With the advancement of technological innovations, there emerges the opportunity to manage relationships between parties through the execution of smart contracts, based on blockchain technology, presented as a decentralized system of distributed ledger comprising a network of computers connected to a single server. The primary objective of this research was to identify issues in the legal regulation of smart contracts. The methodological framework of the study includes institutional and comparative legal methods. The study encompasses the theoretical context and the experience of Kazakhstan. Within the scope of the research, an analysis of the current state of legislation regulating the implementation of smart contracts in Kazakhstan and abroad was conducted. Legal mechanisms for regulating legal relationships arising from the conclusion of smart contracts were identified. Challenges related to the legal regulation of smart contracts as a form of civil-law agreement were also examined. It was noted that despite the increasing popularity of smart contracts, their legal regulation is virtually absent both in global practice and in the context of Kazakhstan. The research findings suggest that currently, in most countries, there is no regulatory framework for implementing smart contracts. Despite the advantages of smart contracts, their use also raises legal issues concerning the determination of legal validity and jurisdiction, as well as the need to ensure legal protection for all participants. The study demonstrated the potential of using smart contracts in contractual relationships provided that corresponding legislation is developed. The results of this research can be utilized to improve legal regulation in the fields of contractual activities, banking law, intellectual property, and many related legal areas, as well as for the purposes of the fintech industry.
The forensic evidence in the legal sector is now much more challenging to authenticate its integrity and authenticity. In fact, evidence management is easily tampered with, not authorized, and inconsistent because of the traditional systems that lack data integrity. This paper presents an end-to this challenge through the invention of using blockchain technology in evidence preservation and authentication. This paper presents a proposed system for providing an immutable and transparent chain of custody for forensic evidence using distributed ledger technologies and smart contracts. The methodology gives in detail a review of blockchain's ability to protect evidence from unauthorized access by other people as well as the ability of distributed ledgers to permit organizations to interoperate on the process of handling evidence. The results show that blockchain does not merely provide tamper-proof evidence custody but also provides an apparent and secure form of transferring custody, making judicial systems more reliable. Some of the challenges include scalability, security breaches, and regulatory compliance; nonetheless, blockchain is the revolutionary solution for enhancing forensic record storage and court documentation. This study throws the spotlight on blockchain's capability in revolutionizing the protection and authentication of evidence for criminal investigations in the future.
The subject of the study is the main theoretical approaches to understanding the nature and functional role of smart contracts developed in the Russian civil doctrine. The object of the study is public relations in the field of using smart contracts as a means of regulating the turnover of copyright objects. The author raises the actual problem of using smart contracts in the field of copyright protection. The relevance of the issue is due to the widespread technological innovations in the field of intellectual property turnover, which requires the state to develop new solutions in the field of legal policy. The use of smart contracts is a promising technological solution that can ensure the effectiveness of protecting the interests of copyright subjects. Special attention is paid to certain aspects of the operation of smart contracts (their modification, termination) within the framework of the turnover of rights to copyright objects. The research methodology involves the use of structural and functional analysis tools, a method of interpreting legal ideas and a systematic approach, on the basis of which the article attempts to identify the functional significance of smart contracts as a technological and legal phenomenon in the sphere of turnover of copyright objects. The use of smart contracts is an innovative approach that contributes to the improvement of document management in Russian copyright law. The main conclusions of the author are the statement of the limited nature of the use of smart contracts in the framework of copyright protection of the results of intellectual activity. The author's contribution to the disclosure of the research topic is determined by the identification of differences between smart contracts and classical means of regulating contractual relations. Based on the conducted research, the author suggests ways to improve the legislative policy of the state, related to the lack of an orderly system of civil law norms governing relations in the field of smart contracts as tools for ensuring the registration of copyright objects and the fulfillment of private law obligations. The author substantiates the need to develop the provisions of civil legislation in terms of expanding legal structures capable of ensuring the fulfillment of agreements reached between the parties to a private law relationship.
This article examines the legal qualification of smart contracts within civil law jurisdictions, emphasizing the challenges posed by automated, code-based agreements in systems traditionally grounded in codified statutes and doctrinal principles. By exploring current scholarly debates, legislative approaches, and judicial interpretations, this study highlights the tension between the self-executing nature of smart contracts and the requirement for consent, formality, and interpretation under civil codes. Drawing on a qualitative analysis of doctrinal writings, statutory frameworks, and case-based discussions, the paper identifies core issues of enforceability, liability, and consumer protection. Results reveal the need for a more coherent integration of legal theory and technological design, underscoring the role of hybrid solutions that blend human interpretation with automated execution. The discussion situates these findings in the broader trajectory of contract law modernization, concluding with recommendations for policymakers and practitioners regarding risk mitigation, technological design improvements, and harmonized regulatory standards.
This comprehensive study examines the integration of smart contracts into civil law systems and analyzes the associated regulatory challenges. The research investigates the fundamental nature of smart contracts as technological tools and legal instruments, their compatibility with existing civil law frameworks, and the emerging regulatory approaches across different jurisdictions. Through systematic analysis of legislative developments, case law, and scholarly discourse, this study identifies key legal issues including contract formation, performance, enforcement, and dispute resolution in the context of smart contracts. The findings reveal significant gaps in current regulatory frameworks and propose solutions for harmonizing smart contract implementation with established civil law principles. This research contributes to the ongoing academic discourse on legal technology integration and provides practical recommendations for legislators, legal practitioners, and technology developers.
Since the introduction of Bitcoin, the first cryptocurrency, virtual currencies have become a topic of increasing public concern. Bitcoin trading is highly speculative and involves significant risks, as its value can fluctuate dramatically over time, with no single party held accountable for these changes. This study focuses on the protection of investors engaged in Bitcoin transactions on exchange platforms in Indonesia under positive law. The research employs a normative juridical approach, with both primary and secondary data sourced from legal texts, regulations, and relevant literature. The findings indicate that Bitcoin transactions in Indonesia primarily involve the sale of commodity assets through exchange platforms, which function as physical traders of crypto assets. Regulatory frameworks established by futures regulatory bodies play a crucial role in preventing fraud and safeguarding legal rights. According to Indonesian Contract Law, as outlined in the Civil Code (Burgerlijk Wetboek, BW), Bitcoin transactions are considered “legal” when they fulfill the contractual conditions specified in Article 1320. Consequently, investors are legally protected from both criminal and civil liabilities due to the validity of these transactions.
The article examines promising directions for improving access to justice in criminal cassation proceedings using modern digital technologies. It is stated that digitalization in this area should expand the possibilities of realization of the right to judicial protection and not create additional procedural barriers or restrictions on ac-cess to justice. The author proposes a system of main directions for digital transformation of cassation pro-ceedings, including creating a mechanism for digital interaction between participants, forming a procedure for remote implementation of procedural rights through personalized electronic access, implementing distributed ledger technology, and developing electronic identification procedures for participants. The necessity of main-taining procedural guarantees while implementing digital innovations is substantiated. Specific amendments to criminal procedure legislation are proposed to implement these directions.
Abstract This chapter examines the extent of smart contracts. A smart contract refers to software that enables contractual obligations to be executed automatically, without the need for human intervention and scope for human interference. As current-generation smart contracts generally use DLT platforms, parties can dispense with intermediaries in the process of agreeing and operating their smart contracts. However, smart contract code is no more immune from bugs than any other form of software, so it will not always work as intended. In November 2019, the UK Jurisdiction Taskforce of the Government’s LawTech Delivery Panel published the ‘Legal Statement on Cryptoassets and Smart Contracts’ to consider the status in English law of both cryptoassets and smart contracts
Ahmad Anwar Zainuddin, Farah Mazlan, Nur Faizah Omar, Nik Nor Muhammad Saifudin Nik Mohd Kamal
Most conventional contract systems have issues with middlemen, drawn-out implementation procedures, fraud risk, and human error. Considering this, the project uses smart contract technology to provide a decentralized, automated, and safe solution in an effort to address such inefficiencies and the trust issues they raise. Smart contracts enable self-execution of contracts whose conditions are expressed explicitly in lines of code by presenting solutions using blockchain technology. The concept behind a smart contract is that each party may carry out their portion of the duties without depending on a third party and the contract will automatically execute in the meantime. This automation significantly reduces transaction costs while simultaneously improving security and transparency. With the use of this underlying technology, smart contracts may be used to directly code parties' compliance with their duties under the agreement and the blockchain will keep an immutable record of every transaction. For smooth and dependable transactions, smart contracts offer a dependable and effective substitute for conventional contract methods. Furthermore, integrating smart contracts with cutting-edge technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence could improve decision-making and accelerate operations in a variety of sectors. Their application extends beyond financial transactions to areas such as supply chain management, energy trading, and healthcare, showcasing their versatility. Despite these advantages, issues like energy consumption, scalability, and regulatory compliance still need creative solutions. Ongoing research and development aim to address these issues, fostering the evolution of smarter, more sustainable contract systems. By leveraging these advancements, smart contracts keep opening the door for a revolution in the digital economy that will increase productivity and confidence.
Aaryan Patel, Ahmed Hamzah, Manasvi More, Mohit Panchariya
The Land Registration system is a very crucial and valuable system for Indian citizens. The existing system is having a lot of issues be it technical or non-technical. These issues concern the Indian citizens. It could cause harm to the Indian economy as well due to the issues like fraud, corruption, etc. A new look of the system has to come to light to provide better features such as safety, reliability, efficiency to the people. Blockchain technology is a blessing in disguise. Its principles help in safeguarding the property rights of Indian citizens. Our decentralized application will act as a replacement to the current paper system to avoid involvement of brokers and other intermediaries.
The convergence of blockchain technology, smart contracts, and artificial intelligence represents a transformative technological paradigm that fundamentally reimagines corporate governance in fintech and logistics industries. This research review critically examines the profound technological disruption emerging at the intersection of advanced computational systems and organizational management strategies. By analyzing the intricate relationships between decentralized technologies, algorithmic decision-making, and traditional governance frameworks, the study reveals how these innovative technologies are reshaping organizational structures, operational transparency, and strategic decision-making processes. The investigation explores the multifaceted implications of blockchain and AI integration, demonstrating their potential to address critical challenges such as operational inefficiency, compliance complexity, and trust deficits in contemporary corporate environments. Through comprehensive empirical analysis and theoretical examination, the review illuminates the revolutionary potential of these technologies to create more adaptive, intelligent, and responsive governance ecosystems that transcend conventional organizational boundaries and limitations.
The subject of the study is the dependencies, trends and key features of the turnover of cryptocurrencies as a separate phenomenon. The purpose of the study is to analyze the key features of the cryptocurrency turnover and the problems of their legal regulation, followed by the development of practical proposals for the prevention of cryptocurrency crime. The objectives of the research are: analysis of modern technologies related to cryptocurrencies; their features and degree of influence on financial markets; problems of prevention and legal regulation of cryptocurrencies in Russia. The object of research is formed by public relations related to the use of cryptocurrencies in the financial market. Cryptocurrencies represent one of the most significant phenomena in financial technology. In the context of globalization and digitalization, they provide new opportunities for transactions, investments and storage of funds. However, the rise of decentralized finance, anonymous wallets, and NFT scams has turned blockchain into a "new shadow" of the global economy. This confirms the importance of developing new techniques and means of preventive activities of law enforcement agencies. The methodological basis of the work is the method of dialectical cognition, thanks to which it was possible to study the object and subject of research in relation to the domestic criminal legislation and other normative legal acts. The theoretical and methodological basis of the research is various logical techniques and means of scientific knowledge, general scientific and private scientific methods: modeling, forecasting, formal legal. The novelty of the study is due to the analysis of modern official statistical data and materials of investigative and judicial practice on the state of cryptocurrency crime in Russia. The study of domestic legal acts in the field of the use of financial assets allowed us to conclude that the status of cryptocurrencies is uncertain. The authors summarize that cryptocurrency crime does not require prohibitions, but a rethinking of law, because it is not technology that poses a threat, but its exploitation in conditions of legal inequality. The main conclusions obtained by the authors relate to determining the financial characteristics of cryptocurrencies, their volatility, liquidity, and risk assessment of use. The trend of increasing demand for the integration of cryptocurrencies into traditional financial systems has been proven. The problems of legal regulation and regulatory consolidation of the concept of "cryptocurrency", including in domestic criminal legislation, are outlined. The main reasons for the spread of cryptocurrency crime and the prospects for preventive activities of investigative authorities based on the capabilities of artificial intelligence have been identified.
В статье рассмотрены инструменты для достижения технологического лидерства России. В качестве одного из инструментов рассмотрена технология блокчейна. Технологии, создаваемые на основе блокчейна, охватывают все больше сфер. Так, например, децентрализованные финансы включают в себя проекты, начиная от логистики и заканчивая децентрализованной трансляцией видеоресурсов. В статье рассмотрены изменения полюсов влияния в секторе криптовалют, базирующихся на технологии блокчейна. Выявлены наиболее вероятные тренды дальнейшего развития блокчейна, их влияние на достижение технологического лидерства России. The article discusses blockchain technology as one of the tools for achieving Russia’s technological leadership. Blockchain based technologies cover more and more areas, for example, decentralized finance (DeFi) includes projects ranging from logistics to the decentralized broadcast of video resources. The article examines the changes in the poles of influence in the sector of cryptocurrencies based on blockchain technology. The most likely trends in the further development of the blockchain and their impact on achieving Russia’s technological leadership have been identified.
Ghassan Adhab Atiyah, Nazura Abdul Manap, Ahmed Ismael Ibrahim
In the realm of law, technology is utilized to cope with the influx of smart contracts to replace traditional contracts that govern contractual dynamics. Smart contracts differ from traditional contracts as they rely on computer codes to fulfill the contractual obligations of the involved entities. This article discusses the current state of Iraqi contract law and assesses the feasibility of integrating Iraqi law to manage and implement smart contracts within the Iraqi legal system. The study employs a qualitative approach and adopts comparative doctrinal research to investigate current legal practices, the relevant legislation, and the adaptation of Iraqi laws to smart contracts. As a result, the study reveals the inadequacy of Iraqi contract law in incorporating smart contracts into existing legal practices in Iraq. It also underscores the necessity of enacting new laws to explicitly regulate the operation of smart contracts involving the use of cryptocurrencies.
The internet has undergone significant transformations over the past three decades, progressing from the early ‘read-only’ Web1 to the interactive ‘read-and-write’ Web2, and is now entering the era of Web3 marked by decentralisation, user-centricity, and transparency. In Web3, users transition from passive consumers to active participants, contributors, and owners of the digital landscape. Essentially, in this Web3 space, participants enjoy greater autonomy to create their own ‘society’ and engage in transactions.
Digital financial technologies (FinTech) have revolutionized the financial industry by integrating innovations such as blockchain, artificial intelligence, and decentralized finance into traditional systems. This study explores the conceptual evolution of FinTech and its legal and regulatory implications within global markets. It addresses challenges in defining, classifying, and regulating FinTech while maintaining market integrity and consumer trust. Using an integrative literature review of recent peer-reviewed articles, policy reports, and regulatory frameworks, the study examines themes like legal classifications of digital assets, regulatory strategies, consumer protection, and governance of blockchain platforms. Findings indicate that digital finance has surpassed traditional regulatory systems, leading to legal ambiguities and enforcement issues. Solutions like regulatory sandboxes, tailored crypto-asset regulations, and international standards show promise but must balance innovation with compliance. The study concludes that adaptive regulations, robust consumer safeguards, and global cooperation are critical for FinTech’s sustainable growth and alignment with legal frameworks.
У статті досліджено теоретичні та практичні аспекти впровадження smart contracts у процеси розрахунків із постачальниками та кредиторами. Акцент зроблено на аналізі ключових характеристик смарт-контрактів, зокрема автономності, самовиконання та незмінності, що визначають їхню ефективність та надійність у сучасних фінансово-господарських відносинах. Розкрито технологічну основу функціонування смарт-контрактів, підкреслено визначальну роль блокчейну та децентралізованих систем у забезпеченні прозорості, безпеки та стійкості транзакцій. Проаналізовано ключові виклики та ризики, що перешкоджають широкомасштабному впровадженню смарт-контрактів, серед яких виділено правові бар’єри через відсутність уніфікованого законодавства, технологічні ризики, пов’язані з можливими помилками у коді та питаннями масштабованості блокчейн-мереж, складність інтеграції смарт-контрактів у традиційні бізнес-процеси, а також соціально-етичні аспекти, що стосуються впливу на ринок праці та необхідності розвитку нових цифрових компетенцій.
В статье анализируются содержание и особенности краудфандинга и краудлендинга как инструментов альтернативного финансирования субъектов предпринимательства в условиях цифровой трансформации экономики. Изучены причины широкого распространения инструментов альтернативного финансирования предпринимательства в современных условиях, их преимущества по сравнению с традиционными инструментами финансирования. Проведен анализ публикаций российских авторов и выявлены предложенные ими подходы к идентификации форм альтернативного финансирования. Особое внимание уделено анализу особенностей краудлендинга, который рассматривается как одна из форм реализации бизнеса одноранговой (децентрализованной) модели инвестирования. Проведен анализ научных работ, посвященных проблемам развития финансовых технологий, и сделан вывод о том, что падение публикационной активности по данной проблематике компенсируется повышением интереса к формам реализации альтернативного финансирования, что активное внедрение цифровых технологий в сферу предпринимательства в современной России и ограниченный доступ субъектов бизнеса к традиционным источникам заемных средств способствуют широкому использованию инструментов альтернативного финансирования для реализации инвестиционных проектов. The article analyzes the content and features of crowdfunding and crowdlending as instruments of alternative financing of business entities in the context of digital transformation of the economy. The study examined the reasons for the widespread use of alternative financing instruments for entrepreneurship in modern conditions, their advantages over traditional financing instruments. An analysis of publications by Russian authors was conducted and their proposed approaches to identifying forms of alternative financing were identified. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the features of crowdlending, which is considered as one of the forms of implementing a peer-to-peer (decentralized) investment model business. An analysis of scientific papers devoted to the problems of financial technology development was conducted, and a conclusion was made that the decline in publication activity on this issue is compensated by an increase in interest in the forms of alternative financing. It was concluded that the active introduction of digital technologies in the sphere of entrepreneurship in modern Russia and the limited access of business entities to traditional sources of borrowed funds contribute to the widespread use of alternative financing instruments for the implementation of investment projects.
The advent of smart contracts has reshaped the dynamics of corporate agreements with the aid of introducing automated, self-executing legal arrangements powered by using blockchain technology. These digital contracts offer great advantages, together with reduced transaction charges, greater transparency, and minimized reliance on intermediaries. However, their integration into corporate agreements provides a range of legal and regulatory challenges that stay unresolved. This paper examines the legal complexities springing up from the usage of smart contracts in corporate environments. It explores their enforceability under existing legal frameworks, highlighting troubles associated with agreement formation, consent, and the interpretation of coded terms. Jurisdictional uncertainty and cross-border enforceability further complicate the legal standing of smart contracts in multinational agreements. The study additionally addresses dispute resolution mechanisms within the context of immutable blockchain statistics, considering whether or not conventional legal remedies are compatible with smart contract structure. It discusses how emerging legal requirements and regulatory responses are shaping the adoption of smart contracts while making sure compliance with contract law principles. Moreover, the paper evaluates real-global programs of smart contracts in company transactions, together with supply chain management, monetary offerings, and decentralized autonomous groups (DAOs). It gives tips for organizations seeking to leverage this technology while mitigating legal dangers through hybrid contract models, legal safeguards, and hazard control frameworks. By means of bridging the gap among technological innovation and legal practice, this research underscores the need for adaptive legal frameworks that balance the performance of automation with the principles of justice, fairness, and duty. Understanding the legal frontiers of smart contracts is important for businesses aiming to harness their capability while navigating the evolving legal panorama of the digital financial system.
Technologies like Bluetooth and WiFi enable more and more devices to become interconnected, forming the IoT ecosystem. However, this growing connectivity brings significant security risks, especially in terms of access management. Blockchain technology, alongside smart contracts, has introduced novel ways to address trust concerns in decentralized networks. Traditional internet of Things (IoT) access control models rely on centralized authorities, making them vulnerable to single points of failure. Additionally, many smart contracts deployed today have exploitable weaknesses that can be leveraged to steal digital assets. To address this issue, we propose a decentralized approach, leveraging blockchain technology and smart contracts to ensure security and trust. Our methodology formalizes smart contract behavior using Transition Systems (TS) and Computation Tree Logic (CTL), allowing for the verification of key properties. Solidity code is translated into the Verds model-checking tool, which validates the correctness and security of the contracts. Our experiments demonstrate that the method is both scalable and effective, ensuring secure execution of smart contracts in dynamic IoT environments. This approach not only mitigates security risks but also highlights the potential of formal verification in improving the robustness of smart contracts, making them suitable for deployment in real-world applications.
The Internet and the World Wide Web were designed with the intention of being decentralised and interoperable, and therefore more democratic, where users have power over their data. Despite efforts to maintain this decentralisation, in recent years, the Internet has become a highly centralised network, thus ignoring the principles of decentralisation and democratisation on which it was designed. In response to this increasing centralisation of the Internet, different technologies have emerged that advocate the principles on which the Internet was built, such as the semantic web and blockchain. This thesis addresses the synergy between blockchain technology and the semantic web, two technologies that advocate the decentralisation of the Internet and give control of data back to users, allowing them to manage their own information in a secure way while both technologies have unique characteristics and can feed back on each other, either by offering the interoperability characteristic of the semantic web or the security of data provided by blockchain technologies. Therefore, this thesis explores and lays the groundwork for how the combination of these technologies can address the problem of decentralisation while offering solutions for transparent and interoperable data management. First, a state-of-the-art analysis of both technologies is performed, defining the main characteristics of the blockchain and the semantic web. The potential of blockchain to provide the decentralisation of the web and the immutability of records is analysed, as well as the different existing blockchain technologies, while the main standards and characteristics of the semantic web, such as interoperability and data understanding through ontologies and knowledge graphs, are analysed. Second, an analysis of the benefits that arise from the synergy between both technologies is made, and different prototypes of scenarios that integrate blockchain with the semantic web are proposed. Third, an analysis of the most promising scenarios is performed, and experiments are designed to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed scenarios. Fourth, ontology models are developed to cover Ethereum blockchain technology and smart contracts. Finally, a knowledge graph with these ontologies is built to demonstrate how the integration of these technologies can facilitate data management and improve blockchain analytics. In conclusion, this study lays the foundation for achieving a decentralised, standards-based, user-driven, data-driven Internet. Despite the benefits reflected in this thesis in achieving decentralisation of the Internet, the results obtained indicate that the integration of blockchain technology with the semantic web is feasible, but has certain limitations that need to be addressed, such as the cost of storing semantic data on the blockchain. RESUMEN El internet y la World Wide Web fueron diseñados con la intención de ser descentralizados e interoperables y, por lo tanto, más democráticos, donde los usuarios tuvieran el poder sobre sus datos. A pesar de los esfuerzos por mantener esta descentralización, en los últimos años Internet se ha vuelto una red altamente centralizada, ignorando así los principios de descentralización y democratización sobre los que fue diseñado. En respuesta a esta creciente centralización de Internet, han surgido diferentes tecnologías que abogan por los principios sobre los que se construyó Internet, como la web semántica y la blockchain. La presente tesis aborda la sinergia entre la tecnología blockchain y la web semántica, dos tecnologías que abogan por la descentralización de Internet y por devolver el control de los datos a los usuarios, permitiendo gestionar su propia información de manera segura, al mismo tiempo que ambas tecnologías tienen características únicas y pueden retroalimentarse entre sí, ya sea por ejemplo ofreciendo la interoperabilidad característica de la web semántica o la seguridad de los datos que proporcionan las tecnologías blockchain. Por lo tanto, esta tesis explora y sienta las bases de cómo la combinación de estas tecnologías pueden abordar el problema de la descentralización, ofreciendo además soluciones para la gestión transparente e interoperable de los datos. En primer lugar, se realiza un análisis del estado del arte de ambas tecnologías, definiendo las principales características de blockchain y la web semántica. Se analiza el potencial del blockchain para proporcionar la descentralización de la web y la inmutabilidad de los registros, así como se estudian las distintas tecnologías blockchain existentes, mientras que se analizan los principales estándares y características de la web semántica, como la interoperabilidad y la comprensión de los datos a través de ontologías y grafos de conocimiento. En segundo lugar, se realiza un análisis de los beneficios que surgen producto de la sinergia al combinar ambas tecnologías y se proponen diferentes prototipos de escenarios que integran blockchain con la web semántica. En tercer lugar, se realiza un análisis de los escenarios más prometedores y se realizan experimentos para evaluar la eficacia y rendimiento de los escenarios propuestos. En cuarto lugar, se desarrollan modelos ontológicos para cubrir la tecnología blockchain Ethereum y los contratos inteligentes. Por último, con estas ontologías se construyó un grafo de conocimiento para demostrar cómo la integración de estas tecnologías puede facilitar la gestión de datos y mejorar el análisis de la blockchain. En conclusión, este estudio sienta una base para alcanzar un Internet descentralizado, cuyos datos sean gestionados por los propios usuarios y esté basado en estándares. A pesar de los beneficios que se reflejan en esta tesis para alcanzar la descentralización de Internet, los resultados obtenidos indican que la integración de la tecnología blockchain con la web semántica es viable, pero tiene ciertas limitaciones que deben ser abordadas, como el coste de almacenar datos semánticos en blockchain.
This study aims to conceptualize a new theoretical framework for financial intermediation in response to the rise of Financial Technology (FinTech) and Decentralized Finance (DeFi), which have introduced structural and functional changes to the traditional role of banks. Classical intermediation theory, which emphasizes delegated monitoring, liquidity transformation, and maturity transformation, is increasingly insufficient to explain emerging hybrid and disintermediated financial systems. This research adopts a qualitative library-based method, using thematic literature analysis from peer-reviewed academic journals, institutional reports, and policy papers published between 2017 and 2025. The findings reveal that intermediation functions are no longer confined to traditional institutions; instead, they are distributed across smart contracts, decentralized protocols, and algorithmic platforms. A key novelty of this study lies in the articulation of “protocolised intermediation,” a concept that captures the convergence of centralized banking and decentralized architectures into hybrid financial models. The analysis also introduces a dual-axis framework to categorize intermediation based on levels of decentralization and functional transformation. Furthermore, the research synthesizes recent insights on risk governance, regulatory arbitrage, and digital trust, positioning them as critical variables in the theoretical evolution of intermediation. In conclusion, the study offers a reconceptualized understanding of intermediation theory, aligning it with the realities of the post-classical, algorithm-driven financial ecosystem. This contribution is expected to support further academic exploration and inform global financial policy debates.
Smart contracts, as one of the important applications of blockchain technology, provide the possibility for automated execution of payment systems. This article explores an automated execution algorithm for smart contracts in payment systems based on blockchain and big data technology to address the issues of low accuracy and efficiency in contract execution. This algorithm utilizes the immutability and decentralization features of blockchain to ensure the security and transparency of payment transactions. At the same time, combined with the powerful analytical capabilities of big data, deep mining of transaction data is carried out to achieve accurate prediction and risk management of transactions. The automated execution function of smart contracts further simplifies the transaction process, reduces human intervention, and improves the efficiency and reliability of payment systems. The experimental results show that through the proposed algorithm, the payment system can provide more secure, efficient, and personalized services, promoting the digital transformation and development of the financial transaction field.