The importance of legal protection and ensuring the prevention of criminal offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency was noted. The history of legal regulation of the use of cryptocurrency in Ukraine is briefly analyzed. An analysis of the Law of Ukraine "On Virtual Assets" was carried out and some of its shortcomings were identified. Cryptocurrency is proposed to be considered one of the types of virtual assets, namely digital currency (electronic funds), the emission and accounting of which is based on asymmetric encryption, the use of cryptographic protection methods. It is indicated that activities to prevent crimes related to the use of cryptocurrency should be extremely diverse, taking into account the fact that violations of the circulation of cryptocurrency will eventually penetrate into all major spheres of public life, and will require adequate measures. The concept and main types of general social principles for the prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency in Ukraine are defined. It is indicated that such preventive activity is a humane means of maintaining the country's security and law and order. These include verification of state regulation of the virtual assets market, control over the activities of participants in the virtual assets market, identification of criminogenic factors in legal entities where offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency are most often committed; development of rules for the use of cryptocurrency typical for all participants of the virtual assets market and others. The implementation of general social principles for the prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency in Ukraine, along with the protection of society from these offenses, protects offenders from committing more serious offenses, and thus saves them from severe criminal punishment. Special criminological measures to prevent crimes related to the use of cryptocurrency are analyzed. It is emphasized that such measures involve the creation of an optimal system for detecting the facts of these offenses and identifying persons who commit such actions. For this, it is necessary to reach a situation where the maximum possible number of sources of information regarding offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency will function. Individual approaches to the prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency involve the work of authorized bodies with individual individuals. Forms of individual prevention include studying the identity of potential offenders, interviewing individuals, surveillance and other measures. An important measure of individual prevention of offenses related to the use of cryptocurrency is the creation of a data bank on persons who have committed offenses in the specified or related areas.
This chapter offers a descriptive and analytical account of how the concept of pacta sunt servanda in Chinese law has been thrust into a state of uncertainty amidst Chinaโs changing cryptocurrency regulatory landscape. Our research shows that in the face of the legal ambiguity sparked by Chinaโs shifting regulatory stance, the Chinese courts have diverged in their approaches to the validity and enforceability of crypto investments and transactions. In particular, some Chinese courts and contract parties have invoked illegality to limit pacta sunt servanda in cases involving cryptocurrency transactions. Using China as a case study, the chapter highlights the potential challenges that pacta sunt servanda may face in times of rapidly evolving new technologies.
133 Abstract There is a common core of principles that governs all property rights, whether they relate to tangible or intangible goods. The classical principles of property law are applicable to the property law of intangibles. However, classical property law is also specifically designed to deal with physical objects, which raises the question of the extent to which the regulatory complexes of property law can or must be adapted when dealing with incorporeal goods. This is a challenge that can be observed in the discussion on property rights in data. This modern problem has received much attention, while a very similar and classical problem of property law has not been taken into much consideration in this context. The legal tension between a physical storage medium and the incorporeal good contained in it has dominated the property law discussion on money for decades. In fact, the question of whether classical property law is capable of dealing with the assignment of an incorporeal good is an old one, and much experience has been gained in the national property law systems with regard to money. The examination of this classical problem of property law also seems to be an appropriate starting point for the evaluation of newer legislation on property rights in cryptocurrencies. The new discussion on property rights in data and the old discussion on property rights in money have a strong point of contact when it comes to assigning absolute rights to cryptocurrencies.
With the development of blockchain technology and digital assets, the problem pages of digital assets at the legal level are becoming more and more prominent. This article will start with smart contracts and combine the case of Shenzhen Ethereum to analyze the legal issues based on blockchain technology and digital assets. The current status of conservation and its possible future development directions are analyzed. This article will specifically discuss the issue of contract law regulation of smart contracts from the perspective of legal system construction, as well as the compatibility between smart contracts and current contract law. Finally, the following conclusions are drawn: Firstly, consciously accepting the law needs to adapt to social changes and accepting the fact that the law needs to be adjusted. Secondly, at the operational level, the use of technology must comply with. Thirdly, at the research level, relevant legal research must be done, and legal scholars must have inter-professional knowledge and capabilities.
An intersemiotic translation is any form of translation that involves at least two different semiotic codes; for example, the translation from words to images, to numerical code, or to non-verbal sounds. One of the most widespread examples of intersemiotic translation in the contemporary world is transposing natural language into machine language in digital environments. In this case, if the source text is a legal text, we encounter a particular type of intersemiotic translation, namely an intersemiotic legal translation in a digital environment. This paper will focus on the intersemiotic legal translation of contracts in digital environments, and is divided into two parts. In the first part (Section Ways of intersemiotically translating a contract using digital tools), we will analyze four possible uses of the intersemiotic translation of contracts in a digital context. In particular, we will highlight the technical characteristics of intersemiotic translation, its limitations, and its potential in different phases of contract management, namely the drafting of the document, the agreement, the archiving of the document, and the execution of contractual clauses. We will examine different digital tools that exploit intersemiotic translation, such as contract drafting tools and online platforms that allow for the conclusion of electronic contracts, document archiving in blockchains, and building smart contracts. When analyzing these uses of intersemiotic translation in the digital environment, we will highlight four types of output that can represent the product of intersemiotic translation in the digital environment: epistemic effects, legal effects, digital effects, and economic effects. In the second part (Section A tool for translating the contract intersemiotically), we will describe a hypothetical prototype that, in light of the four potential uses of intersemiotic translation, could represent a support tool to simplify the communication between professionals and clients through the drafting of legal documents with the aid of dynamic forms and, eventually, with the help of artificial intelligence (AI). Beyond facilitating the dialogue between legal professionals and their clients, we use interfaces to allow clients to create their own drafts of their documents and the lawyer to work on the drafts drawn up by the customer, correct them, and structure them in order to guarantee the validity of the document. The system can also be designed to archive legal documents and private deeds securely and entrust them to a professional by using blockchain technology and automating the execution of some contractual clauses via smart contract protocols.
U ovom radu pratimo poloลพaj umetnosti, umetnika i umetniฤkog dela s obzirom na uslove u kojima umetniฤko delo nastaje, u okruลพenju u kome vladaju kapital odnosi i visoko tehnoloลกko okruลพenje koje ih prati. Prelaskom sa analognih na digitalne formate otvorene su nove perspektive za umetniฤko stvaralaลกtvo i distribuciju umetniฤkog dela, ali i probleme vezane za zaลกtitu autorskih prava i praviฤne monetizacije umetniฤkog dela. Pojavom blockchain tehnologije, posebno Ethereum blockchain platforme sa tehnologijom otvorenog koda i pametnim ugovorima omoguฤena je efikasnija komunikacija, distribucija i monetizacija umetniฤkog dela. Fokus ovoga rada posebno suลพavamo na pojavu NFT nerazmenljivih tokena (Non Fungible Tokens) koji mogu biti nosioci vrednosti umetniฤkog dela. Oni omoguฤavaju da se odrลพi unikatnost dela kroz kontrolisanu oskudicu. Predstaviฤemo standard ERC-721 koji omoguฤava kreiranje NFT-a, kao i prvih pet vodeฤih platformi za plasman NFT tokena na blokฤejnu kroz odabrane primere.
Complex socio-economic processes are simultaneously taking place in Russian society: the economy is adapting to external economic challenges and, due to the COVID-19 epidemic, many aspects of social life are being transferred online. As a result, there is a transformation of all types of entrepreneurial activity, oriented both to the end consumer and to another legal entity (B2B transactions). The digitalization of commerce objectively requires an effective legal response to the procedures for concluding and executing contracts. A feature of the Russian legal system for regulating digital assets can be considered the impossibility of concluding direct transactions, bypassing a specialized information platform.
 The article discusses the features of smart contracts as a civil law way of disposing of digital rights. The activity of an information platform operator or a market maker as an intermediary is analyzed. Their positive and negative impact on the digital asset market is shown.
 The conclusion is substantiated that the disposal of digital rights through the use of a smart contract cannot be identified with all other classical contractual structures. Smart contracts, including those that are made using blockchain and Ethereum technology, are legally different from the electronic form of a civil law contract. Despite the obvious advantages of a smart contract as a way to manage digital assets, in the absence of legal regulation, significant business risks arise that require a prompt and effective legislative solution
The article attempts to evaluate the possibilities of using blockchain and smart contract technologies, as well as big data and artificial intelligence technologies in traditional commercial contracts. In addition, the author illustrates the legal risks of using information technologies and the limits of their implementation in the field of contract law. The goal chosen by the author predetermined the use of the formal legal method in the analysis of the current legal norms. At the same time, it is impossible to imagine the search for answers to the questions without referring to the comparative legal method: in the article, the author refers to the views of English and American scholars when considering the problems of using artificial intelligence technology in commercial contracts. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that firstly smart contracts designed for automatic transactions on the Internet do not allow moving real goods in the real world, therefore the scope of their use is only limited to the conclusion, but not to the execution of contracts of sale. Secondly, a smart contract can completely supplant traditional contracts and obligations in mediation contracts aimed at performing only legal actions. Thirdly, there is a problem of ensuring the right to privacy when using big data, therefore, the commercial use of the collected data, though does improve sales, violates basic human rights. And finally, the mastered capabilities for automating the processes of selecting counterparties, determining and changing storage conditions, tracking the balance of goods in the warehouse, etc., allow author to discuss the potentially great possibilities of using AI in commerce.
When we talk about blockchain and smart contracts, it is necessary to consider the parties participating in them, their rights and obligations, as well as the prerequisites for concluding a smart contract, namely, offer and acceptance. We also have to understand how it is used in different fields of law. As we are aware, blockchain is considered as the fourth generation industrial revolution. Its creation is related to a person named Sabo, it is still unknown who he was โ it means that we do not have exact information, whether it was one person who created blockchain โ part of the fourth industrial revolution or a group of people. At the same time, let's define the meaning of the contract in general, we can formulate the definition of the agreement (contract) as follows, the agreement (contract) is a deal concluded by two parties, which must have legal consequences, i.e. the parties participating in it have rights and obligations. It should also be noted, that thousands of years have passed since the first contracts were signed, however, the most significant change in the development of contracts occurred during the last century. The article will discuss all the issues and problems that are very important in relation to this topic. The role of offer and acceptance in blockchain and smart contracts and how it differs from the usual standard contract will be described, we will also talk about the parties of the smart contract and how we can use it in different fields of law.
์ต๊ทผ ๋์ฒด ๋ถ๊ฐ๋ฅํ ํ ํฐ(NFT) ์์ฅ์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ฑ์ฅํ๊ณ ์๋ค. NFT๋ ์์ ์ํ์ ๋์งํธ ๋ฑ๊ฐ๋ฌผ, ํฌ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์น๊ฐ ์๋ ๋์งํธ ์ฝํ ์ธ ๋ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ ์์ฐ์ ์ ๋์ฑ์ ์ฆ๊ฐ์์ผ ์์ฅ์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค์ด๋ด๊ณ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ NFT๋ ํ์ค ์ธ๊ณ์ ์ฌํ์ ๋ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ ํ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฐํ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ณ ์ ํ ์์ฑ์ ๊ฐ์ง๊ณ ์์ง ์๋ค. ์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋์งํธ ํ์ผ์ ๋ถ๊ณผํ NFT๊ฐ ์์ฅ์์ ๊ฐ์น๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ง ์ฌํ๋ก ๊ฑฐ๋๋๋ ํ์ค์ ๊ณ ๋ คํ๋ฉด, NFT๊ฐ ์ฅ๋์ ์์ฅ์์ ์ด๋ค ์ญํ ์ ํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง, ๋ํ ๋ฒ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋ค ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ์ ๊ธฐํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๊ฐ ์๋ชป ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๋ค. NFT๋ ๋ธ๋ก์ฒด์ธ์์์ ์ฐ๊ฒฐ ๋์ ์์ฐ์ ํน์ ์ธ์๊ฒ ํ ๋นํ ์ ์๋ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ NFT๋ ์ ๋ฌดํ์ ์์ฐ์ ๋ํด์ ์ ํ๋ ์๋์ ํ ํฐ์ ๋ฐํํ์ฌ ์์ฅ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ๋ํ NFT ๋ฐํ์๊ฐ ์ค์ค๋ก NFT์ ๋ํ ์ฒ๋ถ ๊ถํ์ ํฌ๊ธฐํ๊ณ ์ 3์์๊ฒ ์ฌํ๋งค๋ ํ ์ ์๊ฒ ๋์๋ค. ํนํ NFT๋ ๋์งํธ ์๋ณธ์ ๋ถ์ฌ์ ๋ฐ๋ผ ์ ์๊ถ๋ฒ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ต๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๋ฒ์์ ๋ฌผ๊ถ์ ์ฌ์ฉ์์ต์ ๋ถ๋ฆฌ์ ๋ํ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ์ ์์ ์ ์๊ตฌํ๊ณ ์๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ๋ฏผ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฒ์์์ ๊ฑฐ๋์ ๊ดํ ๋ฒ์ ๋ ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ จํ ์๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ดํ๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ํํ ๋ฏผ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ NFT์ ์ ์ฉํ ์ ์๋์ง, NFT์ ๋ฏผ์ฌ๋ฒ์ ๋ฒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์ฉํ๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ์ ์ด๋ ํ ๋ฒ์ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ๋ฐ์ํ ๊ฒ์ธ์ง๋ ์์ง ๋ช ํํ์ง ์๋ค. NFT๋ ์ง๊ธ๋ ๊ณ์ ์งํํ๊ณ ์๋ ๋ถ์ผ์ด์ด์ ์ฃ๋ถ๋ฆฌ ๋ช ์งํ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋์ถํ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์ฝ์ง ์๋ค. ํ์ง๋ง ์๋ก์ด ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ์ ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฒ์ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ณํ์ ๋ํ ํ๊ตฌ๋ ํ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋ณธ๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ด ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์๋ NFT๋ ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง, NFT๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฒ์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ฐ์ง๋์ง, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ NFT์๋ ์ด๋ค ๋ฒ๋ฅ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์๋์ง๋ฅผ ์ดํด๋ณด์๋ค.Recently, the non-fungible token (NFT) market is growing rapidly. NFTs are creating a rise in value in the market by increasing the liquidity of assets such as digital equivalents of rare works of art, digital content of value for rarity, etc. However, unlike real-world goods, NFTs do not limited, exclusive, and inherent characteristics. Considering the reality that NFTs, which are merely digital files, are traded as goods with value in the market, it is very interesting to see what role NFTs will play in the market in the future and what legal issues they will raise. NFTs can allocate the assets to be linked to a specific person on the blockchain. As a result, NFTs can trade in the market by issuing a limited number of tokens for tangible and intangible assets. In addition, the issuer of the NFT can voluntarily give up the right to dispose of the NFT and resell it to a third party. In particular, the NFT is demanding a revision of the jurisprudence on the separation of revenue from use of copyright law and revenue from use of real rights under civil law due to the absence of digital originals. Accordingly, civil law is obliged to formulate a legal logic for transactions within this scope. However, it is not yet clear whether the jurisprudence of the current civil law can be applied to the NFT, and what legal problems will arise when the jurisprudence of the civil law is applied to the NFT. Since NFT is a field that is still evolving, it is not easy to draw clear research results hastily. However, it is necessary to investigate changes in the legal environment according to the development of new technologies. Therefore, in this study, what NFT is, what kind of legal characteristics NFT has, and what kind of legal problems there are were examined.
The article analyzes the problems and threats associated with the use of the latest information technologies for criminal purposes, as well as the use of cryptocurrencies in the process of legalizing proceeds from crime to finance terrorism and extremism
Blockchain tehnologa predstavlja novu eksponencijalno rastuฤu tehnologiju i jednu od obeฤavajuฤih tehnologija za buduฤnost. U sklopu diplomskog rada, objaลกnjena je navedena tehnologija kao i primjer jedne od upotrebe blockchain-a. Na samom poฤetku diplomskog rada, za ลกto bolje razumijevanje blockchain tehnologije, objaลกnjen je pojam kriptografije i osnovnog algoritma koji se koristi. Razjaลกnjena je razlika izmeฤu decentraliziranih i centraliziranih sustava, koja je osnovna razlika blockchain-a od ostalih tehnologija. Priloลพen je i povijesni razvoj blockchain tehnologije s kljuฤnim dogaฤajima koji su doveli do rasta i interesiranja ลกire populacije za istu. Nadalje je objaลกnjen razvoj interneta kroz godine s kljuฤnim znaฤajkama web3 tehnologije, koji predstavlja nocu eru revolucije interneta temeljenu upravo na blockchain tehnologiji. U iduฤem poglavlju je pojaลกnjen princip rada blockchain-a, ukljuฤujuฤi principe postizanja konsenzusa. Pojaลกnjava se i pojam pametnih ugovora, koji su sastavni dio funkcioniranja blockchain tehnologije. Navedeni su i primjeri za koje se navedena tehnologija moลพe koristiti s beneficijama koje bi pruลพila. U sklopu diplomskog rada izraฤena je aplikacija temeljena na blockchain tehnologiji koriลกtenjem pametnog ugovora. Kreirana je decentralizirana aplikacija za razmjenu poruka izmeฤu korisnika aplikacije. Decentralizirane aplikacije (eng. dApp) predstavljaju novu generaciju interneta koja pruลพa korisniku slobodu i privatnost koriลกtenja interneta, bez praฤenja i kontrole velikih tehnoloลกkih divova. Za izradu navedene aplikacije koriลกten je React, za kreiranja korisniฤkog suฤelja, a za izradu pametnog ugovora je koriลกten Solidity.
In recent years, cryptocurrencies' economic application and speculative value have soared. Cryptocurrency is being used as a means of trade, even in Pakistan. The government does not legalize it, but it is traded like many other states. Globally it causes fraudulent investment schemes. Cryptocurrencies are speculative, as the dot-com boom of the 1990s. Even though these organizations lacked a product, business plan, and profit potential, the stock market was eager to invest heavily in internet-related companies. A few years later, a dot-com catastrophe ended an era of unjustified and speculative online firms. The gold rush occurred much earlier. In the 1800s, people worldwide sought their fortune in the U.S., Canada, and Australia. They rapidly understood that mining a significant gold stake was dangerous and unlikely to succeed. In 2021, cryptocurrencies will become the dominant form of money. 2021 was the landmark year. Bitcoin became the new gold rush and caused online fraud, known as cryptocurrency fraud. We will examine cryptocurrency, crimes, laws, and regulations to combat crypto crimes.
Kriptovalute su digitalna imovina koja koristi decentralizirani sustav kontrole i kriptografiju za olakลกavanje, osiguranje i provjeru transakcija te stvaranje dodatne imovine. One se stvaraju i osiguravaju pomoฤu kriptografskih algoritama koji se odrลพavaju i potvrฤuju u procesu koji se naziva rudarenje, gdje mreลพa raฤunala ili specijalizirani hardver obraฤuju i potvrฤuju transakcije. Proces potiฤe rudare koji pokreฤu mreลพu s kriptovalutom. Kriptovalute takoฤer utjeฤu na ekonomiju, mjeri se njihov utjecaj na poslovanje banaka i prouฤava poloลพaj novih financijskih elemenata. Blockchain je temeljna tehnologija kriptovaluta i definira se kao distribuirana knjiga koju zajedniฤki odrลพava peer-to-peer mreลพa sudionika koji se nazivaju rudarima. Blockchain omoguฤuje kriptovalutama kao ลกto je Bitcoin rad na decentraliziran naฤin bez posrednika kao ลกto su financijske institucije. Svrha ovog diplomskog rada je objasniti pojam i vrste kriptovaluta, objasniti implementaciju blockchain tehnologije na kripovalute i opisati naฤin na koji kriptovalute djeluju na ekonomiju. Rad ฤe se fokusirati na regulaciju kriptovaluta u EU na koju je stavljen veฤi naglasak nego ลกto je to bilo proลกlih godina. Opisati ฤe se naฤin na koji drลพave EU-a reguliraju kriptovalute i koja su pravila i zakoni o kriptovalutama doneseni u njima. Ukoliko se u nadolazeฤim godinama regulacija kriptovaluta joลก viลกe unaprijedi dobrobit za korisnike bi se mogla poveฤati u vidu sigurnosti podataka i poveฤanja ulaganja u kriptovalute.
The article presents the authorsโ view on the ongoing changes in the process of resolving new โdigitalโ disputes. The authors assess the global practice of resolving digital disputes through arbitration, as well as the new form of digital rights protection - blockchain arbitration. They analyze regulation of the new procedure for the protection of digital rights in foreign practice. The authors believe that the developed foreign experience in resolving smart contracts is progressive and effective. The findings of the research can be outlined as follows: 1) for the first time, special rules for resolving digital disputes have been formulated; they have been developed in tight cooperation of lawyers and IT specialists; 2) disputes from smart contracts and blockchain were isolated into a separate form of rights protection; 3) special approaches to settling digital disputes at the stage of concluding smart contracts have been worked out; 4) the process of enhancing the procedure for resolving digital disputes is ongoing.
The current hype cycle surrounding non-fungible tokens, or NFTs, has been going on for close to two years. As we continue to move through this phase and into whatever is next, it is important to look at the current use cases out there and some of the intellectual property issues facing companies that avail themselves of this technology. What follows are excerpts from my contributions to a discussion panel that took place in November 2021, modified as necessary for clarity and for the purposes of this Article. 
 The first question one might ask is, โWhy are companies choosing to enter into the NFT space in the first place?โ
Marรญa del Carmen Alvarado Bayo, Daniela Supo Calderรณn
El rรกpido desarrollo del metaverso y los componentes que lo integran trae consigo una gran cantidad de desafรญos y oportunidades que abarcan un sinfรญn de aspectos. Sin embargo, existe un campo que posee una especial intersecciรณn con la nueva forma de interacciรณn que propone el metaverso. Nos referimos a aquella propiedad que es valiosa tanto fรญsica como virtualmente: la propiedad intelectual. Especรญficamente, dentro del campo de la propiedad intelectual, nos referiremos al rol que juegan las marcas en el metavarso y en los denominados Non-fungibles tokens (NFTs), considerando -particularmente- los desafรญos y oportunidades que se presentan ante esta nueva realidad virtual.
Throughout the years, the world have witnessed many milestones that re-wrote history. From the industrial revolution to the creation of the first computer, every technological invention drastically changed our way of life. Each change is followed by a new law, as a way of protecting citizens. Today, we witness yet again a new revolution. The traditional internet is exceeded by the emergence of Web 3.0 and its components. New types of currencies and assets are seeing light and little or no regulations are present, which leaves a big portion of online users at threat. One of the biggest misunderstood asset is the Non-Fungible Token (NFT). First introduced as an art token, it has become one of the most prominent proof of ownership on the blockchain. Therefore, our researchโs purpose is to introduce NFTs into law. It will first set forth a presentation of the new digital revolution by explaining several concepts that are crucial for the understanding of the NFT. We will then research the legal framework that can potentially be applicable to NFTs, with a focus on intellectual property as the main source for artistsโ protection, and an attempt to figure out the legal aspect of NFTs according to its uses. Moreover, the research will also identify several traditional use-cases in addition to the most recent ones regarding NFTs in hope to identify where the legal standards for NFTs are heading. Finally, we will set up recommendations for a unified regulation or guideline in order to update our legal systems and keep up with the new digital uprising.
In this research, we discuss the smart contracts, legal acts, Block Chain rules and their scope, the legal problems that they arise, and how the theory of contracts has been developed accordingly. At the current time, the smart contracts, specially those relating to Block chain rules and cryptocurrency trading, are creating a radical transformation where the conventional language has fallen back and a new and unique phenomenon, known as the language of codes, has emerged. Thus, the digital relationships performed within smart contracts raise several questions. Hence, the question arises here: to what extent these contracts need a specific legislation to address all the problems that they pose?