The growing importance of sustainability in organizational success, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, underscores the need for leveraging technologies such as blockchain methods to enhance sustainability indicators across environmental, social, and economic pillars. This study aims to identify and understand the challenges hindering the adoption of blockchain technology in the pharmaceutical sector for improving sustainability performance, addressing two research topics: the specific challenges faced by blockchain adoption in this context and the interdependencies among these challenges. Employing a two-step approach, the study compiles challenges through a literature review, refines them via expert opinions, and establishes their interrelationships using methodologies like fuzzy interpretive structural modeling (FISM) and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC). The research contributes to unraveling the complex relationships and dependencies within the system, providing a structured framework for improved decision making and strategic planning. It fills a literature gap as the first attempt to outline driving and dependent factors related to the challenges of adopting blockchain technology for sustainability enhancement in the pharmaceutical sector, offering insights that can significantly impact brand image, company perception, and consumer value.
Purpose Blockchain technology (BCT) has emerged as a powerful tool for enhancing transparency and trust. However, the relationship between the benefits of BCT and agri-food supply chain performance (AFSCperf) remains underexplored. Therefore, the current study investigates the influence of BCT on AFSCperf and sustainability issues. Design/methodology/approach Through a comprehensive literature review, various benefits of BCT are identified. Subsequently, a research framework is proposed based on data collected from questionnaire surveys and personal visits to professionals in the agri-food industry. The proposed framework is validated using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Findings The findings reveal that BCT positively impacts AFSCperf by improving traceability, transparency, food safety and quality, immutability and trust. Additionally, BCT adoption enhances stakeholder collaboration, provides a decentralised network, improves data accessibility and yields a better return on investment, resulting in the overall improvement in AFSCperf and socio-economic sustainability. Practical implications This study offers valuable practical insights for practitioners and academicians, establishing empirical links between the benefits of BCT and AFSCperf and providing a deeper understanding of BCT adoption. Originality/value Stakeholders, managers, policymakers and technology providers can leverage these findings to optimise the benefits of BCT in enhancing AFSCperf. Moreover, it utilises rigorous theoretical and empirical approaches, drawing on a multidisciplinary perspective encompassing food operations and supply chain literature, public policy, information technology, strategy, organisational theory and sustainability.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger of data that can record and track any transaction or asset in a safe and efficient way. It has many applications, from cryptocurrencies, to fintech and smart contracts, although it has still few in the area of Supply Chain Management (SCM). SCM is a concept that means integration, visibility, transparency and sustainable stakeholder relations. Blockchain technology can be a solution to accomplish supply chain principles and goals. The Covid-19 pandemic, which caused a disruption in supply chains, accelerated trends such as digitization and the choice to intensify ESG (Environment, Social, Governance) initiatives in supply chains in the following years. A literature review of the applications of blockchain in the Sustainable SCM (SSCM) of the forestry sector is presented. The main problem encountered in forestry supply chains is the illegal timber trading. Blockchain along with IoT, RFID, cloud computing and artificial intelligence can be a solution to this problem. These results are only a few and in early stages of implementation, although with the expectation of acceleration in the coming years. There is no review of literature to date of the applications of blockchain in forest wood products and SSCM.
Blockchain technology (BT) enhances the capacity to monitor products consistently, fostering supply chain responsiveness to a wide range of societal and environmental issues. Although BT is known as an innovative tool, there exist potential operational and organizational challenges affecting BT adoption. This study proposes a decision support approach to leverage risk management to analyze potential barriers associated with BT adoption in sustainable supply chains (SSCs). This approach is developed to model how the economic, social, and environmental-related barriers (e.g., energy consumption) and their corresponding risk factors are interrelated. To model the causal relationships (CRs) among the barriers identified through the literature review, the fuzzy cognitive map advanced by Z-number theory is embedded in the proposed approach. Then, a hybrid learning algorithm is employed to determine the criticality of the barriers. As the reliability of information affects the accuracy of decision-making, the Z-number theory applies uncertainty and reliability simultaneously in specifying the values of risk factors and the weights of the CRs. Taking advantage of the learning algorithm and Z-number theory, the findings show a reliable and unbiased ranking compared to the failure mode and effect analysis. This helps managers develop more efficient mitigation strategies to deal with critical barriers. The results of the study also imply that adoption costs, extra audits, and regulatory uncertainty are the critical barriers affecting SSC readiness.
Purpose In recent years, technological advancement has played a crucial role in the growth of emerging economies. However, as with any novel technological development, there are often concerns and hesitations surrounding its implementation. This study aims to investigate the factors influencing blockchain adoption and usage. Thereby evaluating its impact on supply chain performance. Design/methodology/approach This is a deductive research based on the modified form unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, which is a persuasive model that has been used in numerous studies on the acceptance and usage of information technology systems. For this study, valid data was collected from 129 management-level supply chain professionals and policymakers working in diverse manufacturing industries. The collected data was used for testing hypotheses by deploying the structural equation modeling technique. Findings The findings of this study reveal that facilitating conditions and technology readiness highly are key influencers for organizations to implement this disruptive technology. Moreover, blockchain adoption and usage can significantly enhance supply chain performance. Originality/value Blockchain technology is a novel and promising disruptive technology that industries are looking forward to adopting and using. For the policymakers and supply chain strategists working in a developing country, this study offers a comprehensive viewpoint on the swift acceptance and usage of blockchain technology to facilitate supply chain operations.
Uli Wildan Nuryanto, Basrowi Basrowi, Icin Quraysin, Ika Pratiwi
This research investigates the intricate relationships between Environmental Management Control Systems (EMCS), Blockchain Adoption (BCHA), Cleaner Production (CLPR), Product Efficiency (PROD), Environmental Reputation (ENRE), and Environmental Performance (ENPE) within organizational contexts in Indonesia. The study aims to shed light on the role of technology adoption, sustainability practices, and reputation management in shaping environmental outcomes. Methodologically, the research employs a quantitative approach, utilizing survey data from diverse organizations. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyzes the data and tests the hypothesized relationships. The findings reveal significant positive relationships between EMCS and BCHA, EMCS and CLPR, EMCS and PROD, BCHA and CLPR, BCHA and PROD, and BCHA and ENRE. Cleaner Production demonstrates a substantial positive impact on both ENRE and ENPE. Product Efficiency influences ENRE positively. However, the direct influence of PROD on ENPE is found to be inconclusive. The study contributes to understanding sustainability dynamics by highlighting the pivotal roles of EMCS, BCHA, CLPR, and PROD in driving environmental reputation and performance within organizations. Furthermore, it underscores the significance of aligning perceived reputation with tangible environmental commitment. Limitations include potential data constraints and the challenge of establishing causality due to the study's correlational nature. Future research is encouraged to explore diverse contexts, conduct in-depth case studies, and investigate moderating variables. This research offers novel insights into the complex interplay between technology adoption, sustainability practices, reputation management, and environmental outcomes, providing valuable guidance for organizations striving to navigate the sustainability landscape in an era of heightened environmental awareness.
When introducing a new product, firms must decide how to differentiate it from competitors through product positioning. In the low-carbon industry, positioning affective features of the products effectively gives firm a competitive edge. By applying blockchain to online product communities (OPCs), firms can gain insights into consumers' affective requirements during product positioning. In this study, we develop a game-theoretic framework to explore how to optimize affective design of low-carbon products with blockchain application. We find that firms' affective product design depends on two conflicting forces. On one hand, blockchain adoption in OPCs enhances estimation precision, motivating firms to provide mass products that meet mainstream marketplace requirements. On the other hand, blockchain implementation improves estimation similarity, inducing firms to target niche markets. The network effect exacerbates these two conflicting forces, and the trade-off between them determines firms' product design decisions. Additionally, we examine the impacts of blockchain adoption on firms' profits, environmental performance, consumer surplus, and social welfare. We discover that blockchain application in OPCs is always socially beneficial. However, blockchain adoption's effect on economic and environmental performance, as well as consumer surplus, is contingent on the significance of the conflicting forces. We further conduct a survey and in-depth interviews to validate these findings.
Shivangi Viral Thakker, Santosh B. Rane, Vaibhav S. Narwane
Purpose Digital supply chains require nascent technologies like blockchain and Internet of Things (IoT). There is a need to develop a roadmap for the implementation of these technologies, as they require a huge amount of resources and infrastructure. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the challenges of implementing blockchain-IoT integrated architecture in the green supply chain and develop strategies for the same. Design/methodology/approach After a thorough literature survey of Scopus-indexed journals and books, 37 barriers were identified, which were then brought down to 15 barriers after confirming with industry and academic experts using the Delphi method. Using the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) method and cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis, the barriers were modeled, and finally, strategies were formulated using a concept map to handle the barriers in the blockchain-IoT integrated architecture for a green supply chain. Findings This paper presents the research on barriers that can be considered for incorporating blockchain and IoT in the green supply chain. It was found from the TISM model that environmental concerns are Level-1 barriers and need to be addressed by developing appropriate technology and allocating funds for the same. An integrated ecosystem with blockchain and IoT is developed. Research limitations/implications The focus of this study was on the challenges of blockchain and IoT; hence, it is required to extend the research and find challenges for different industries and also analyze the criteria using other multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) methods. Further research is required for the integration of blockchain-IoT with supply chain functions. Practical implications The transformation of a traditional supply chain into a green supply chain is possible with the integration of technologies. This research work and the strategies developed are useful to managers and practitioners working on technology implementation. Planning resources and addressing key barriers is possible with the concept maps and architecture developed. Social implications Green supply chain management (SCM) is gaining importance in industry as well as the academic sector due to government Policies and norms worldwide for reducing emissions and encouraging environment-friendly production systems. Incorporating blockchain and IoT in a green supply chain will further digitize and increase transparency in supply chains. Originality/value We have done a categorization of all barriers based on the expert survey by academicians and industry experts from industries in India. The concept map helps in identifying possible solutions for the challenges and initiatives to be taken for the smooth integration of technologies in the green supply chain.
Purpose Due to the rapid increase in environmental degradation and depletion of natural resources, there has been a recent shift in global focus from economic concerns to environmental ones. The purpose of this research is to examine the relevant literature on the use of blockchain technology to promote environmental sustainability through customer integration. Design/methodology/approach The proposed framework is based on the theoretical lens of systems theory (ST) and knowledge-based view (KBV) theory, and is developed by conducting a systematic literature review of 51 articles, (16) from 2022, (17) from 2021, (10) 2020, (5) 2019, (2) 2018 and (1) from 2017 on blockchain technology (BCT), environmental supply chain performance (ESCP) and customer integration. Findings Three main propositions are formulated and demonstrated using the developed framework, which shows that BCT has the potential to revolutionize the supply chain from an environmental sustainability perspective through facilitating waste management, reduction of energy consumption and reduction of carbon emissions/pollution. The technology will not only enhance the environmental sustainability but also facilitate customer integration through resolving transparency issues, protecting data/enhancing security, database decentralization, promoting trust and immutability. Originality/value The effects of blockchain on supply chain performance has been studied in the past; however, no studies were found which shed light on how BCT can affect ESCP through the mediation of customer integration.
Background: Climate change represents a critical global challenge, hindered by skepticism towards data manipulation and politicization. Trust in climate data and its policies is essential for effective climate action. Objective: This perspective paper explores the synergistic potential of blockchain technology and artificial intelligence (AI) in addressing climate change and how their integration can enhance the transparency, reliability, and accessibility of climate science. Methods: The paper analyzes the roles of blockchain technology in enhancing transparency, traceability, and efficiency in carbon credit trading, renewable energy certificates, and sustainable supply chain management. It also examines the capabilities of AI in processing complex datasets to distill actionable intelligence. The synergistic effects of integrating both technologies for improved climate action are discussed alongside the challenges faced, such as scalability, energy consumption, and the necessity for high-quality data. Results: Blockchain technology contributes to climate change mitigation by ensuring the transparent and immutable recording of transactions and environmental impacts, fostering stakeholder trust, and democratizing participation in climate initiatives. AI complements blockchain by providing deep insights and actionable intelligence from large datasets, facilitating evidence-based policymaking. The integration of both technologies promises enhanced data management, improved climate models, and more effective climate action initiatives. Conclusion: The integration of blockchain technology and AI offers a transformative approach to climate change mitigation, enhancing the accuracy, transparency, and security of climate data and governance. This synergy addresses current limitations and futureproofs climate strategies, marking a cornerstone for the next generation of environmental stewardship.
Blockchain, essentially a distributed and immutable database, has emerged as a potential solution to governance problems of accountability, transparency, and trust in the construction industry. In terms of construction quality management (CQM) applications, previous works mainly took a technical perspective, and little is known about the potential of blockchain-based governance for quality opportunism. Moreover, we have seen very few successful blockchain implementations in construction practices. Stakeholders meet the trade-off between potential benefits and risks in blockchain adoption decisions. Previous works mainly focused on barrier analysis, neglecting the dynamic interactions of stakeholders’ strategic behaviors on adopting blockchains. Against this backdrop, this research aims to systematically analyze blockchain impacts on CQM from a governance perspective and then investigate the owner and the main contractors’ strategic behaviors (e.g., adopting blockchains in CQM or not). The agency theory was used as the theoretical lens to examine how blockchain curbs contractors’ quality opportunistic behaviors as a governance mechanism. An evolutionary game theory model was developed to simulate adoption decision interactions between the owner and the main contractor. Finally, policy suggestions were highlighted for policymakers. This research could be one of the first studies examining blockchain potential to CQM from an opportunism governance perspective. Such discussions could inspire more discussions on blockchain-based governance and broaden researchers’ and practitioners’ understandings of blockchain impacts. The proposed policy suggestions from the equilibrium analysis could facilitate blockchain diffusion in the construction industry.
Purpose Firms are increasingly pressured to comply with mandatory supply chain transparency (SCT) regulations. Drawing on information processing theory (IPT), this study aims to show how blockchain technology can address information uncertainty and equivocality in assuring regulatory compliance in an interorganizational network (ION). Design/methodology/approach IPT is applied in a single case study of an ION in the mining industry that aimed to implement blockchain to address mandatory SCT regulations. The authors build on a rich proprietary data set consisting of interviews and substantial secondary material from actors along the supply chain. Findings The case shows that blockchain creates equality between actors, enables compliance and enhances efficiency in an ION, reducing information uncertainty and equivocality arising from conflict minerals regulation. The system promotes engagement and data sharing between parties while protecting commercial sensitive information. The lack of central authority prevents larger partners from taking control. The system provides mineral provenance and a regulation-compliant record. System cost analysis shows that the system is efficient as it is inexpensive relative to volumes and values of metals transacted. Issues were identified related to collecting richer human rights data for assurance and compliance with due diligence regulations. Originality/value The authors provide some of the first evidence in the operations and supply chain management literature of the specific architecture, costs and limitations of using blockchain for SCT. Using an IPT lens in an ION setting, the authors demonstrate how blockchain-based systems can address two key IPT challenges: environmental uncertainty and equivocality.
The supply chain management sector strategic examination of the blockchain relies smart contract technology employs a comprehensive approach, drawing insights from reputable secondary sources to explore performance metrics, transactional flow optimization, consensus mechanisms, and security considerations. The study reveals nuanced performance variations in average throughput and transaction duration, emphasizing the scalability and stability of the blockchain network. The depicted transactional flow showcases enhanced communication and transparency, aligning with strategic goals for supply chain optimization. The introduction of a Proof of Authority (PoA) consensus algorithm underscores the importance of efficient consensus mechanisms for resilience against attacks. By integrating PoA, the proposed blockchain-based smart contracts contribute to a strategic and reliable supply chain management system, enhancing transparency and mitigating potential risks. A robust security analysis demonstrates moderate fault tolerance, high defense mechanisms, and effective security recovery capabilities, aligning with the overarching goals of confidentiality, integrity, and availability of critical supply chain data. Ethereum's Proof of Stake (PoS) mechanism is referenced as an exemplar for improving scalability and security. The comparative analysis highlights the proposed CMBC (Consensus Mechanism with Blockchain) as a standout solution, offering middle-ground high attack diversity, fault tolerance, recovery, and a high attack cost, robust security. CMBC outperforms alternatives, demonstrating superiority in enhancing security and resilience against potential adversarial threats. The proposed CMBC demonstrates notable strengths across key performance indices when compared to Fortified-Chain and SaYoPillow. The proposed method is implemented using python software. The effective standard deviation values, ranging from 9.58 to 25.13, further underscore the system's stability and reliability in processing transactions within various node configurations. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the performance and security considerations crucial for successful blockchain deployment.
As global concerns about environmental sustainability and ethical sourcing continue to rise, supply chain management faces increasing pressure to adopt transparent and accountable practices. This research paper provides a comprehensive review of the application of blockchain technology in the pursuit of sustainable supply chains. By leveraging the decentralized and immutable nature of blockchain, organizations can enhance transparency, traceability, and overall sustainability throughout the supply chain. The paper reviews existing literature, analyzes real-world case studies, and identifies key benefits and challenges associated with implementing blockchain in supply chain management. Furthermore, the research explores potential future developments and innovations in blockchain technology that could further advance sustainable practices within global supply chains. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the intersection of blockchain technology and sustainable development, offering insights for academics, practitioners, and policymakers.
Y. Manojkumar, Sridhar Pilli, P. Venkatsewara Rao, R. D. Tyagi
Due to urbanization, climate change, and population growth, waste and wastewater management issues are complex and dynamic. Wastewater is water that has had a negative anthropogenic (human) influence. Surface runoff or stormwater, agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential, and sewage input or infiltration are some of the possible sources. The circular economy has emerged as a viable alternative to the linear economy that eliminates waste from the system, optimizes resource utilization, uses goods at their optimum value, uses renewable energy sources, and continually replenishes natural resources. The circular economy could enhance resilience, wealth, and employment while lowering greenhouse gas emissions, waste, and pollution. Sustainability is the capacity to continue existing constantly and refers to the capability for ecology and human civilization to coexist. The three foundational pillars of sustainable development are economic, environmental, and social sustainability. Since decentralization focuses on local resource recycling and reuse as well as on-site wastewater treatment, it appears as a suitable solution to address the sustainability challenges with wastewater management systems. Decentralized approaches frequently fit well with local water reuse and consumption requirements, where locally treated water might boost agricultural output or serve as a stand-in for providing potable water for necessary uses. Organization, finance, technology, knowledge, supply chain, market, government, society, and the environment are the factors that affect the circular economy. Strategic infrastructure investments, policy coherence, coordination, and stakeholder involvement across sectors and governance levels are all necessary for the shift to a circular economy. The lack of funding and legal support for implementing the circular economy in the water sector is one of the biggest obstacles facing decentralized systems. The development and implementation of circular economy decentralized water treatment systems require the use of circular economy strategies.
The blockchain has been proposed for use in various applications in the energy field. Although the blockchain has technical strengths, several obstacles affect the application of the technology in energy services. The scope of this study is to highlight and prioritise the most important barriers to such applications. The first step in this direction is specifying the potential areas of the implementation of blockchain technology in the energy sector. Two useful tools for market analysis were used: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental, PESTLE Analysis, and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, SWOT Analysis, which examine external and internal factors, respectively. Thus, a list of the most important elements hindering the incorporation of the blockchain in the energy sector was extracted. The detected barriers were classified and ranked by energy and IT experts using the multicriteria method, “Analytical Hierarchy Process for Group Decision Making”. The results reveal that legal barriers relating to the complexities of deficiencies of regulations are the most significant, while technological barriers, especially those related to security issues, are also important. Sociopolitical barriers related mainly to lack of trust in blockchain, as well as economic concerns such as high upfront costs, are less influential but should still be considered. The conclusions of the conducted research have the potential to guide market actors in their endeavours to modernise energy systems through the use of the blockchain, assisting them in designing the most appropriate market strategies.
This chapter addresses the sustainability features of non-fungible tokens (NFT) through Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria. Consistent with Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ESGs represent best practice standards used by investors to screen and back sustainable projects. NFT applications raise sustainability concerns that need to be foreseen with social and technological forecasting to attract investors before their standards become consolidated and ubiquitous. This chapter considers the main ESG parameters of existing BigTechs that are concerned with NFT applications. The chapter also includes a SWOT analysis that is pertinent to the NFT space. The findings of the chapter suggest that, whereas the impact of the digital footprint of energy-guzzling cryptocurrencies can be softened by the technological upgrade, the strongest ESG issues in fact concern the social and governance component; For instance, ludopathies may be exacerbated by 3D dependence, detaching addicted surfers from the real world.
Abstract Although the significance of sustainable supply chain finance (SSCF) has been recognized, our knowledge of its antecedents remains limited. Drawing upon organizational information processing theory (OIPT), our research explores how blockchain technology adoption influences SSCF via supply chain visibility, and the moderating role of supply chain ethical leadership. We examine the proposed relationships employing survey data from 317 manufacturers in China. The findings indicate that blockchain technology adoption positively affects SSCF. Supply visibility and demand visibility partially mediate the influence of blockchain technology adoption on SSCF. Furthermore, supply chain ethical leadership undermines the positive influence of blockchain technology adoption on demand visibility. This research enriches our understanding of the antecedents affecting SSCF by offering insights from the perspective of OIPT.
Arshad Ahmad Dar, Faheem Ahmad Reegu, Sarfaraz Ahmed, Gousiya Hussain
The supply chain has become increasingly complex, making it challenging to verify sustainable practices. Blockchain has been viewed as a viable option to improve numerous aspects of sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) in response to increased customer demand for product traceability and proof of origin. This technology was initially developed as a secure distributed ledger for the bitcoin market, but it has since been adopted by several businesses, including the food, healthcare, and logistics sectors. This research seeks to propose a framework for more open, transparent supply chain operations using blockchain and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Two research topics will be addressed in relation to the main advantages and challenges in the market for consumer goods: This proposal will employ a qualitative methodology to investigate how blockchain and AI might result in more transparent supply chains from a social and environmental perspective. By considering the integration of blockchain and AI from many perspectives, triangulation will be achieved in order to promote transparency and traceability. We will suggest a single framework that assembles the necessary data pieces that must be maintained digitally in order to enhance sustainability in supply chains management systems utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Technology (BCT).
Abstract The adoption of environmentally and socially responsible practices, particularly in the form of low‐emission supply chain management (LESCM), has become increasingly vital for businesses globally. Renewable energy‐oriented LESCM practices are effective tools for proactive and leading manufacturing organizations, making them socially and environmentally responsible enterprises. In this context, our research focuses on understanding how LESCM implementation by companies may indirectly impact firms' financial success, through facilitating the adoption of blockchain technology (BT). Furthermore, we investigated the impact of the adoption of BT on reducing business operating costs and improving the business's environmental performance. To answer these research questions, we have used survey data from 189 Bangladeshi manufacturing firms, a developing country facing unique challenges and opportunities in the realm of sustainable business practices. Through rigorous analysis and robust statistical methods, we substantiate our hypotheses, shedding light on the positive associations between LESCM practices, BT adoption, financial performance, cost reduction, and environmental sustainability.
Blockchain technology has brought innovation to supply chain management, particularly in managing carbon emissions in the manufacturing sector. However, there is a research gap regarding the policy tools and the role of local governments in implementing blockchain technology to achieve carbon emissions traceability. Additionally, the strategic relationships and policy implications resulting from the implementation of blockchain technology are not examined systematically. An effective method for examining the strategies used in interactions between supply chain stakeholders and governments is evolutionary game theory, or EGT. This paper employs mathematical modelling and MATLAB 2016 software simulation to examine the decision-making process of manufacturing companies when considering implementing blockchain technology traceability. Specifically, the subjects in the model include product manufacturers (PM), product suppliers (PS), and local governments (LGs). The aim is to examine the decision-making behavior of carbon traceability participants in blockchain technology. This paper analyses the most effective blockchain-based traceability strategies for low-carbon supply chain members under a variety of scenarios by modifying the parameters. The findings suggest the following: (1) Manufacturers and suppliers need to manage the cost of blockchain traceability, collaborate to create an environmentally friendly product certification system, and improve brand image. (2) Local governments should set up efficient reward and punishment systems to incentivize supply chain stakeholders to engage in the blockchain traceability system. The aforementioned discoveries furnish policymakers with guidance to encourage the implementation of blockchain-based carbon footprint traceability technology, thereby establishing a transparent carbon footprint traceability framework across the entire supply chain.