This research was conducted to empirically prove the effect of financial performance measured from the ratio ofexpense to income, fiscal efforts, financing capability, and the level of fiscal decentralization degree towards anumber of variables, which are: (1) capital expenditure, (2) economic growth and poverty, (3) economic growthand poverty through capital expenditure, and (4) poverty through capital expenditure and economic growth.This research was performed using path analysis method. The samples of this research are 38 districts/cites inEast Java Province during the last 7 years (2005-2011).The result of this research shows that the financial performance measured from financing capability showsinsignificant direct effect towards capital expenditure and economic growth while the effect to poverty showspositive significant effect. Furthermore, from the effects of indirect financial performance through capitalexpenditure, there are variables of expenditure to income ratio, fiscal efforts, and degree of fiscaldecentralization variables which have significant indirect effects towards the economic growth (in a positive way)and poverty (in a negative way) while for the financial performance effects through capital expenditure andeconomic growth to poverty have significant indirect and negative influence, particularly those are measuredusing expense to income ratio, fiscal efforts, and the level of fiscal decentralization. Finally, in order to betterfinancial performance in particular it is necessary to optimize the financing capabilities in terms of both revenueand expenditure, in terms of revenue optimization of PAD, Silpa, and loan, while expenditure optimizers need toconduct a review of expenditure that has been done. Keywords : financial performance, expense to income ratio, fiscal effort, financing capability, the level of fiscaldecentralization, capital expenditure, economic growth, poverty
Anwar Shah, Riatu Mariatul Qibthiyyah, Astrid Dita
Indonesia has come a long way from centralized governance to decentralized local governance, and today Indonesia ranks among the most decentralized developing countries. The Government of Indonesia is revisiting all aspects of local governance to make appropriate legal and institutional adjustments based on lessons leaarned during the past decade. An important area of this re-examination and possible reform is the central financing of subnational expenditures. The system of intergovernmental finance represents one of the most complex systems ever implemented by any government in the world. The system is primarily focused on a gap-filling approach to provincial-local finance in an objective manner to ensure revenue adequacy and local autonomy but without accountability to local residents for service delivery performance. This paper takes a closer look at Dana Alokasi Umum -- the most dominant program of unconditional central transfers to finance provincial-local government expenditures in Indonesia. The paper also presents illustrative simulations of alternative programs and compares these with the existing Dana Alokasi Umum allocations. The paper concludes that super complexity leads to lack of transparency, inequity, and uncertainty in allocation. Simpler alternatives are available that have the potential to address autonomy and equity objectives while also enhancing efficiency and citizen-based accountability. Such alternatives would represent a move away from the complex gap-filling approach to simple output-based transfers to finance operating expenditures. Capital grants would deal with infrastructure deficiencies. And the alternatives would institute fiscal capacity equalization as a residual program with an explicit standard to ensure that all local jurisdictions have adequate means to deliver reasonably comparable levels of public services at reasonably comparable levels of tax burdens across the country.
During the past decade, Indonesia has \n transformed itself from centralized governance to \n decentralized local governance. Local governments were given \n extensive expenditure responsibilities while keeping the tax \n system centralized. To finance decentralized \n provincial-local expenditures, Indonesia implemented a new \n system of intergovernmental finance. This paper provides a \n review of the equity and efficiency implications of the \n current system of central-provincial-local transfers. It \n finds that the system of intergovernmental finance \n represents one of the most complex systems ever implemented \n by any government in the world. The system is primarily \n focused on a gap-filling approach to provincial-local \n finance to ensure revenue adequacy and local autonomy but \n without accountability to local residents for service \n delivery performance. This is done through a great degree of \n academic rigor using highly complex procedures. The \n complexity leads to a lack of transparency, inequity and \n uncertainty in allocation as well as creating incentives for \n jurisdictional fragmentation and reducing own-tax effort. \n Simpler alternatives are available that have the potential \n to address equity objectives while also enhancing efficiency \n and citizen-based accountability. Such alternatives would \n represent a move away from complex gap filling and special \n allocation approaches to simple, output based transfers to \n finance operating expenditures. These would be complemented \n by capital grants to deal with infrastructure deficiencies, \n and fiscal capacity equalization as a residual program with \n an explicit standard to ensure that all local jurisdictions \n have adequate means to deliver reasonably comparable levels \n of public services at reasonably comparable levels of tax \n burdens across the country. The paper argues that such an \n alternative system of intergoveernmental finance would \n preserve autonomy, while enhancing equity, simplicity, \n objectivity, transparency and accountability.
One important aspect of fiscal decentralization policy is delegation of authority and responsibility of management of public finance to regional governments, especially those of municipalities/districts. After more than ten years of implementation, it is now the right time to evaluate the policy questioning how effective its impacts on regional economic development. The study intends to find on how effective the performance of regional public finance is in providing basic infrastructures and how effective the provision of basic infrastructures reduces the poverty rates. By using panel data methods, this study confirms the positive relationship between performance of regional finance management and provision of basic infrastructures (especially those of road and electricity, but not that of drinking water). On the other hand, the relationship between the provision of basic infrastructures and poverty rates, as expected, is negative. This finding strengthens the belief that it is necessary to further enhance the basic infrastructures development to reduce poverty rates.
Abstrak Otonomi daerah dan desentralisasi fiskal mempunyai tujuan untuk menciptakan suatu kemandirian daerah. Tidak semua daerah mempunyai kesiapan yang sama dalam menciptakan kemandiriannya. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan ini, pemerintah pusat memberikan dana perimbangan/dana transfer kepada pemerintah daerah. Tetapi bukti empiris beberapa penelitian menunjukkan adanya fenomena terjadinya flypaper effect pemerintah daerah di Indonesia, dengan indikasi dominannya peran dana transfer terhadap pendapatan daerah dalam membiayai pengeluaran pemerintah daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel sebanyak 30 daerah di Jawa Tengah yang bersumber dari Laporan Realisasi Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Daerah (APBD) dari tahun 2009 hingga 2011. Metode pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling . Alat yang digunakan penelitian adalah regresi logistik. Hasil dari penelitian ini Belanja Pegawai mempunyai pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap flypaper effect . Sedangkan Investasi Pemerintah Daerah dan Pembayaran Utang Pemerintah Daerah tidak berpengaruh terhadap flypaper effect . . Abstract Regional autonomy and fiscal decentralization has the objective to create a regional self-reliance. Not all regions have the same readiness in creating independence. To overcome this problem, the central government balance fund / fund transfers to local governments. But the empirical evidence, some studies suggest the existence of the flypaper phenomenon of local government in Indonesia, with an indication of the dominant role of the transfer of funds to finance revenue expenditure in the region. This study uses a sample of 30 regions in Central Java are sourced from the Report of Actual Revenue and Expenditure Budget (budget) from 2009 to 2011. Sampling method using Purposive Sampling method. Research tool used is logistic regression. The results of this study Shopping Employees has a significant effect on flypaper. While the Local Government Investments and Local Government Debt Payments had no effect on flypaper.
Part of Regional Otonomy in finance is giving local government to arrange regional receipt to purchase expenses bugget. Government genuine Receipt is one regional receipt that shows how stronger local goverment finance can handled all the expenditure, not only depend on Central Government. Metro and Lampung Timur same with another local government in Indonesia, wants the higher regional otonomy espescialy in finance. The higher decentralization indicate higher ability on local government to fulfill all expenditure. In can be analized from share of Government Genuine Receipt and Tax and non Tax Share compare Total Regional Receipt and Total Regional Expenditure. Higher fiscal Desentralization needed by Metro and Lampung Timur to get higher Regional otonomy.
The enactment of The act Number 2211999, about The Local Government and The Act Number 2511999, about The Balancing Financial between Central and Local Government, they have changed the centralization system to the decentraiization in form of giving the regional autonomy, which it's real, broad and responsible. One of the impacts of that policy is The Local Government's fiscal decentralization (financing the regional autonomy), which it is authorities to coiiect the local tax and local retribution in order to financing public services in local region. Based on the argument, they important reviewed, such as: (a) how the basic concept of the local tax and retribution tax; (b j What is the legal basis of the local tax and retribution tax; and (c) how the implementation of local tax and local retribution. The basics concepts of local tax and local retribution, its essentially, should be able to provide local revenue in accordance with the degree of fiscal autonomy period and clearly had an impact on the fiscal responsibility of owned the relevant owned. The legal basics of tax collecting, such as The Article Number 23A ofUndang- UndangDasar1945; The Article Number 7, Paragraph 4 of The Act Number 1012004, about The Establishment, Regional Regulation; The implementation of the tax collecting have to based on the principles or system, which it is called "closed list". Kata kunci: Desentralisasi Fiskal, Pungutan Pajak Daerah, "Closed List"
This research tested the difference of financial performance between parent areas and new autonomy areas. The financial performances that meant in this research were degree of decentralization, level of independence, capital expenditure ratio, and level of financing capability. The aim of this research was to analyze the difference of financial performance between parent area and new autonomy area. The objects in this research were districts or cities that become parent areas and districts or cities that become new autonomy areas. The division period that used in this research was in the year of 1999—2004. Samples that used in this research were consists of 48 parent areas and 49 new autonomy areas. Data that used in this research is local government revenues and expenditures budget realization report in the period of 2005 —2007. Data analysis performed using independent sample t test from SPSS for window program. \nLevel of significance that used in this research was 5%. Result of this research showing that a) parent areas degree of decentralization significantly better than new autonomy areas, b) parent areas level of independence significantly better than new autonomy areas, c) no significantly difference of financing capability level both parent areas and new autonomy areas and d) new autonomy areas capital expenditure ratio significantly better than parent areas. \n \nKey words: \nparent areas, new autonomy areas, regional financial performance, degree of decentralization, level of independence, financing capability level, capital expenditure ratio.
Decentralization policy in Indonesia has given an increase of authority to local government in managing their own local finance. One of the characteristics of the decentralization policy is to increase local taxing power, with the objective to optimize local own revenue in supporting local spending. Given the current data observation, it is obvious that many local governments do not have significant local own revenue to support their local spending. This paper-adopting tax elasticity method-attempts to evaluate the present local own revenue optimization. Furthermore, by adopting a decomposition of tax elasticity, this paper also attempts to elaborate factors affecting local own revenue collection. The estimated local own revenue elasticity show that most taxes and user charges, which are the main sources of local own revenue, are considered not a buoyant tax. More analysis using a decomposition of tax elasticity shows that tax to base elasticity is weak, suggesting that local governments need to improve discreationary tax changes at local level, such as local base changes, collection changes, and enforcement changes. The analysis also shows that some local tax bases are not responsive to the economic growth, which leads to the recommendation to improve local business environment, such as streamlining local regulations and reducing harmfull local taxes and user charges. Keywords: local finance, local government owned revenue, fiscal decentralization, local tax elasticity, local tax base, nuisance local taxes, local economic growth
There are many problems in the implementation of decentralization and local autonomy in Indonesia, in terms of: (1) Authority and responsibility between central, provincial, regencial/municipal, village government; (2) Local leadership; (3) Representative/ Legislative and political party; (4) Local finance; (5) Democracy and village autonomy. Besides, there are many flaws, uncertainties, and anxieties in the concept of local autonomy, the function of central government and its organs, authority, organization structure and working order, local arrogance, leadership by the local- people, Peoples Assembly, financial management, local financial management, and policy inconsistency. These problems have to be solved by among other shifting paradigm, from constructional paradigm to empowerment, to create self-reliance through social learning. The right implementation of decentralization and local autonomy will be beneficial for the central government, empower the society/government, guarantee heterogeneity and local plurality, create democracy, and enhance the peoples self-reliance and participation in development activities, besides enhancing the governments responsiveness.
By autonomy, most of resources that managed by central government becomes managed by local government. By decentralization, services to the society will be more efficient and effectively. This paper will analyze how far the response of local income because of change in Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP,) and also the ability of regional finance in regional autonomy era. The result of this paper shows that the coefficient of elasticity of regional income more than one, it means that if Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) increase one percent, it will increases local income more than one percent. The role of domestic income to local income decrease, it means that the local government has to look for a forward alternative how lo increases the role of domestic income to local income.
Discourse concerning local autonomy have long expanded in Indonesia. But clearly just started in 1974 published of Law No 5/1974. This law do not be executed as expected. Then go out Law of No. 22 1999 generating various important problems in public administration systems especially in policy of compilation of APBD. The problems result to be published Law No. 32 2004 representing penyempurnaan of Law No. 22 1999. In fact of this Law perform a elementary change to public administration and local finance systems. This change is in decentralization of fiscal, although from facet of regulasi, problems still also emerge so that need deeper study.
Fiscal decentralization policy started in 2001 was a “big bang” from a centralistic into decentralistic government. The decentralistic government focuses on triple track strategy which are pro growth, pro job and pro poor as its macroeconomic and sectoral development objectives. Based on the concepts and the implementations of the policy in Indonesia, the amount of transfers fund to region and the possibilities of increasing potential local revenue should have positive related to the effort to increase society wealth through economic growth by creating job creation and decrease poverty. This research using panel data regression analysis to describe the relation between fiscal decentralization with economic growth, poverty and unemployement rate. The research results show that the local finance performance (measured by fiscal decentralization degree and local finance independency ratio) is low. Just then, in the decentralization era the local-central government dependency is increase. The research also encounter that fiscal decentralization policy affects to the increasing of economic growth rate (in small amount), unemployment rate and poverty. The part of local government budget that have positive affect to the economic growth are revenue sharing, specific allocation funds, local tax revenue and local government corporation, while local retribution revenue has negative affect. Meanwhile, total government expenditure affects negatively to the poverty and open unemployment rate.
Decentralization theory states that the higher degree of centralization will increase local economic growth, because local government will create public sector efficiently, so it will increase more local economic growth than central government. The implementation of Decentralization Law No. 23 & 33, 2004, and the balance of finance between the central and local government as the manifestation of the theory is expected to increase affectivity and efficiency of local government performance through the delegation process from the central government to the local government. This research was conducted to evaluate 5 years of fiscal decentralization of 29 districts and 9 cities in East Java with fixed effect model (fern) analysis. The result of this research are: (a) decentralization of expenditure has significant positive impact on economic growth, (b) decentralization of expenditure has significant positive impact on inefficiency of public expenditure, and (c) inefficiency of public expenditure has significant negative impact on economic growth. Keywords: decentralization of expenditure, inefficiency of public expenditure, economic growth
Intergovernmental fiscal transfers are critical elements of public finance in decentralized countries. In the context of Indonesia’s decentralization reforms, their design and implementation have significant impacts on the potential revenue and fiscal capacity of basic public service provision. The case of Indonesia’s 2001 Big Bang decentralization illustrates the challenges associated with implementing significant reforms in the intergovernmental fiscal system. The practice of decentralization policy in Indonesia since the time has not generally improved local development performance yet. This study evaluates fiscal decentralization, focusing on fiscal capacity as the impacts of the intergovernmental fiscal equalization transfers, in the case of Gunung Kidul, Yogyakarta. The study shows a low percentage of its own revenue compared to its total budget. It indicates the failure of fiscal decentralization policy in improving local government fiscal capacity.
Every regions government must be able increasing their own regional income. The finance of resources in fiscal decentralization era, such as: regional original income, general allocation funds and natural resources revenue sharing and tax revenue sharing This research aims to analyze the fiscal decentralization impact to economic growth at regional district in sub province Semarang. The tool of analisis is regression using panel data with Generalized Least Square (GLS) method and Fixed Effect model. It uses district-level data and supplied by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics during 2002 - 2006 The regression result shows that regional income, natural resources revenue sharing and tax revenue sharing, and labor forces have positive impact on economic growth at regional district in sub province Semarang. General allocation funds have negative effect towards economic growth at regional district in sub province Semarang. Fiscal decentralization brings more advantages for regions to manage their own fiscal capacities. The regions governments must be have informational advantages concerning resource allocation with optimal Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, economic growth, Fixed Effect Model
One way to assess the capability of an autonomous region in implementing its autonomy is by measuring the performance of the region in managing decentralized fiscal and the degree of inde-pendency toward the central government. There are six main variables which considered being the performance indicators of the capability: fiscal need, fiscal capacity, fiscal effort, degree of fiscal decentralization, and elasticity coefficient of PAD (regional revenue) compared to PDRB. By ana-lyzing panel data from 1999 to 2004 of Malang City, this simple empirical research shows that ef-ficiency in public finance is relatively high, while trend of PAD toward PDRB is inelastic. This means that in the long run Malang City will have some degree of a positive trend of PAD and PDRB growth if the government could maintain the independency policy in terms of preference to local investment incentives. Keywords: regional autonomy, regional finance, regional revenue, fiscal decentralization and independency policy __________________________________________________________________________________________
Every regions goverment must be able increasing their own regional income. The finance of resources in fiscal decentralization era, such as: regional original income, general allocation funds and natural resources revenue sharing and tax revenue sharing This research aims to analyze the fiscal decentralization impact to economic growth at regional district in sub provinsi Semarang. The tools of analisis is regression using panel data with Generalized Least Square (GLS) method and Fixed Effect model. It uses district-level data and supplied by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics during 2002 - 2006 The regression result shows that regional income, natural resources revenue sharing and tax revenue sharing, and labour forces have positive impact on economic growth at regional district in sub provinsi Semarang.General allocation funds has negative effect towards economic growth at regional district in sub provinsi Semarang. Fiscal decentralization brings more advantages for regions to manage their own fiscal capacities. The regions governments must be have informational advantages concerning resource allocation with optimal Keywords: Fiscal Decentralization, economic growth, Fixed Effect Model
The Government of Ghana introduced the decentralization concept in 1988 as part of hereffort/determination to make local government administration autonomous in Ghana. Themain aim of the concept was to make the people at the grassroots part of the decision makingprocess with the view to ensuring total socio-economic transformation of the country. Untilthen, decentralization was not a new phenomenon in the politics of Ghana, however, it hassince 1988, assumed a new dimension. New structures and institutions such as the NationalDevelopment Planning Commission (NDPC), and the District Assemblies Common Fund(DACF) were established by law. These structures and institutions sought to transfer means,skills, power and competence to the districts. The DACF is believed to be the majorinnovation under the reform. The fund, which constitutes five percent of the National Income(NI), is disbursed by the central government to the districts through the Office of the CommonFund Administrator. In addition, each DA is required to generate revenues from local sourcesreferred to as Internally Generated Fund (IGF) to supplement the DACF to carry out socioeconomicdevelopment of the local areas.It is against this background that, this study was carried out to describe and explain theimplementation process of the Fiscal Decentralization Policy in the Akuapem South Districtof Ghana. The study set out to describe the assumption that inadequate bureaucratic resources,lack of political resources, poor economic and social resource and lack of inter-governmentalcommunication and enforcement agency may impede effective implementation of the fiscaldecentralization policy in the district. The Mixed method approach of social science researchand a case study approach were used in the study. Interviews and questionnaires were used tosolicit data for the study.The research found out among things that the fiscal decentralization policy is underway.However, the ability and capabilities of the DAs implement the policy is affected by variousseveral factors namely bureaucratic resource such as technical, managerial and financialresource; political resource which implies the acceptance by the bureaucrats of the policy;economic and social resource such as the social condition prevailing at the time of theimplementation; and the inter-organizational communication and enforcement agencieswhich refers to the relationship between the policy makers and the implementers. The studyconcludes that for effective implementation of fiscal decentralization in Ghana there is theneed to provide the necessary resources intended for the policy.2The study seeks to investigate the implementation of the fiscal decentralization policy in theAkuapem South District of Ghana. It aims to highlight some of the challenges confrontingthe district in the implementation of the policy and the strategies being employed to meetthese challenges.
This study examined the current decentralized system in Indonesia for increased disparities in educational expenditures across districts. It also examined the impact of these on the quality of education at public junior secondary education. The study used the most recently available data from the Ministry of National Education (MONE) and Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) covering 1999/00 and 2002/03. These data measured district level school expenditures, demographic and socio-economic variables.The study found that the current decentralized system in Indonesia increased fiscal capacities for education at districts. Unfortunately, increases in the fiscal capacities for education led to increased disparities in education expenditures per student, creating growing gaps in fiscal capacities for education across districts. Districts which received larger general allocation funds (DAU) per capita were also more likely to allocate more funding for education, whether or not they were poor or wealthy districts. This fact was reflected by the finding that district GRDP per capita in sub-national regions of Java-Bali and Sumatera had no impact on districts' education expenditures per student. In addition, the sub-provincial districts of the Kota (more urban) and Kabupaten (less urban) also differed in the way that they allocated funding for education. The Kota in the Sumatera region tended to allocate significantly more for education than did the Kabupaten. At the same time, the Kota in Java-Bali did not allocate significantly more for education than the Kabupaten. Teacher compensation was national, so funding variance was measured by locally controlled variables. The most significant impact on student achievement were teaching and learning process expenditures (textbooks, libraries, labs, field trips, etc.). The study concluded that increased funding, combined with more efficient budget allocations, were keys to quality improvement. Policy recommendations include: a) targeting DAU transfers to reduce the gaps in fiscal capacity for education across districts; b) rewarding districts with effective budget allocations that support improved student achievement; and c) placing education closer to the center of development and security policy. Better government monitoring and district transparency is needed for this major investment. Improved policy research and reporting capacities are needed, including annual reports on decentralization policy implementation.
The background of this research is the fall of the New Order Regime which occurred in 1998, followed closely behind by the creation of local autonomy policy. This policy was issued based on Law Numer 22/1999 (Local Government) and Law Numer 25/1999 (Intergovernmental Finance). Both laws have changed the local public administration from a centralized into a decentralized system and also caused reform in some components such as planning, organization, personnel, and finance. Even though Law Number 22/1999 had been implemented for four years, the reform seemed very tardy. In fact, several regions showed a progress tendency that was the reverse of the expectation. For this reason, the question that will be formulated in this research is 'Why was there a different level of performance of local public administration reform after the local autonomy implementation in Indonesia?' The conceptual framework of this research is outlined as follows: it is presumed that the performance of Local Public Administration Reform is determinedby two major independent variables that are interrelated. These are the Central Government Role Variable and the Response of Local Government and its Environment toward the Reform. The Central Government Role consists of two variables Decentralization as an Architecture Reform Variable and the Policy Reform Variable. Both major variables interrelate with some varibles at the local level such as the Mayor/Regent's Role, the Response of Bureaucrats and Politicians to Local Public Administration Reform, and the Response of Civil Society to the Reform.
Decentralization in Indonesia was introduced institutionally in 2001, with a democratization drive promoted by international donors and by the intention of the new government to clear away the centralistic image of Soeharto. Decentralization has had some effects on regional economies and on local government administration. Compared to the period before decentralization, the share of GRDP and local government finance has increased in Java, though investment and bank borrowing have expanded to the outer islands. In qualitative aspects, decentralization has transferred not only administrative authority but also many new vested interests from the center to regions. Local governments have become more extensive economic actors in regional economies. Regional economic actors now compete actively for such vested interests and have missed the opportunity to create market-friendly regional economies. The government sector should not be a mere rent-seeking economic actor, but should play a role as a facilitator promoting private sector activities in regional economies.
Starting from January 1, 2001, the provincial governments in Indonesia suddenly faced a huge problem in managing their public finance. The management of certain sectors and their budgeting were, including education, decentralized. Government regulation No. 25 in 2001 gave the local governments more freedom to establish a suitable education system for their respective regions. This paper will attempt to analyse the performance of secondary schools across regions. The production function theory will be used due to the government’s intention to make the secondary school (years 7-12) the compulsory minimum level of education for the Indonesian people. The results show that the government budget cannot significantly affect the efficiency in the secondary school industry because the inputs that are financed are not significant for inducing efficiency. Instead, external factors like population and also the existence of financial loans is likely to be significant. The policy on loans has to be reconsidered to see the cost benefit or the comparison between returns on human capital improvement through secondary schools and the interest rate of the loan
In the context of recent decentralization of regional development in Indonesia, the local authorities and communities need to understand by how potential sources for financing regional development effect the economic growth. There is three sources of financing such as government, private investor and local communities. The purpose of this paper is to explain the role of financing resources of the economic sectors in regional economic growth. Using panel data generated from economic sectors among 20 kabupaten/kota (municipalities) in Jawa Barat Province during 1991-2000 I examine the effect in economic growth of different financing sources. The pattern of development financing was varied among regions. The financing concentration was occurred in some regions where have good available infrastructures and characterised with industry-based development. The results from empirical analysis suggest that the impact of both government and private financing on economic growth is significant in industry-based regions. In the period analysis, communities financing through bank loans supported the regional development significantly in both industry-based and agro-based regions. The implication based on this study is that the local authority should encourage the private financing sources to promote local economic growth.