunidades desde la perspectiva del derecho de marcas

Marรญa del Carmen Alvarado Bayo, Daniela Supo Calderรณn

El rรกpido desarrollo del metaverso y los componentes que lo integran trae consigo una gran cantidad de desafรญos y oportunidades que abarcan un sinfรญn de aspectos. Sin embargo, existe un campo que posee una especial intersecciรณn con la nueva forma de interacciรณn que propone el metaverso. Nos referimos a aquella propiedad que es valiosa tanto fรญsica como virtualmente: la propiedad intelectual. Especรญficamente, dentro del campo de la propiedad intelectual, nos referiremos al rol que juegan las marcas en el metavarso y en los denominados Non-fungibles tokens (NFTs), considerando -particularmente- los desafรญos y oportunidades que se presentan ante esta nueva realidad virtual.

Open access
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source
Aug 2, 2022ยทLebanese American University
0 cites
The regulation of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs). (c2022)

Ornina El Hajjar

Throughout the years, the world have witnessed many milestones that re-wrote history. From the industrial revolution to the creation of the first computer, every technological invention drastically changed our way of life. Each change is followed by a new law, as a way of protecting citizens. Today, we witness yet again a new revolution. The traditional internet is exceeded by the emergence of Web 3.0 and its components. New types of currencies and assets are seeing light and little or no regulations are present, which leaves a big portion of online users at threat. One of the biggest misunderstood asset is the Non-Fungible Token (NFT). First introduced as an art token, it has become one of the most prominent proof of ownership on the blockchain. Therefore, our researchโ€™s purpose is to introduce NFTs into law. It will first set forth a presentation of the new digital revolution by explaining several concepts that are crucial for the understanding of the NFT. We will then research the legal framework that can potentially be applicable to NFTs, with a focus on intellectual property as the main source for artistsโ€™ protection, and an attempt to figure out the legal aspect of NFTs according to its uses. Moreover, the research will also identify several traditional use-cases in addition to the most recent ones regarding NFTs in hope to identify where the legal standards for NFTs are heading. Finally, we will set up recommendations for a unified regulation or guideline in order to update our legal systems and keep up with the new digital uprising.

Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Original source
Jul 31, 2022ยทNortheast Asian Law Journal
0 cites
Civil Law Review on NFT* - Focusing on the judicial nature and the object of rights of the NFT -

์ „๋ถ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋™๋ถ์•„๋ฒ•์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์ „์ž„์—ฐ๊ตฌ์›., Bong Geun Shin

NFT(non-fungible token)๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊ฟˆ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฐ์—…์— ํฐ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™”๋œ ํ† ํฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ NFT์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, NFT์˜ ๋ฐœํ–‰, ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜, ์‘์šฉ ๋“ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ๋„ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT๋ž€ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ(blockchain)์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ์•”ํ˜ธํ™” ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ† ํฐ(์ฆํ‘œ)์„ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๊ฐ’(ID)์ด๋‚˜ ์†์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด์„ฑ(fungibility)์ด ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์— ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ, ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT๋Š” ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ๊ทธ ๋ณด์œ ์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฌถ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ โ€˜์ฆ๋ช… ์„œโ€™๋ฅผ ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ „์— ์ •ํ•ด์ง„ ๊ทœ์น™์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ง‘ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์ธ ์Šค๋งˆํŠธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ(smart contract) ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, 2์ฐจ ์œ ํ†ต ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜์˜ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํฌ๋ฆฌ์—์ดํ„ฐ(์ฐฝ์ž‘์ž)์—๊ฒŒ ํ™˜์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋„ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT์˜ ์œ ์šฉ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ผ์„ฑ ๋“ฑ์˜ ํ™•๋ณด, ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ ๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ช…, ๋†’์€ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ์œ ๋™์„ฑ, NFT ๋งˆ์ผ“ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•ก์„ธ์Šค์˜ ์‹คํ˜„, ํฌ๋ฆฌ ์—์ดํ„ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋Œ€๊ฐ€์˜ ํ™˜์› ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ NFT์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ž์‚ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ โ€˜์†Œ์œ  ๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ฑ์งˆโ€™์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT๋Š” ๋ธ”๋ก์ฒด์ธ(blockchain)์˜ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ํ† ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœํ–‰๋œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง€๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์„œ ์œ ์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ณ , ์ „๊ธฐ ๊ธฐํƒ€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ๋ ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ๋ฏผ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ โ€˜๋ฌผ๊ฑดโ€™์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ NFT์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋„ ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์ƒ์ž์‚ฐ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ์งˆ์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ(data)์˜ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ฑ์„ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€ ์†Œ์œ ๊ถŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด ๋ฐ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฌํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. NFT์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„, ๋งค๋งค ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” NFT ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—, ์ ์–ด๋„ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ •๋œ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, NFT์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์™€๋Š” ๋ณ„๋„๋กœ, NFT ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ฏผ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์ƒ ์žฌ์‚ฐ๊ถŒ์˜ ๊ฐ์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. NFT๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, NFT ์•„ํŠธ์˜ ์–‘๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ทธ ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ €์ž‘ ๊ถŒ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์–‘๋„๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”, NFT ์•„ํŠธ์˜ ์–‘๋„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ์–‘๋„์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์˜ ํ•ด์„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜„๋ฌผ์ž์‚ฐ ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” NFT๋ฅผ ๋งค๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—, ๊ทธ NFT ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์ด์šฉ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ทœ์•ฝ ๋“ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์„œ, NFT๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋˜ํ•œ NFT์˜ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ๊ทธ NFT์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋œ ํ˜„๋ฌผ ์ž์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ์ด์ „์˜ ์—ฐ๋™์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.

Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Dispute Resolution and Class Actions
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Jul 28, 2022ยทBAU Journal - Journal of Legal Studies - ู…ุฌู„ุฉ ุงู„ุฏุฑุงุณุงุช ุงู„ู‚ุงู†ูˆู†ูŠุฉ
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SMART CONTRACTS AND LEGAL ACTS THE EVOLUTION OF THE THEORY OF CONTRACTS

Ibrahim Abo Alil, Mahmoud Melhem

In this research, we discuss the smart contracts, legal acts, Block Chain rules and their scope, the legal problems that they arise, and how the theory of contracts has been developed accordingly. At the current time, the smart contracts, specially those relating to Block chain rules and cryptocurrency trading, are creating a radical transformation where the conventional language has fallen back and a new and unique phenomenon, known as the language of codes, has emerged. Thus, the digital relationships performed within smart contracts raise several questions. Hence, the question arises here: to what extent these contracts need a specific legislation to address all the problems that they pose?

Open access
Security, Politics, and Digital Transformation
Digital Transformation in Law
Law, AI, and Intellectual Property
Original source