With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the massive data sharing between IoT devices improves the Quality of Service (QoS) and user experience in various IoT applications. However, data sharing may cause serious privacy leakages to data providers. To address this problem, in this study, data sharing is realized through model sharing, based on which a secure data sharing mechanism, called BP2P-FL, is proposed using peer-to-peer federated learning with the privacy protection of data providers. In addition, by introducing the blockchain to the data sharing, every training process is recorded to ensure that data providers offer high-quality data. For further privacy protection, the differential privacy technology is used to disturb the global data sharing model. The experimental results show that BP2P-FL has high accuracy and feasibility in the data sharing of various IoT applications.
The work discusses technology such as Blockchain, which has become one of the most talked-about technologies in recent years. Blockchain is one of the loudest words in modern technology and gaining popularity every day. The application of the technology can be found in various fields and therefore the promise of the technology for the future is vast. This work will start by a brief explanation of what blockchain technology is. In addition, the scope of application of this technology. The work also will look into the threats that are out there and are making the technology of Blockchain venerable to the environment of modern-day. As with any new technology, Blockchain has its issues, some of them have a mild effect, and some are critical. Hence, understanding the common issues related to the Blockchain can be crucial when implementing the technology. This work will look at the common threats that the technology is facing today and are yet to be scoped when using it. The common threats can be classified into three main categories such as social threats, technological threats, and organisational threats. These categories cover issues like privacy, double spending, scalability and others. Nonetheless, the technology is well integrated into various fields
The world had started digitization, even before the global pandemic had struck, which led to various processes, like verification and application of documents, going online. This also leads to an increase in the amount of data and traffic on the internet, causing an increase in cyber fraud, such as document (digital) forgery. All this has led to the need for a secure digital document management platform. With the help of Blockchain Technology, a safe alternative for the same can be developed. In this paper, we have studied the use cases where digital forms of documents are involved, and based on Blockchain Technology, we have created a secure web application for all the processing of the documents. The web application generates new certificates as requested for pre-defined templates and stores their identifier securely in the distributed Blockchain network (Polygon) and the document on an IPFS (InterPlanetary File System). Further, it provides the facility to verify the authenticity of the document. It also allows users to share access to their documents securely for a specific time.
One of the most beneficial uses of the Internet of Things in cloud is data sharing. As tempting since this technology is, data security is still one of the issues it faces, as inappropriate data usage may lead to a range of issues. We offer a proxy re-encryption strategy to securely exchange data in cloud contexts in this paper. Data owners can utilize identity-based encryption to send encrypted data to the cloud, and legitimate users can access the data via proxy re-encryption. Because IoT devices have limited resources, an edge device functions as a proxy server to do complex calculations. We also make effective use of information-centric networking capabilities to supply cached data in the proxy, resulting in better service quality and more network capacity. Our system also uses block chain, a revolutionary technology that allows for decentralized data sharing. It improves centralized system efficiency and enables fine-grained data access control. The security analysis and assessment of our system show that it has the potential to offer privacy protection, authenticity, and dependability.
Verifiable random function is a powerful function that provides a noninteractively public verifiable proof for its output. Recently, verifiable random function has found essential applications in designing secure consensus protocols in blockchain. How to construct secure and practical verifiable random functions has also attracted more and more attention. In this paper, we propose a practical anonymous verifiable random function. Security proofs show that the proposed anonymous verifiable random function achieves correctness, anonymity, uniqueness, and pseudorandomness. In addition, we show a concrete application of our proposed anonymous verifiable random function in blockchain to improve the consensus mechanism for Hyperledger fabric. Finally, we implement the proposed anonymous verifiable random function and evaluate its performance. Test results show that the proposed anonymous verifiable random function supports faster computing operations and has a smaller proof size.
Israa Nazeeh, Teeb Hussein Hadi, Zainab Qahtan Mohammed, Shaymaa Taha Ahmed · 5 authors
The improvement of different data-sharing technology has increasingly permeated many industries as technology continues to improve. As a result, for the value of the data to be realized, data sharing and security are essential. However, a fundamental data sharing mechanism is difficult to check for electronic data usage traces. Furthermore, data providers' unwillingness to provide their data is a challenge. Taking use of the dispersed ledger, smart contract, data trust, and traceability aspects of blockchain technology. This research presents a data-sharing model based on blockchain technology optimizing to overcome the challenges in terms of security and control, of conventional centralized data sharing and management, enabling safe access to the data as a result. Moreover, the research assesses the prototype's usefulness and security. Additionally, this paper suggests a method for using blockchain technology to optimize the efficiency of data sharing. This study showed that data sharing via the blockchain technology paradigm proposed in this work is feasible, secure, controllable, and efficient. This was demonstrated in a novel way employing blockchain technology.
Jinqi Su, Runtao Ren, Yinghao Li, Raymond Y.K. Lau · 5 authors
Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are the industrial cornerstone of intelligent transportation system (ITS), which are widely used in traffic management, automatic driving, and road optimization. With the expansion of the scale of the mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and smart vehicles (SV), VANETs will produce a large amount of data. In the open access environment of VANETs, the security of information transmission and the authenticity of user identity need to be considered when different vehicles communicate. In order to solve the cybersecurity risks of large‐scale deployment of VANET, this paper proposes a trusted blockchain‐based signcryption protocol and data management (TB‐SCDM) for authentication and authorization (A&A) in VANETs. In the existing attack model, TB‐SCDM can ensure the confidentiality and undeniability of information, as well as can effectively resist 51% attacks, eclipse attacks and double‐spending attacks, etc. Through benchmark analysis, this scheme has higher computing efficiency and lower storage cost compared with other existing schemes.
A. F. M. Suaib Akhter, Mohiuddin Ahmed, Adnan Anwar, A.F.M. en Shah · 6 authors
Blockchain has been adopted in a wide range of application domains to enhance security and privacy. Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is an important application domain in today's communication systems where incorporation of blockchain is very timely. Recent literature highlights the prospects of blockchain technology in VANET, however, it is imperative to investigate the effectiveness to ensure viability. In this paper, a thorough investigation is conducted to identify the suitability of blockchain for VANET by identifying and answering key research issues. Unlike other existing surveys, challenges related to blockchain integration, evaluation criteria, privacy preservation, cyber security, etc. are also critically analysed. Future research directions such as 6G and large-scale deployment are also identified which need to be addressed by both VANET and blockchain community. Not only VANET, but also vehicular communication systems (VCSs) and intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) have been considered in this survey.
With the development of the Internet of Things and the increase of intelligent vehicles, the Internet of Vehicles (IoVs) have been widely used in the information communication such as road and traffic conditions. However, heavy overhead of certificate management, high computing load of identity and message authentication, and the privacy disclosure of vehicle nodes have hindered the development of intelligent transportation. In this study, we propose a certificateless cross‐domain anonymous authentication scheme based on blockchain for IoVs. Specifically, the vehicle identity information is authenticated by the first roadside unit (RSU), and transactions are recorded permanently and immutably in the blockchain to reduce the repeated authentication load of other RSUs. To achieve conditional privacy, the trusted authority (TA) generates pseudonyms for each registered user. The relation between the pseudonym and the real identity is kept confidential by the TA and only can only be revealed in case of disputes. Meanwhile, the private key of the vehicle is generated anonymously on the basis of certificateless technology and the pairing‐free signature verification. Correctness and security proof demonstrate that our proposed scheme is provably secure and can withstand different types of attacks. A simulation environment has been built to test the packet loss rate and delay of messages in the network. Results show that the proposed scheme is more efficient than the related schemes.
Data privacy on the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) remains a critical concern when handling biomedical data. While extant studies focus on cryptography and differential privacy, few of them capture the utility and authenticity of data. As a result, data privacy remains the primary concern when training a machine learning (ML) model with IoMT data from various data sources/owners such as k − medoids. To overcome the above-mentioned issues, this study proposes secure k − medoids that are implemented together with Blockchain and partial homomorphic cryptosystem (Paillier) to ensure authenticity and protect all entities (i.e., data owner and data analyst) data privacy. The homomorphic property of Paillier is utilized to develop secure building blocks (i.e., secure polynomial operations, secure comparison, and secure biasing operations) to ensure data privacy and eliminate dependency on any third parties. We utilized three different biomedical datasets, and these are (I) Heart Disease Data (HDD), (II) Diabetes Data (DD), and (III) Breast Cancer Wisconsin Data (BCWD). Rigorous security analysis demonstrates that secure k − medoids protect against sensitive data breaches. It also showed superior performance in both BCWD (Accuracy 97.80%, Precision 96.83%, and Recall 99.80%) and HDD (Accuracy 82.50%, Precision 81.28%, and Recall 80.50%) datasets, respectively. However, similar performance was not reflected in the case of the DD dataset. Furthermore, the study explains why such performance results are observed. In addition, the proposed system has been proven to take less execution time compared to the extant studies.
With the development of Internet of things (IoT) technology, a large-scale, heterogeneous and dynamic distributed IoT environment has gradually formed between different IoTs. In order to solve the scalability problem of restricted device access management in the Internet of things, a distributed access control system model of the Internet of things based on blockchain technology is proposed. The system model adopts a single smart contract, which simplifies the whole process in the blockchain network and reduces the communication overhead between nodes. According to the simulation results and evaluation, it is proved that the solution has good scalability.
With the substantial increase in the number of smart cars, vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), where data can be shared between vehicles to enrich existing vehicle services and improve driving safety, is gaining more and more attention, thus creating a more efficient intelligent transportation system. Moreover, the in‐depth research and development of 6G and AI technology further strengthen the interconnection of various entities in VANET and can realize edge intelligence, which fundamentally enhances the efficiency of data sharing. However, reliable transmission and secure storage of data have always been a great challenge in data sharing. Although some schemes store shared data in the blockchain, most of the consensus mechanisms they use employ full nodes to verify signature information and timestamps, which cannot effectively judge the reliability of the shared data itself. Some other schemes use scoring mechanisms to evaluate data uploaded by vehicles, but these methods can be affected by network hardware failures and cannot effectively detect duplicate data. In addition, participants’ privacy may also be disclosed in the process of data sharing, such as participants’ location and identity information. Therefore, to address the above problems, this paper proposes a data sharing scheme in 6G‐VANET, which can not only ensure the reliability and security of shared data but also protect the privacy of participants. Firstly, a consortium chain is adopted to realize the secure storage of shared data in 6G‐VANET, which meets the requirements of tamper‐proof and traceability of data. Secondly, a voting consensus mechanism is designed in combination with smart contract to ensure the reliability of data. Thirdly, the trained word2vec natural language processing model is deployed to edge nodes to realize edge intelligence, effectively eliminate the duplicate shared data, and enhance storage efficiency. Finally, a participant privacy protection mechanism is designed using the Private Set Intersection (PSI) protocol, and a secure and efficient data sharing scheme is finally realized. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by security analysis and experimental evaluation. The experimental results show that the time and space overhead of blockchain can meet the practical requirements, and the proposed PSI protocol of large‐scale vehicles can be completed in a short time.
Decentralized identity authentication is generally based on blockchain, with the protection of user privacy as the core appeal. But traditional decentralized credential system requires users to show all the information of the entire credential to the verifier, resulting in unnecessary overexposure of personal information. From the perspective of user privacy, this paper proposed a verifiable credential scheme with selective disclosure based on BLS (Bohen- Lynn-Shacham) aggregate signature. Instead of signing the credentials, we sign the claims in the credentials. When the user needs to present the credential to verifier, the user can select a part of but not all claims to be presented. To reduce the number of signatures of claims after selective disclosure, BLS aggregate signature is achieved to aggregate signatures of claims into one signature. In addition, our scheme also supports the aggregation of credentials from different users. As a result, verifier only needs to verify one signature in the credential to achieve the purpose of batch verification of credentials. We analyze the security of our aggregate signature scheme, which can effectively resist aggregate signature forgery attack and credential theft attack. The simulation results show that our selective disclosure scheme based on BLS aggregate signature is acceptable in terms of verification efficiency, and can reduce the storage cost and communication overhead. As a result, our scheme is suitable for blockchain, which is strict on bandwidth and storage overhead.
This research study provides a privacy and auditable federated learning scheme that guarantees a secure and decentralized machine learning collaboration. The framework can achieve transparency and accountability in federated learning systems through the incorporation of differential privacy, secure aggregation, and blockchain technology. The research tackles the issues of privacy preservation, the model accuracy, and auditing, using the latest privacy methodology such as the different privacy methods and secure multi-party computation. The trade-off between privacy and model performance is experimentally shown to be present and the blockchain offers secure model updates that are auditable. This framework is especially relevant in privacy susceptible industries like healthcare and finance where transparency and data security are the most important of all.
The recently proposed Blockchain-based healthcare system proposes an interesting vision for the level of data integrity and security. This research aims to propose a conceptual model of a break-glass conceptual for Blockchain-based healthcare systems. In case of emergency, it provides access to the whole patient’s medical records for healthcare professionals as quickly as possible regarding patients’ privacy and data security. The proposed conceptual model was designed based on blockchain technology, IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), and ABAC (Attribute-Based Access control) as a novel design in this domain. In current healthcare systems, regulatory and non-integrated offline data sources make it near impossible for timely access to patients’ EHRs and EMRs, even in case of emergencies for healthcare professionals. Our conceptual model could be a satisfactory alternative not only for patients but also for governing organizations to handle this situation clearly by regarding patients’ privacy. Additionally, it can work in an untrusted environment, and it doesn’t require bypassing the access control system to make the patients’ data available. In case of emergencies, healthcare professionals receive medical records access near just in time with regard to all the rights of security and privacy based on the attribute which were set by the patients in the past. This novel conceptual model has been designed by coupling Blockchain technology with IPFS, and the attribute base control system (ABAC).
This thesis presents a generalised comprehensive framework for evaluating anonymity of cryptocurrency schemes. The framework was developed using security modelling with emphasis on a wide range of factors affecting anonymity, irrespective of the underlying implementation. The case studies presented in the thesis demonstrate how this framework facilitates the evaluation of anonymity of different cryptocurrencies in a standardised manner and the analysis of these findings reveals the complexity of the notion of anonymity.