Blockchain Papers

Marcus Walshe, Gregory Epiphaniou, Haider Al‐Khateeb, Mohammad Hammoudeh · 6 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Om Pal, Bashir Alam, Vinay Thakur, Surendra Singh

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) is used in Blockchain Technology to authenticate the entities and to ensure the integrity of the blockchain. Proper Protection of Bitcoin wallet is required for private keys, seeds and keys stored in external hardware in Blockchain infrastructure. In this paper, overview of Blockchain, analysis of existing PKI for Blockchain and key management for Blockchain wallet are discussed. To achieve the confidentiality of sensitive records over the Blockchain network, a Group Key Management scheme for secure group communication is also proposed.

Aline Zebaze Tsague, Elie Fute Tagne, Emmanuel Tonyé, Adnen El Amraoui

A primary concern of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is to gather data from the immediate environment of it sensors while minimizing the use of limited network and computational resources. Several studies have focused on how to efficiently store and process sensed data in WSN. Generally, the appropriate method to store sensed data depends on the application for which the WSN was deployed. No matter the application, data collection appears to be a primary function of a WSN. The execution of this function must be coordinated and effective in order to provide WSN with current security standards such as privacy, data integrity and end entity authentication between communicating peers. In this paper, we propose an efficient authentication-based security scheme for data retrieval in WSN. This security scheme combines zero-knowledge proofs (ZKP) and pre-shared key method to provide secured and authenticated communication during data retrieval by a mobile sink in WSN. The security mechanism proposed works on a clustered network topology with an index-based data dissemination scheme. The network employs the concept of Connected Dominating Set (CDS) to form storage and index node sets. Upon a successful peer authentication, the index, located on the index node, is used for efficient retrieval of data. The scheme also provides end-to-end confidentiality given that data is being encrypted before transferred and can be decrypted only at the base station. Security and performance analysis of the proposed scheme show that it addresses all of the aforementioned issues while also satisfying zero-knowledge proofs properties. It is also suitable for devices with limited computational resources as the network can fulfil the purpose of data collection and can be deployed in large-scale wireless sensor networks.

KyungHyun Han, Seong Oun Hwang

No abstract is available for this record.

S. Raj Anand, Rama Chaithanya Tanguturi, D S Soundarrajan

The latest trend in the research filed implies the importance of data security in wireless sensor networks. There are various approaches identified for securing the data by using trust wide security such as cryptographic systems and routing protocols. However, these approaches are very critical to identify the optimal path in the network and attacks by unauthorized node cannot be prevented. In this paper, a new algorithm for combining the AODV (Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) routing protocol and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is implemented to produce trustable routing in every location through block chain. The possible routing procedure will enhance the routing nodes to acquire routing information among all the nodes but will never allow the node to capture the information. The routing protocol on the blockchain is used to utilize the path efficiently without deviation caused by other anchor nodes. It also identifies the congestion in the entire path of the particular network and avoids tampering of information between the nodes. The blockchain enabled with PSO algorithm and AODV routing protocol provides the simulation results about the efficient packet delivery system. The Security has been performed in every node used to identify the best route for producing the efficient throughput and quality of services.

Yisen Cao, Yanjun Li, Ying Sun, Shubei Wang

The group signature scheme is widely used in military and financial fields due to its efficient anonymity and revocability. However, in an untrusted environment, previous group signature schemes often suffer joint attacks from management centers or revocation centers, which reduces the security of the scheme. At the same time, the malicious group center and the signature recipient can identify the signer identity and also threaten the anonymity of the program. It is proved by calculation that the scheme can maintain the security and anonymity of the group signature algorithm in an untrusted environment.

Wei-Jr Lai, Chih-Wen Hsueh, Ja‐Ling Wu

To make a time capsule on the Internet, which will be opened at a planned time in the future, without third parties' involvement has always been a difficult problem. Although there are many researches worked on various time-lock systems, they may have some shortcomings like uncertainty in decryption time, not fully decentralized, hard to estimate the required computing resources. In this paper, we proposed a protocol and a reliable encryption scheme to make time-sensitive message be opened on time at a fully decentralized environment, which is then integrated with the blockchain to adapt to different computing power situations. The method also provides the capability of incorporating with appropriate incentives for encouraging participants to contribute their computing resources, which makes our system more suitable for real world applications.

Dawei Li, Jianwei Liu, Qianhong Wu, Zhenyu Guan

Privacy problem is an emerging concern when we protect information security in cloud computing. In some application scenarios, the users may require to receive the computing results anonymously from the cloud server. However, complete anonymity brings regulatory issues to practical use. We usually need the encrypted results monitorable by superiors in case of illegal information, and once there are some disputes occurring, a trusted third-party arbitration institution is also required to trace the recipients without any need of decryption. Aiming at this problem, we propose a new cryptographic primitive named Hierarchical Identity-Based Group Encryption (HIBGE). In an HIBGE system, the recipients are organized in a tree-like structure. Recipients with the same function or belonging to the same department make up a group and they are managed by a group manager. When encrypting, the cloud can use the recipient’s identity as the public key, and others only know which group the message is sent to, but cannot know the exact recipient’s identity. Besides, the higher level can monitor the lower’s message, and group manager can trace the recipients’ identity. We then construct a concrete HIBGE scheme, and prove this scheme is semantic secure, anonymous and traceable, with a perfectly zero-knowledge proof. HIBGE scheme can be widely applied in cloud computing.

Dongwei Zhang, Yi Sun, Yuanyan Luo

Due to the mobility of nodes, lack of infrastructure and limited computing and storage resources in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), this scheme uses the self-certification public key, combined with the interactive zero-knowledge proof and KEA+ key exchange method in the GPS identity authentication protocol, uses four interactions to complete the two-way identity authentication and key exchange of both parties, and which security is analyzed subsequently. The scheme effectively reduces the leakage of the claimant's secret knowledge in the identity authentication process, and enhances the reliability of the identity authentication and key exchange process.

Jidian Yang, Shiwen He, Yang Xu, Linweiya Chen · 5 authors

A trusted routing scheme is very important to ensure the routing security and efficiency of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). There are a lot of studies on improving the trustworthiness between routing nodes, using cryptographic systems, trust management, or centralized routing decisions, etc. However, most of the routing schemes are difficult to achieve in actual situations as it is difficult to dynamically identify the untrusted behaviors of routing nodes. Meanwhile, there is still no effective way to prevent malicious node attacks. In view of these problems, this paper proposes a trusted routing scheme using blockchain and reinforcement learning to improve the routing security and efficiency for WSNs. The feasible routing scheme is given for obtaining routing information of routing nodes on the blockchain, which makes the routing information traceable and impossible to tamper with. The reinforcement learning model is used to help routing nodes dynamically select more trusted and efficient routing links. From the experimental results, we can find that even in the routing environment with 50% malicious nodes, our routing scheme still has a good delay performance compared with other routing algorithms. The performance indicators such as energy consumption and throughput also show that our scheme is feasible and effective.

Chunlei Li, Qian Wu, Hewu Li, Jun Liu

No abstract is available for this record.

Ping Li, Jin Li, Alzubair Hassan

No abstract is available for this record.

Behzad Abdolmaleki, Hamidreza Khoshakhlagh, Daniel Slamanig

Hash proof systems or smooth projective hash functions (SPHFs) have been proposed by Cramer and Shoup (Eurocrypt’02) and can be seen as special type of zero-knowledge proof system for a language. While initially used to build efficient chosen-ciphertext secure public-key encryption, they found numerous applications in several other contexts. In this paper, we revisit the notion of SPHFs and introduce a new feature (a third mode of hashing) that allows to compute the hash value of an SPHF without having access to neither the witness nor the hashing key, but some additional auxiliary information. We call this new type publicly computable SPHFs (PC-SPHFs) and present a formal framework along with concrete instantiations from a large class of SPHFs.

Cody Freitag, Ilan Komargodski, Rafael Pass

No abstract is available for this record.

Tai-hoon Kim, Rekha Goyat, Mritunjay Kumar, Gulshan Kumar · 7 authors

In this research paper, blockchain-based trust management model is proposed to enhance trust relationship among beacon nodes and to eradicate malicious nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). This composite trust evaluation involves behavioral-based trust as well as data-based trust. Various metrics such as closeness, honesty, intimacy and frequency of interaction are taken into account to compute behavioral-based trust of beacon nodes. Further, the composite (behavior and data) trust value of each beacon nodes is broadcast to Base Stations (BS) to generate a blockchain of trust values. Subsequently, the management model discards the beacon node with least trust value and that ensures reliability and consistency of localization in WSNs. The simulated results of the proposed algorithm are compared with the existing ones in terms of detection accuracy, False Positive Rate (FPR) and False Negative Rate (FNR) and Average Energy Consumption (AEC).

Dan Boneh, Elette Boyle, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Niv Gilboa · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.

Mingxin Ma, Guozhen Shi, Fenghua Li

The rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the explosive growth of valuable data produced by user equipment have led to strong demand for access control, especially hierarchical access control, which is performed from a group communication perspective. However, the key management strategies for such a future Internet are based mostly on a trusted third party that requires full trust of the key generation center (KGC) or central authority (CA). Recent studies indicate that centralized cloud centers will be unlikely to deliver satisfactory services to customers because we place too much trust in third parties; therefore, these centers do not apply to user privacy-oriented scenarios. This paper addresses these issues by proposing a novel blockchain-based distributed key management architecture (BDKMA) with fog computing to reduce latency and multiblockchains operated in the cloud to achieve cross-domain access. The proposed scheme utilizes blockchain technology to satisfy the decentralization, fine-grained auditability, high scalability, and extensibility requirements, as well as the privacy-preserving principles for hierarchical access control in IoT. We designed system operations methods and introduced different authorization assignment modes and group access patterns to reinforce the extensibility. We evaluated the performance of our proposed architecture and compared it with existing models using various performance measures. The simulation results show that the multiblockchain structure substantially improves system performance, and the scalability is excellent as the network size increases. Furthermore, dynamic transaction collection time adjustment enables the performance and system capacity to be optimized for various environments.

Yanhua Zhang, Yupu Hu, Qikun Zhang, Huiwen Jia

No abstract is available for this record.

Wei She, Qi Liu, Tian Zhao, Jian-Sen Chen · 6 authors

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely used because of its high efficiency and real-time collaboration. A wireless sensor network is the core technology to support the operation of the IoT, and the security problem is becoming more and more serious. Aiming at the problem that the existing malicious node detection methods in wireless sensor networks cannot be guaranteed by fairness and traceability of detection process, we present a blockchain trust model (BTM) for malicious node detection in wireless sensor networks. First, it gives the whole framework of the trust model. Then, it constructs the blockchain data structure which is used to detect malicious nodes. Finally, it realizes the detection of malicious nodes in 3D space by using the blockchain smart contract and the WSNs' quadrilateral measurement localization method, and the voting consensus results are recorded in the blockchain distributed. The simulation results show that the model can effectively detect malicious nodes in WSNs, and it can also ensure the traceability of the detection process.

Ronghua Xu, Yu Chen, Erik Blasch, Genshe Chen

Space situation awareness (SSA) includes tracking of active and inactive resident space objects and assessing the space environment through sensor data collection and processing. To enhance SSA, the dynamic data-driven application systems framework couples online data with offline models to enhance performance by using feedback control, sensor management, and communications reliability. For information management, there is a need for identity authentication and access control (AC) to ensure the integrity of exchanged data as well as to grant authorized entities access right to data and services. Due to decentralization and heterogeneity of SSA systems, it is challenging to build an efficient centralized AC system, which can either be a performance bottleneck or the single point of failure. Inspired by the blockchain and smart contract technology, we introduce blockchain-enabled, decentralized, capability-based access control (BlendCAC), a decentralized authentication, and capability-based AC mechanism to enable effective protection for devices, services, and information in SSA networks. To achieve secure identity authentication, the BlendCAC leverages the blockchain to create virtual trust zones, in which distributed components can identify and update each other in a trustless network environment. A robust identity-based capability token management strategy is proposed, which takes advantage of the smart contract for registration, propagation, and revocation of the access authorization. A proof-of-concept prototype has been implemented on both resources-constrained devices (i.e., Raspberry Pi nodes emulating satellites with sensor observations) and more powerful computing devices (i.e., laptops emulating a ground network) and is tested on a private Ethereum blockchain network. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the BlendCAC scheme to offer a decentralized, scalable, lightweight, and fine-grained AC solution for space system toward SSA.

Maharage Nisansala Sevwandi Perera, Takeshi Koshiba

No abstract is available for this record.

Olivier Alphand, Michele Amoretti, Timothy Claeys, Simone Dall'Asta · 10 authors

In this paper, we propose IoTChain, a combination of the OSCAR architecture [1] and the ACE authorization framework [2] to provide an E2E solution for the secure authorized access to IoT resources. IoTChain consists of two components, an authorization blockchain based on the ACE framework and the OSCAR object security model, extended with a group key scheme. The blockchain provides a flexible and trustless way to handle authorization while OSCAR uses the public ledger to set up multicast groups for authorized clients. To evaluate the feasibility of our architecture, we have implemented the authorization blockchain on top of a private Ethereum network. We report on several experiments that assess the performance of different architecture components.

Kanika Gupta, S. Sharmila Deva Selvi, C. Pandu Rangan, Shubham Sopan Dighe

No abstract is available for this record.

Zuoxia Yu, Man Ho Au, Rupeng Yang, Junzuo Lai · 5 authors

No abstract is available for this record.