?Cryptocurrency is a blockchain-based technology that is often used as a digital currency. Digital money is different from conventional money, this type of money does not have a physical form but only a block of data bound by a hash as validation. The data is spread to every cryptocurrency user who is in the environment. So that when a user makes a transaction, data mining will be carried out. Cryptocurrencies have several advantages but also have disadvantages when used as currency, from a legal point of view there is still no law governing the circulation of currency in digital form (cryptocurrency). The government must recognize digital currency so that it can be accepted by the general public as a means of payment. For now, the government has not recognized digital money (cryptocurrency) as a currency, because Cryptocurrency is a new phenomenon by some people in Indonesia. The rapid development of technology in the 4.0 revolution era, in the next few years money in physical form will be replaced by digital money seeing the many conveniences provided by using digital money.
Halal food industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years. Halal food is generally more competitive than food without a halal label. Blockchain technology can provide certainty for quality issues and halal predicates of food products. This study discusses in depth the use of blockchain technology in the food industry to explore the halal issue, how it is implemented, and details about how it works. Data recording during the supply chain process is designed using a private blockchain while handling complaints using a permissioned blockchain. The transaction system uses smart contracts which are combined into a blockchain system. The use of blockchain for handling complaints and tracking halal products is worth considering, where the results show that the tracking speed is up to 10 times faster than conventional methods and can minimize losses because the handling of issues can be more targeted.
Law Number 22 of 1999 on Local Government has changed the system of government in Indonesia to become decentralized, including those related to finance. The purpose of this study is to see the trend of financial independence in the districts/cities in West Papua Province. The measure used to assess this is the ratio of regional financial effectiveness and the degree of fiscal independence. The data used is sourced from the Directorate General of Fiscal Balance, Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Indonesia period 2010 – 2019. The results of the analysis show that the financial effectiveness ratio of districts/cities in West Papua Province has been very effective. However, the degree of fiscal independence shows the opposite condition, where all districts/cities in West Papua Province are still in “belum mandiri” category.
Umi Marfuah, Yandra Arkeman, a Machfud, Indah Yuliasih
Indonesians are the worlds largest chilli enthusiasts, mostly consuming fresh chilli. Because of chilli products generally perishable characteristics, its price has become unstable.The growing number of agricultural safety and risk issues has revealed a substantial need for an effective traceability solution, which serves as an essential agricultural supply chain method to ensure adequate product safety. Blockchain is the technology that disrupts goods in supply chains of agriculture and offers a revolutionary solution for their traceability. Today, farm supply chains are a dynamic ecosystem with multiple stakeholders, making it difficult to verify a range of main parameters, including the country of origin, stage in crop production, quality compliance, and yield monitoring. This paper suggests using the Ethereum blockchain and intelligent contracts to monitor and traceability operations across the agricultural supply chain effectively. Our proposed solutions remove the need for trustworthy centralized subjects, intermediaries, transaction records, performance, and security enhancements that are highly integral, accurate, and stable. The approach suggested focuses on using intelligent agreements to monitor and manage all communications and transactions between all actors in the supply chains ecosystem. All transactions are registered in the immutable blockchain lead with connections to a decentralized system (IPFS), ensuring the ecosystem is safe, confident, reliable and booming for everyones high degree of transparency and traceability.
This study aims to determine and understand whether bitcoin can be categorized as a means of payment exchange in Indonesia and how the legality of positive Indonesian law in regulating bitcoin issues. The research method used is a normative research method. The approach method used in this research is the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. Bitcoin clearly does not meet the requirements of money in theory and the Currency Act only recognizes the rupiah as a legal medium of exchange, and under the Currency Act, bitcoin cannot be said to be money. Apart from not being able to be said to be bitcoin money, it can also not be said to be electronic money. Law No. 7 of 2011 concerning Currency, it is stated that Indonesia only recognizes Rupiah as a legal medium of exchange for Bitcoin and Other Virtual Currency” which basically states that bitcoin and other virtual currencies are not legal tender in Indonesia, so the risk associated with the use of bitcoin is borne by the owner. or the bitcoin user concerned. This study aims to determine and understand whether bitcoin can be categorized as a means of payment exchange in Indonesia and how the legality of positive Indonesian law in regulating bitcoin issues. The research method used is a normative research method. The approach method used in this research is the statutory approach and the conceptual approach. Bitcoin clearly does not meet the requirements of money in theory and the Currency Act only recognizes the rupiah as a legal medium of exchange, and under the Currency Act, bitcoin cannot be said to be money. Apart from not being able to be said to be bitcoin money, it can also not be said to be electronic money. Law No. 7 of 2011 concerning Currency, it is stated that Indonesia only recognizes Rupiah as a legal medium of exchange for Bitcoin and Other Virtual Currency” which basically states that bitcoin and other virtual currencies are not legal tender in Indonesia, so the risk associated with the use of bitcoin is borne by the owner. or the bitcoin user concerned.
Disintermediation of the travel industry in the modern area has the most powerful and successful innovation, obviously with the assistance of Blockchain innovation. The market structure has changed since the appearance of online travel planners. Determined to improve the system for the travel industry that as of now depends on this blockchain innovation, for which the reason for this paper was made, a subjective strategy with semi-organized meetings appears to be appropriate to decide the ideal use to draw out the fundamental capability of this blockchain innovation for the business. the travel industry as per specialists. From the consequences of meetings led just as from the aftereffects of considering the impact of blockchain on business, it tends to be inferred that blockchain innovation is a fitting new advance as far as restricting and forbidding new go betweens in the entrance of the travel industry, subsequently it will prompt the vanishing of go-betweens from the travel industry market and an increment in the framework straightforward that everybody knows.
The increasingly widespread development of the digital era has led to changes in the payment system which then affects the economic behavior of the community in line with the increase in various services that facilitate economic activity. An example is the emergence of crypto currency or Cryptocurrency as a digital currency that has almost the same function as other currencies. The thing that distinguishes this digital currency from conventional currencies in general is that it does not have a physical form of money like currency currency but only a block of data bound by a hash as validation. Although it provides a number of advantages for its users, the existence of cryptocurrencies in Indonesia itself is still experiencing pros and cons in terms of regulation and legality, especially from the point of view of Islamic law for its use. Therefore, this study was conducted to review cryptocurrencies that are widely used in transactions, especially investments from the perspective of Islamic law. This research is a qualitative library research. The data analysis technique used is descriptive-analytical with a normative juridical approach to Islamic law. Based on a number of references used in this study, it is known that investing with cryptocurrencies has a very high risk because its value can go up or down drastically and unpredictable. Meanwhile, from the point of view of Islamic sharia law, the law of this cryptocurrency transaction is haram lighairihi.
The cryptocurrency market is a market that attracts researchers and investors because it is open every day. This can be seen by the anomalies that occur in the cryptocurrency market. This research uses cryptocurrencies with the largest market cap in 2020, namely Bitcoin, Ethereum, Tether, XRP, and Bitcoin cash as research objects. The data in this study uses daily returns for testing the day of the week effect and daily volatility on the cryptocurrencies under study. This study uses GARCH (1,1) to determine the day of the week effect and daily volatility in the cryptocurrency under study. The results of this study indicate that there is a day of the week effect and daily volatility in the cryptocurrency under study, and it does not move freely. This causes the cryptocurrency market to become an inefficient market. The patterns that occur can be exploited by investors as well as other research on the cryptocurrency under study. Investors can avoid days that have high volatility for example in Bitcoin which experiences high volatility on Fridays and Saturdays because it has a high risk as well. Investors are advised to be able to trade on Thursday for high returns and less risk.
Edward Guustaaf, Untung Rahardja, Qurotul Aini, Nesti Anggraini Santoso · 5 authors
Translator Translator Translator Translator Translator Translator Translator Translator Abstrak— Blockchain adalah buku besar yang secara bersamaan terdesentralisasi dan terdistribusikan. Terdapat Node yang berfungsi untuk mencatat semua histori transaksi di Blockchain dengan semua jaringan yang berbeda. Blockchain memiliki sifat kekal atau tidak dapat diubah, sehingga kemungkinan terjadi kecurangan dalam teknologi Blockchain sangat kecil. Hal ini tentu menjadi teknologi yang sangat praktis dan aman bagi dunia pendidikan dalam melakukan sertifikasi digital, pencatatan, dan lain sebagainya. Dengan adanya teknologi Blockchain diharapkan dapat menyelesaikan masalah yang sering terjadi di dunia pendidikan. Desain pendidikan berbasis Blockchain memiliki harapan besar dalam menurunkan tingkat kecurangan yang selalu terjadi di dunia pendidikan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode komprehensif, di mana kami akan fokus mendalami desain pendidikan berbasis Blockchain, fitur-fitur Blockchain yang digunakan, dan layanan pendidikan berbasis Blockchain dalam meningkatkan implementasi teknologi Blockchain di dunia pendidikan. Abstract— Blockchain is a ledger that is simultaneously decentralized and distributed. There is a node that functions to record all transaction history on the Blockchain with all different networks. Blockchain is immutable or irreversible, so the possibility of fraud in Blockchain technology is very small. This is certainly a technology that is very practical and safe for the world of education in doing digital certification, recording, and so on. With Blockchain technology, it is hoped that it can solve problems that often occur in the world of education. Blockchain-based educational designs have great hopes of reducing the level of cheating that always occurs in the world of education. This research was conducted using a comprehensive method, in which we will focus on exploring Blockchain-based educational design, Blockchain features used, and Blockchain-based educational services in improving the implementation of Blockchain technology in the world of education.
Investasi pada zaman modern ini tidak hanya sebatas emas, saham, obligasi dan lain-lain. Seiring berkembangnya zaman muncul sejenis instrumen investasi baru yang bernama Cryptocurrency. Cryptocurrency adalah mata uang digital dengan sifatnya yang desentralisasi. Desentralisasi artiannya adalah metode pelaksanaan traksaksi tanpa adanya pihak ketiga sebagai perantara. Akan tetapi ada juga resiko akibat dari investasi jenis cryptocurrency ini, seperti terjadinya tindak money laundering (pencucian uang) dikarenakan sifat dari cryptocurrency ini yaitu desentralisasi sehingga jika terjadi transaksi yang mencurigakan sulit untuk dilakukan pembekuan ataupun pemblokiran akun dan uang. Yang lainnya adalah sistem pemajakan terhadap keuntungan dari Cryptocurrency ini masih kurang tegas sehingga terjadinya tindak tax avoidance (penghindaran pajak). Penelitian yang dilakukan adalah untuk mengkaji permasalahan terkait pencegahan money laundering (pencucian uang) dan juga tindak tax avoidance (penghindaran pajak). Adapun penelitian ini menerapakan metode penelitian hukum normatif. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, didapatkan bahwa kasus money laundering (pencucian uang) didalam cryptocurrency ini terjadi karena fitur anominity dimana identitas aslinya tidak dapat dilacak dan dilindungi oleh sistem. Sehingga adanya celah untuk melakukan tindakan kejahatan seperti pencucian uang. Akan tetapi berdasarkan data yang dipaparkan kasus money laundering (pencucian uang) dalam cryptocurrrency sudah menurun dikarenakan adanya kerjasama antara platform/exchanger dengan PPATK untuk meminimalisir terjadinya kasus tersebut, dan juga praktik tax avoidance (penghindaran pajak) terjadi karena masih adanya ketidakjelasan sistem pemajakan terhadap cryptocurrency. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pelaporan pajak atas keuntungan cryptocurrency wahib dilaporkan dan tidak susah untuk prosedurnya. Diharapkan adanya kesadaran dari investor untuk melaporkannya sendiri karena sifat pemajakan di Indonesia bersifat self assesment.
The application of blockchain innovation in E-commerce has a benefit. Add a space be the need for closeness sense in carrying out the transaction process in a security framework is required to preserve the privacy of information. One of the technological marvels is a Blockchain. The application of Blockchain innovation is to supply security for certificate security within the computerized period 4.0 so as not to control by unreliable parties. By utilizing the strategy of issue detailing, inquire about the plan, information, information preparing & introduction, examination & research reports and investigate strategies seven writing ponders. The application of blockchain innovation in an E-commerce service may be a need for closeness sense in carrying out the exchange handle a security framework is required to preserve information secrecy. Numerous things are valuable in Blockchain innovation, counting observing monetary resources, wellbeing records, character, and planning the supply chain. However, many proposals lack criticism and have static thinking. So that it fails to get the main benefits of the blockchain.
Margaretha S. N. Mait, Marthinus Mandagi, Abdul Rahman Dilapanga
Since regional autonomy in 2004, it has brought major changes in government administration in Indonesia. The decentralization policy has changed—the system of governance shift from previously centralized to decentralized. Tomohon City is one of the autonomous regions where the government strives to provide maximum service to the community, especially developing development. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of the government's internal supervisory apparatus in preventing fraud in the management of village funds. This study uses a qualitative approach—data collection techniques using interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis technique uses the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results showed that the role of the Tomohon City Inspectorate was as Fraud Prevention in the Management of Village Funds, (1) Quality Assurance. The role of the Tomohon City Inspectorate in quality assurance (performed through an audit, monitoring, review, evaluation, and other supervisory activities. (2) Providing advice. The role of the government's internal supervisory apparatus is to provide an objective and independent assessment of the feasibility of the governance structure and the effectiveness of government organizations/agencies. (3) Providing early warning that is early detection of problems that occur in each agency before other parties find out. They are required to provide solutions and formulate anticipatory steps so that problems that occur do not occur.
AbstractLegalization of cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia is a breath of fresh air for the community. The increase in cryptocurrency investors every year shows that there are promising benefits from the transaction process. Even though Indonesia's economic condition is currently experiencing a recession, it has no impact on the sustainability of cryptocurrency transactions. So it can be said that this transaction can be an opportunity for tax revenue. However, it is unfortunate that there are no specific tax rules that regulate the collection of income tax on profits derived from cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia. Based on these problems, the purpose of this study is to analyze the income tax collection system and law enforcement of income tax payments for cryptocurrency transactions in Indonesia. And the research method used is normative law by conducting extensive interpretation to find law (rechtsvinding). Keywords: Cryptocurrency; Income Tax; Tax Law Enforcement.AbstrakDilegalkannya transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia merupakan angin segar bagi masyarakat. Bertambahnya investor cryptocurrency pada setiap tahunnya menandakan bahwa terdapat suatu keuntungan yang menjanjikan dari proses transaksi tersebut. Meskipun kondisi perekonomian Indonesia yang sedang resesi saat ini, ternyata sama sekali tidak membawa pengaruh terhadap keberlangsungan transaksi cryptocurrency. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa adanya transaksi tersebut bisa menjadi suatu peluang penerimaan perpajakan. Namun disayangkan belum tersedianya aturan pajak yang khusus untuk mengatur pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan atas keuntungan yang diperoleh dari transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia. Sehingga pemerintah belum bisa secara optimal mengontrol penerimaan pajak dari transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis sistem pemungutan Pajak Penghasilan serta penegakan hukum pembayaran Pajak Penghasilan atas transaksi cryptocurrency di Indonesia. Dan metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah hukum normatif dengan interpretasi ekstensif guna menemukan suatu hukum (rechtsvinding).Kata Kunci: Cryptocurrency; Pajak Penghasilan; Penegakan Hukum Pajak.
I Gede Hendrawan Saputra, I Dewa Putu Surya Wardana

 
 
 
 The current technological development is so fast, including in the world of economy. Technological developments in this economic aspect can be seen from the types of payment systems that are so developed. In this era of globalization, Bitcoin appears which can be used as a means of payment. Bitcoin is a new currency or electronic money created in 2009 by a person who uses the alias Satoshi Nakamoto. Bitcoin is mainly used in internet transactions without using intermediaries or not using bank services. In Indonesia, there is no regulation on Bitcoin itself. The absence of laws governing Bitcoin in Indonesia causes unclear legal consequences related to transactions using Bitcoin. The use of Bitcoin is commonly applied in Indonesia, but regulations regarding the currency used in Indonesia as a legal means of payment have been regulated in Law Number 7 of 2011 concerning Currency, which is only the rupiah currency that can be used, which raises questions about legality. bitcoin and the legal consequences of Bitcoin transactions as a means of payment in Indonesia. This will cause various legal problems, one of which is related to the aspect of legal protection for consumers who use bitcoin payments in the event of a loss when making payments through the bitcoin system. With the absence of specific regulations governing bitcoin payments, it can be said that this system is not certain to be safe to use because there is no legal certainty that regulates it
 
 
 
Jufridar Jufridar, Rico Nur Ilham, Mangasi Sinurat
Cryptocurrency or virtual currency is a form of investment that has developed since 2010. Today, there are more than 2,000 types of crypto currencies worldwide. Cryptocurrency research in Indonesia is still focused on the legal status and legal status of cryptocurrency investments. This quantitative descriptive study aims to describe the returns and risks of investing in crypto currencies. Descriptive analysis by calculating risk measures and using the heteroscedastic model GARCH (1,1) was carried out on the return data of 15 crypto currencies that had the greatest value. Information was obtained that investing in most crypto currencies resulted in higher returns than investing in foreign currencies or the stock market. On the other hand, Crypto currencies have a higher risk of loss and volatility clustering or heteroscedasticity. Further research is needed to uncover the characteristics of Crypto currency returns and their performance in the form of a portfolio.
The Indonesian market cannot be separated from the elements of information technology. The development of information technology will be closely related to the investment sector, especially finance. Cryptocurrency or digital currency is the result of the development of financial technology. Digital currencies are starting to be widely used as a means of payment via the internet. This currency was created with the aim of making payments easier and safer. The use of Blockchain technology causes transaction costs to be cheaper. Government policy through Bank Indonesia prohibits transactions using Cryptocurrency because it has a negative impact on the financial system, monetary stability and payment system in Indonesia. This research provides an understanding of Cryptocurrency to the Indonesian market. In the technology offered, cryptocurrency is a development of financial technology that allows it to replace banknotes in future financial transactions. In the future, the hope is that the government will study cryptocurrency technology more deeply so that the policies issued do not prohibit and at the same time protect the Indonesian market.
Keyword : Cryptocurrency, Indonesian Market, Education Facilities
Cut Niswatul Chaira, Hafas Furqani, Dara Amanatillah
Alat pembayaran atau uang terus mengalami inovasi dan berevolusi mulai dari bentuk tunai menjadi bentuk non tunai atau disebut juga uang elektronik. Kemunculan bitcoin sebagai salah satu dari virtual currency menimbulkan pro dan kontra di berbagai kalangan. Ada yang membolehkan ada pula yang mengharamkannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan konsep mata uang dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam dengan menganalisis bitcoin sebagai salah satu dari virtual currency. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan beberapa akademisi dari bidang ekonomi dan pihak regulator yaitu Bank Indonesia dan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK). Data dianalisis dengan mendeskripsikan konsep bitcoin sebagai mata uang virtual dalam perspektif ekonomi Islam. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa dalam ekonomi Islam mata uang harus memiliki underlying asset dan dijamin oleh pemerintah. Sedangkan bitcoin tidak memiliki underlying asset, tidak jelas siapa penerbitnya dan tidak ada yang bertanggung jawab. Banyak unsur ketidakjelasan yang dimiliki oleh bitcoin. Bahkan di Indonesia belum ada regulasi secara resmi dan masih dalam tahap pengkajian oleh para ulama. Oleh sebab itu, Bank Indonesia menghimbau kepada masyarakat untuk bertransaksi dengan rupiah karena sesuai dengan Undang-Undang No 7tahun 2011 tentang Mata Uang.
Cryptocurrency sudah menjadi hal penting dalam bertaransaksi ataupun investasi saat ini. Namun uang digital ini masih memiliki sisi negative dan juga positif dari beberapa negara, Sebagian negara berpendapat bahwa Cryptocurrency merupakan sebuah teknologi yang harus didukung karena memberikan dampak ekonomi yang baik bagi negara, namun di sisi lain ada negara-negara yang masih skeptis dengan Cryptocurrency, mereka berpendapat desentralisasi yang menjadi dasar uang digital ini akan sangat berbahaya karna sulitnya untuk melacak transaksi yang dilakukan oleh pengguna dan dikhawatirkan akan memberikan kemudahan kepada para pelaku untuk melakukan kejahatan seperti penjualan narkotika, terorisme dan pencucian uang. Dalam penelitian ini akan melihat aturan-aturan apa saja yang sudah di terapkan di Indonesia untuk mengatur penggunaan Cryptocurrency dalam aktifitas sehari-hari dan juga akan membahas terkait bagaimana negara-negara lain mengatur terhadap perkembangan Cryptocurrency
Globalization encourages technological progress so that its development is utilized by terrorist organizations in expanding their movements. Terrorist organizations utilize digital financial transaction technology, namely cryptocurrency, as part of their funding activities. This condition is influenced by the shift in traditional funding methods that have begun to switch to digital media, so the emergence of cryptocurrencies has a great opportunity in terrorism financing activities globally. Over the past few years there has been a phenomenon of using cryptocurrencies by terrorist groups for funding purposes. This research article wants to explain how terrorist organizations use cryptocurrency as a new medium in digital financial funding. The research was conducted using qualitative methods with the theory of the use of funds by terrorist organizations covering the stages of receipt, management, transfer and spending. The results of the study show that cryptocurrencies are at each stage of the use of funds either as a medium or a source of funding which is shown through models or schemes related to the use of cryptocurrencies for terrorism financing. In addition, an exploration of the movement of terrorism financing was carried out from the traditional to the digital realm. Furthermore, recommendations are given regarding the role of the state in efforts to handle the phenomenon of financing terrorism using cryptocurrencies.
Resista Vikaliana, Raja Zuraidah Raja Mohd Rasi, I Nyoman Pujawan
This study aims to recommend a model of traceability system in mangosteen supply chain management using blockchain technology. The traceability system model is designed to ensure the acceptance of safe and quality mangosteen by consumers because consumers can search for information about mangosteen supply chain management. In this study, blockchain technology was chosen because with blockchain technology, traceability and capacity to share information about production processes will be made easier and trustworthy. Traceability takes center stage in organizations supply chain; furthermore, it is a tool in fighting product counterfeiting and protecting brands. Implementing blockchain can revolutionize the way a supply chain works.This research consists of three stages. The first is to identify the mangosteen export supply chain. Second, identify the form of data needed and used in mangosteen traceability. Third, the formulation of mangosteen traceability models or designs. The results of this study describe a model design how mangosteen traceability is carried out using blockchain technology.
Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Christopher Lumbantobing, Isfenti Sadalia, Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis perbadingan kinerja cryptocurrency bitcoin, saham, dan emas. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan metode komparatif. Populasi yang dalam penelitian ini yaitu harga penutupan bulanan bitcoin, saham LQ45, dan emas mulai dari tahun 2017 hingga 2021, yaitu sebanyak 180 data. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu pengambilan sampel jenuh. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yang menggunakan data time series dan Jenis data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder. Data dikalkulasikan menggunakan program Microsoft Excel verdasarkan formula dari masing-masing variabel penelitian. Data diolah menggunkan aplikasi SPSS yaitu Uji ANOVA. Hasil Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara bitcoin, saham dan emas bila dilihat dari return dan risk. Kemudian, terdapat perbedaan yang nyata antara kinerja bitcoin, saham dan emas yang diukur dengan metode Sharpe, Treynor, dan Jensen.
This study aims to analyze improve of the financial performance local government in Sumatera island period 2012-2016 measured through the calculating the degrees decentralization ratio,dependency ratio, local finance activity ratio, effectiveness ratio, efficiency ratio, the ratio of harmony and growth ratio. This research used the descriptive approach.The sample in this research was local government Sumatera island period 2012-2016. Method of data collection had purposive sampling technique. The analysis data using descriptive analysis and trend analysis to saw increase of financial performance.The result of this study indicate that performance of the financial local government in Sumatera island having an increase seen from degrees decentralization ratio,dependent ratio, local finance activity ratio,the ratio of harmony, and growth expenditure ratio. While the effectiveness ratio, efficiency ratio, and growth income ratio show fluctuations in the performance of the financial local government in Sumatera island.
Cryptocurrencies are among the inventions that have caused a stir in the economy of late. Because in its use there are still pros and cons of various countries. Some countries reject the use of cryptocurrencies and others support the use of cryptocurrencies because it is considered a modernization of payment tools. Besides being used for payment instruments, cryptocurrencies can also be one of the options to invest. The number of cryptocurrencies that exist causes investors to be observant in making the right choices. In this study, the Promethee method was used I and II to determine the rank of 7 virtual currencies. Promethee I is a partial assessment method while Promethee II is a complete assessment method. The data used for ranking is obtained from the questionnaire "sentiment on the performance of cryptocurrencies". The results of the cryptocurrency performance analysis showed that the investment commodity of the most recommended in a row is Bitcoin with a net flow value of 0.33267, Cardano 0.14267, Ethereum 0.04800, Ripple 0.04733, Stellar -0.04733, Litecoin -0.04767 and Dogecoin -0.47567.
This research is an effective digital certificate publishing activity by utilizing blockchain technology. By implementing decentralized systems and cryptography owned by the blockchain, it will potentially enlarge the educational progress space in Indonesia. The weakness of the current running system, lies in the difficulty of identifying the validity of a certificate issued by an educational institution. Therefore, the advantages that blockchain has, able to assist an educational institution, in establishing a widely accessible certification system infrastructure, to support the transparency and accountability of an educational institution, in identifying the validity of the certificate. Blockcert as one of MIT's tools, while acting as a barometer, is used to perform a series of activities in publishing activities and the implementation of official documents that are designed based on a technology commonly referred to as Blockchain. The research conducted will demonstrate that a decentralized consensus will be able to provide good distribution of information that can include all certificate deployment activities.