Blockchain has been proclaimed as one of the fastest growing technologies that have the potential to penetrate almost any industry available. In contrast to centralized systems of operations which have been mostly used till date, blockchain is based on a decentralized system. Through the use of decentralized database architecture, the procurement, authentication and maintenance of various operations are dependent upon the agreement of several parties instead of a single central authority. Blockchain not only makes operations transparent, but safer and faster also. Blockchain became popular with the emergence of the cryptocurrency Bitcoin. Since blockchain was first successfully applied for Bitcoin, people assumed these two to be synonyms of each other. Bitcoin transactions are managed using a distributed ledger on a peer-to-peer network that has anonymous, open and public access. Blockchain is the underlying technology which maintains the Bitcoin transaction ledger. Although blockchain technology emerged in financial sector with cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Litecoins and Ethereum, later it was realized that the blockchain technology can be adapted to be used in other domains also. Many years ago, the Internet changed the world by connecting digital devices worldwide, to have greater access to information. Similarly, blockchain is changing the way of doing business by proving more trust. The decentralized database architecture of blockchain provides more reliability for the maintenance of records and transactions. Any transaction, once recorded on a blockchain, cannot be altered. While the participants in a business network may not be able to trust each other, they can trust the blockchain. Businesses are benefited by blockchain in numerous ways, including quick access to information, immediate verification of transactions, reduced cost due to intermediaries, lowered risk due to fraud and tempering and reduced time for settling of disputes. Blockchain has attracted lot of researchers, in order to incorporate it into other emerging areas of technology like big data, the Internet of things and artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the technological advancements that enable machines to act more intelligently. From drones to chatbots, AI enables machines to learn from a huge amount of data and apply that knowledge for efficient decision making. The focus of blockchain is to keep records accurate and to authenticate access, while AI is concerned with identifying patterns in the data stream for efficient decision making. Both these technologies are evolving and have prospects to be used in most of the industries. So, the merger of AI and blockchain would bring a revolutionary change worldwide. We could think of developing a decentralized system of database, where the machines could use these data to behave like humans. In this chapter, different aspects of AI are explored which can be improved by the use of robust blockchain architecture and is studied in the healthcare domain.
T. Rama Reddy, P. V. G. D. Prasad Reddy, Rayudu Srinivas, Ch. V. Raghavendran · 6 authors
Abstract Education acts as a soul in the overall societal development, in one way or the other. Aspirants, who gain their degrees genuinely, will help society with their knowledge and skills. But, on the other side of the coin, the problem of fake certificates is alarming and worrying. It has been prevalent in different forms from paper-based dummy certificates to replicas backed with database tampering and has increased to astronomic levels in this digital era. In this regard, an overlay mechanism using blockchain technology is proposed to store the genuine certificates in digital form and verify them firmly whenever needed without delay. The proposed system makes sure that the certificates, once verified, can be present online in an immutable form for further reference and provides a tamper-proof concealment to the existing certification system. To confirm the credibility of the proposed method, a prototype of blockchain-based credential securing and verification system is developed in ethereum test network. The implementation and test results show that it is a secure and feasible solution to online credential management system.
Open access
2 source records
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
The sudden development of the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the limitations in modern healthcare systems to handle public health emergencies. It is evident that adopting innovative technologies such as blockchain can help in effective planning operations and resource deployments. Blockchain technology can play an important role in the healthcare sector such as improved clinical trial data management by reducing delays in regulatory approvals, streamline the communication between diverse stakeholders of the supply chain etc. Moreover, the spread of misinformation has intensely increased during the outbreak and existing platforms lack the ability to validate the authenticity of data, causing people to panic and act irrationally. Thus, developing a blockchain-based tracking system is important to ensure that the information received by the public and government agencies are reliable and trustworthy. In this paper, we focus on blockchain abilities to track the COVID-19 data collected from various sources including news, healthcare professionals, researchers etc, verify and append them in a secure and trusted distributed ledger. Thus, we propose a generic framework using Ethereum smart contracts and oracles to track real-time data related to the number of new cases, deaths and recovered cases obtained from trusted sources. We present detailed algorithms that capture the interactions between stakeholders in the network. The smart contract code was developed and tested in Remix environment. We present the cost and security analysis incurred by the stakeholders and highlight the challenges and future directions of our work. Our work demonstrates that the proposed solution is economically feasible and ensures data integrity, security, transparency, data traceability among stakeholders.
<p>The sudden development of the COVID-19 pandemic exposed the limitations in modern healthcare systems to handle public health emergencies. It is evident that adopting innovative technologies such as blockchain can help in effective planning operations and resource deployments. Blockchain technology can play an important role in the healthcare sector such as improved clinical trial data management by reducing delays in regulatory approvals, streamline the communication between diverse stakeholders of the supply chain etc. Moreover, the spread of misinformation has intensely increased during the outbreak and existing platforms lack the ability to validate the authenticity of data, causing people to panic and act irrationally. Thus, developing a blockchain-based tracking system is important to ensure that the information received by the public and government agencies are reliable and trustworthy. In this paper, we focus on blockchain abilities to track the COVID-19 data collected from various sources including news, healthcare professionals, researchers etc, verify and append them in a secure and trusted distributed ledger. Thus, we propose a generic framework using Ethereum smart contracts and oracles to track real-time data related to the number of new cases, deaths and recovered cases obtained from trusted sources. We present detailed algorithms that capture the interactions between stakeholders in the network. The smart contract code was developed and tested in Remix environment. We present the cost and security analysis incurred by the stakeholders and highlight the challenges and future directions of our work. Our work demonstrates that the proposed solution is economically feasible and ensures data integrity, security, transparency, data traceability among stakeholders. </p>
Intelligent Vehicular Network (IVN) is a communication environment, where Intelligent vehicles communicate and share the information within the network. In an IVN, all vehicles are connected to the internet and vehicles ease to communicate information with other vehicles. IVN aims to improve safety and efficiency by sharing data with only nearby vehicles. The greatest challenge in IVN is trusted data circulation with reliable intelligent vehicles without affecting any personal information of Intelligent vehicles. In this article, we endeavor to resolve above mentioned issue by proposing an effective tri-Blockchain based communication network. We have introduced three blockchain servers, namely Public, Special and Supreme Blockchain server. The public blockchain server and special blockchain server show dynamic features whereas supreme blockchain server features are static for all the time. Our Tri-Blockchain servers provide a greater extent of reliable and quick response during emergency scenario. We have verified our proposal with an accidental USECASE scenario.
Shuchi Juyal, Sachin Sharma, Aditya Harbola, Amal Shankar Shukla
Remote patient monitoring is a system that focuses on patients care and attention with the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT). The technology makes it easier to track distance, but also to diagnose and provide critical attention and service on demand so that billions of people are safer and more safe. Skincare monitoring is one of the growing fields of medical care which requires IoT monitoring, because there is an increasing number of patients, but cures are restricted to the number of available dermatologists. The IoT-based skin monitoring system produces and store volumes of private medical data at the cloud from which the skin experts can access it at remote locations. Such large-scale data are highly vulnerable and otherwise have catastrophic results for privacy and security mechanisms. Medical organizations currently do not concentrate much on maintaining safety and privacy, which are of major importance in the field. This paper provides an IoT based skin surveillance system based on a blockchain data protection and safety mechanism. A secure data transmission mechanism for IoT devices used in a distributed architecture is proposed. Privacy is assured through a unique key to identify each user when he registers. The principle of blockchain also addresses security issues through the generation of hash functions on every transaction variable. We use blockchain consortiums that meet our criteria in a decentralized environment for controlled access. The solutions proposed allow IoT based skin surveillance systems to privately and securely store and share medical data over the network without disturbance.
This report intends to play out a precise audit to survey and establish the practicality of blockchain for implementing healthcare service records effectively. Traditional health records are both localized and expensive to operate; they can be improved upon by using blockchain based electronic health records (EHRs). EHRs are just electronic versions of a patient's whole clinical history. EHRs, when stored on blockchain, has some serious advantages when compared to their traditional centrally stored counterparts. The patient's medical records will be stored on a distributed network. An ethereum based decentralized application (DApp) can be incorporated to record and update medical information securely in real time using smart contracts. A decentralized application on a private blockchain network will ensure the integrity of data records and improve interoperability of the system by providing permanent access to essential details like patient's medical track record, prescription history, laboratory/ clinical reports etc. The application uses the efficiency and security of blockchain technology to solve the challenges faced by the healthcare domain.
Nishant Kumar, C Parangjothi, Sankarshan Guru, K. V. D. Kiran
The term `Blockchain', commonly referred to as the brain behind the Bitcoin network, works on the simple principle of the presence of a distributed and decentralized ledger in a public or private network. Since blockchain is decentralized, it is the duty of the Consensus Algorithm to substantiate the details in the blockchain. Traditional consensus algorithms such as Proof of Work (PoW) and Proof of Stake (PoS), although widely used, are a matter of concern due to computationally expensive operations and convergence towards a monopolized system respectively. Though optimizations of PoW and PoS algorithms were subsequently introduced, their features precincts. This paper aims to provide a solution by presenting a consensus algorithm based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology while maintaining the fairness of the system. A Healthcare based system was set up on top of the blockchain network to generate the dataset about the miners in order to train our neural network. On the whole, it incorporated the advantages of the state of the art consensus models which can increase the efficiency of the healthcare industry while diminishing their demerits.
D. Dharani, Kiran Kumari, S Aishwarya, G. M. Sangavi · 5 authors
Nearly every organization needs solution to handle sensitive data. Though there are different systems to store and transmit electronic records, users often deal with missing or tampered information when they distribute it in a public network. When the data is distributed, the traceability and governance of it throughout the globe is impractical. The evolving world of Data Security demands healthcare industry to have an infrastructure in place to deal with patient records. Regardless of the nature of present and future security risks, Blockchain Technology will play a vital role to maintain the originality of the digital data. Blockchain stores data in a decentralized, distributed ledger for achieving immutability and transparency. The system analyses a case study which aims at maintaining Healthcare records in Blockchain ledger to facilitate secure storage of the patient’s details. For efficient prediction of diabetes the Blockchain and machine learning algorithms are integrated. The various other applications of combining Blockchain technology with machine learning algorithms are Smart city applications, Forensic information storage systems, Energy data management systems, banking and finance management systems.
B. Saiharsha, R. S. Sanjay Tharagesh, S. V. Nikish Kumar, N. Harini
Food and education are a necessity in our lives, where a part of the people still hasn't had a square meal for the day and almost a quarter of them are illiterate. The Mid-Day Meal Scheme provided the right platform for the underprivileged children for their education as well as their daily nutrition and wellbeing. But later some unethical individuals started using this scheme for their personal gains. Findings reveal that although monitoring mechanisms are present, they are manually driven which gives space for fraudulent activities and malpractices. The proposed concept aims at an automated system that requires minimal intervention and increased scalability and security levels. These features are achieved through the means of blockchain and biometrics, which provide immutability and high levels of security. This solution is cloud-based, requiring minimal human intervention. Thus, it makes traceability and accountability easy.
Telesurgery (TS) with 5G-enabled Tactile Internet (TI) has enormous potential to deliver real-time ultra-responsive surgical services remotely with high quality and accuracy. It is quite beneficial for society in the prospect of highly precise surgical diagnosis. However, the existing TS systems have security, privacy, latency, and blockchain (BC) storage cost issues, which restricts its applicability in surgical procedures across the world in the near future. To mitigate the above-mentioned issues, in this paper, we propose an approach named AaYusH (Ethereum smart contract (ESC) and IPFS-based TS system). The security and privacy issues in AaYusH can be resolved through ESC, whereas storage cost issues with the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) protocol. Moreover, we present a real-time SC written in Solidity and deployed in Truffle suite. We test the security bugs of AaYusH in MyThril open-source tool and detect no issues. Finally, we evaluate the performance of AaYusH in context to latency and data storage cost, and it outperforms as compared to the traditional telesurgery system.
Advanced privacy preservation approaches are used to be protecting sensitive and important data of various application areas like Communication systems, Healthcare, Education and Financial Sector. In the Healthcare area, the important and sensitive task is a medical certificate that acts as medical evidence of a person which helps for many purposes. Deception in issuance as well as in verification of medical certificates has existed for a long time in health care centers due to lack of reliable mechanisms. In the issue of medical evidence to a person, needs to consider a method which has advanced features like transparency, immutable, reliable and decentralized properties. Hence, in this paper, blockchain technology is used to design and develop a model with advanced features for reducing forgery in medical pieces of evidence. In this approach, a regulatory body will authorize the Health care centers (Hospitals) for issuing medical certificates to the required persons in a decentralized approach. Here smart contract system helps to verify the certificate authenticity from any authorized one in the world. The main strength of the paper gives the Blockchain-based model as a solution to the issue related to proof of a certificate of medical evidence.
The world is becoming more interconnected every day. With the high technological evolution and the increasing deployment of it in our society, scenarios based on the Internet of Things (IoT) can be considered a reality nowadays. However, and before some predictions become true (around 75 billion devices are expected to be interconnected in the next few years), many efforts must be carried out in terms of scalability and security. In this study we propose and evaluate a new approach based on the incorporation of Blockchain into current IoT scenarios. The main contributions of this study are as follows: i) an in-depth analysis of the different possibilities for the integration of Blockchain into IoT scenarios, focusing on the limited processing capabilities and storage space of most IoT devices, and the economic cost and performance of current Blockchain technologies; ii) a new method based on a novel module named BIoT Gateway that allows both unidirectional and bidirectional communications with IoT devices on real scenarios, allowing to exchange any kind of data; and iii) the proposed method has been fully implemented and validated on two different real-life IoT scenarios, extracting very interesting findings in terms of economic cost and execution time. The source code of our implementation is publicly available in the Ethereum testnet.
Faisal Jamil, Shabir Ahmad, Naeem Iqbal, Do‐Hyeun Kim
Over the past several years, many healthcare applications have been developed to enhancethe healthcare industry. Recent advancements in information technology and blockchain technologyhave revolutionized electronic healthcare research and industry. The innovation of miniaturizedhealthcare sensors for monitoring patient vital signs has improved and secured the human healthcaresystem. The increase in portable health devices has enhanced the quality of health-monitoringstatus both at an activity/fitness level for self-health tracking and at a medical level, providing moredata to clinicians with potential for earlier diagnosis and guidance of treatment. When sharingpersonal medical information, data security and comfort are essential requirements for interactionwith and collection of electronic medical records. However, it is hard for current systems to meetthese requirements because they have inconsistent security policies and access control structures.The new solutions should be directed towards improving data access, and should be managed bythe government in terms of privacy and security requirements to ensure the reliability of data formedical purposes. Blockchain paves the way for a revolution in the traditional pharmaceuticalindustry and benefits from unique features such as privacy and transparency of data. In this paper,we propose a novel platform for monitoring patient vital signs using smart contracts based onblockchain. The proposed system is designed and developed using hyperledger fabric, which isan enterprise-distributed ledger framework for developing blockchain-based applications. Thisapproach provides several benefits to the patients, such as an extensive, immutable history log, andglobal access to medical information from anywhere at any time. The Libelium e-Health toolkitis used to acquire physiological data. The performance of the designed and developed system isevaluated in terms of transaction per second, transaction latency, and resource utilization usinga standard benchmark tool known as Hyperledger Caliper. It is found that the proposed systemoutperforms the traditional health care system for monitoring patient data.
Blokzincir, bitcoin dijital para biriminin de alt yapısını oluşturan yeni bir teknolojidir. Popüler ve yaygın yatırımlar sayesinde günlük gerçekleştirilen bitcoin işlem sayısı gün geçtikçe artmaktadır. Bitcoin verisi her geçen gün artmakta ve dolayısıyla artan büyük bitcoin verisinin analizi ve madenciliği için yeni veri madenciliği yöntemlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, Bitcoin fiyatındaki dalgalanmalar ve anormal fiyat değişimleri ve bu değişimlerdeki anormalliklerin keşfi ekonomistler için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada, 2012-2019 yıllarına ait 8 yıllık bitcoin fiyat veri kümesi kullanılarak bitcoin fiyat farkı ve bitcoin fiyatı yüzdesel farkı olmak üzere iki farklı veri kümesi oluşturulup, anormallik tespiti gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öncelikle veri kümesi ön işlem aşamasından geçirilerek gereksiz sütunlar çıkarılmıştır ve daha sonra günlük fiyat farkları kullanılarak veri setleri oluşturulup, DBSCAN algoritması ile anormallik tespiti yapılmıştır. Ayrıca bu çalışmada DBSCAN aloritmasının sonuçları istatistiksel yöntemin sonuçları ile karşılaştırılıp, tartışılmıştır. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde, DBSCAN algoritması ve istatistiksel metodun bitcoin fiyatlarındaki anormallikleri her iki veri kümesinde de başarıyla tespit edebildiği görülmüştür. Bununla birlikte DBSCAN algoritması normal günlük fiyat değişimlerine yakın olan anormak fiyat değişimlerini de keşfedebildiği için istatistiksel metottan daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Ayrıca, bu çalışmada bitcoin fiyat farkı veri kümesi ve bitcoin fiyatı yüzdesel farlı veri kümesi karşılaştırılmış ve her bir veri kümesi için olan sonuçlar ve sebepleri tartışılmıştır. NOT: Makalenin düzeltilmiş haline Alper Ecemis - Düzeltme ulaşabilirsiniz.
The introduction of cryptocurrency based decentralized applications and data storage has been illustrating the importance of blockchain technology to the industries. Blockchain technology as a platform allows creating a distributed and replicated ledger of transactions. Blockchain provides a guarantee of tamper resistance for the data generated from various processes to compile massive datasets. Since the data is huge in size and grows exponentially with time, the data management should be efficient to store or process it. We survey the different standards of data processing works in several research directions for bringing the blockchain execution closer to the various domains of databases and its operations. Furthermore, the proposed research work also discusses about the performance, challenges, and future research directions.
Efficient and smart business processes are heavily dependent on the Internet of Things (IoT) networks, where end-to-end optimization is critical to the success of the whole ecosystem. These systems, including industrial, healthcare, and others, are large scale complex networks of heterogeneous devices. This introduces many security and access control challenges. Blockchain has emerged as an effective solution for addressing several such challenges. However, the basic algorithms used in the business blockchain are not feasible for large scale IoT systems. To make them scalable for IoT, the complex consensus-based security has to be downgraded. In this article, we propose a novel lightweight proof of block and trade (PoBT) consensus algorithm for IoT blockchain and its integration framework. This solution allows the validation of trades as well as blocks with reduced computation time. Also, we present a ledger distribution mechanism to decrease the memory requirements of IoT nodes. The analysis and evaluation of security aspects, computation time, memory, and bandwidth requirements show significant improvement in the performance of the overall system.
Jacques Bou Abdo, Rayane El Sibai, Krishna Kambhampaty, Jacques Demerjian
Reputation‐based consensus algorithms are one of the most promising, but least investigated types of consensus algorithms. Its limitation to persmissioned node identity management shades its potential and causes many applications to find blockchain unsuitable. In this paper, we upgrade PoRX, an existing consensus algorithm, into becoming the first permissionless pure reputation‐based consensus algorithm. This upgrade is highly potential since it only affects the admission process and does not intervene with the consensus process, thus can be extended into other types of consensus algorithms.
Blockchain is most promising and trustworthy decenterized distributed database technology where all the information is maintained on all the nodes and provide transparent and secure system. Number of application uses the Blockchain technology like cryptocurrency, banking, e-voting, Security of IoT devices etc. The proposed paper lists the various features, structures and prominent application of Blockchain and its applications .
Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques
In recent years, there is fast growth in the high throughput DNA sequencing technology, and also there is a reduction in the cost of genome-sequencing, that has led to a advances in the genetic industries. However, the reduction in cost and time required for DNA sequencing there is still an issue of managing such large amount of data. Also, the security and transmission of such huge amount of DNA sequence data is still an issue. The idea is to provide a secure storage platform for future generation bioinformatics systems for both researchers and healthcare user. Secure data sharing strategies, that can permit the healthcare providers along with their secured substances for verifying the accuracy of data, are crucial for ensuring proper medical services. In this paper, it has been surveyed about the applications of blockchain technology for securing healthcare data, where the recorded information is encrypted so that it becomes difficult to penetrate or being removed, as the primary goals of block-chaining technology is to make data immutable.
In the digitized world, Internet of thing(IoT) is growing rapidly and most of the devices are connected by internet technology. IoT connected more than 5 million devices across the world and it needs high power internet access, data transfer security, decentralization, low latency etc. When number of interconnected devices increases, IoT technology needs high-band with data communication and 5G can resolve network related issues in the IoT devices. However 5G enabled IoT devices suffer lot of security related problems due to centralization. This paper review the security, performance, network issues in the IoT devices based on 5G technology and integration of Blockchain technology in 5g-IoT devices.