Follow blockchain research across journals, conferences, and preprint repositories.
437 results · page 10 of 19
Liquan Chen, Yaqing Zhu, Suhui Liu, Hongtao Yu · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Venkata K. V. V. Bathalapalli, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos, Vasanth Iyer · 5 authors
This article presents a novel hardware-assisted distributed ledger-based solution for simultaneous device and data security in smart healthcare. This article presents a novel architecture that integrates PUF, blockchain, and Tangle for Security-by-Design (SbD) of healthcare cyber-physical systems (H-CPSs). Healthcare systems around the world have undergone massive technological transformation and have seen growing adoption with the advancement of Internet-of-Medical Things (IoMT). The technological transformation of healthcare systems to telemedicine, e-health, connected health, and remote health is being made possible with the sophisticated integration of IoMT with machine learning, big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and other technologies. As healthcare systems are becoming more accessible and advanced, security and privacy have become pivotal for the smooth integration and functioning of various systems in H-CPSs. In this work, we present a novel approach that integrates PUF with IOTA Tangle and blockchain and works by storing the PUF keys of a patient's Body Area Network (BAN) inside blockchain to access, store, and share globally. Each patient has a network of smart wearables and a gateway to obtain the physiological sensor data securely. To facilitate communication among various stakeholders in healthcare systems, IOTA Tangle's Masked Authentication Messaging (MAM) communication protocol has been used, which securely enables patients to communicate, share, and store data on Tangle. The MAM channel works in the restricted mode in the proposed architecture, which can be accessed using the patient's gateway PUF key. Furthermore, the successful verification of PUF enables patients to securely send and share physiological sensor data from various wearable and implantable medical devices embedded with PUF. Finally, healthcare system entities like physicians, hospital admin networks, and remote monitoring systems can securely establish communication with patients using MAM and retrieve the patient's BAN PUF keys from the blockchain securely. Our experimental analysis shows that the proposed approach successfully integrates three security primitives, PUF, blockchain, and Tangle, providing decentralized access control and security in H-CPS with minimal energy requirements, data storage, and response time.
Asimina Koutra, Vasileios Tenentes
The Double Secure Hash Algorithm (DSHA) is utilized in the cryptographic Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus mechanism of blockchain networks, including many cryptocurrencies and the Bitcoin (BTC) network. The widespread usage of BTC has raised concerns about its environmental impact, as its annual energy consumption and emissions are estimated to be 125.21 TWh and 63.38 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, respectively. As PoW-based blockchain networks expand, fast and energy efficient Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) that integrate security hash primitives become vital to their sustainability. Low power ASIC design flows targeting the minimization of a circuit’s power consumption may negatively affect its speed, and its overall energy efficiency. In this brief, we propose a novel Multi-threshold Voltage (Multi-Vt) based energy efficiency optimization flow for DSHA designs that reduces their static power consumption without impacting their performed hash rate. When applied to DSHA designs synthesized with a 32 nm CMOS Technology, it reduces their static power consumption by up to 71.1%, and improves their energy efficiency by up to 49.1%. The proposed optimization flow offers prospects of sustainability, if broadly adopted by commercial mining equipment vendors, as it has the potential to almost halve the global energy consumed for BTC mining.
Mariem Turki, Bouthaina Dammak, Amnah Alshahrani
Smart Parking Systems have emerged as a transformative solution to address the growing challenges associated with urbanization and increasing vehicular traffic. Such system integrates sensors, cameras, and other IoT connected devices to monitor parking spaces in real time. However, there are many security vulnerabilities in existing solutions, especially when it comes to car authentication at parking entry points. IoT sensors my be susceptible to Cyber-attacks and fraudulent activities, such as car theft, can exploit these vulnerabilities due to limited built-in security features. The reliability of authentication systems, based on IoT sensors can also be compromised by factors such as extreme weather conditions and physical damage. The cyber-physical solution we propose relies on Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) for identification and authentication in IoT devices to mitigate these challenges. The use of PUFs enhances the reliability and security of smart parking systems against unauthorized access and fraud. Furthermore, to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the data within the smart parking ecosystem and to improve authentication process, we propose the implementation of a tailored blockchain framework. This framework incorporates lightweight local blockchains dedicated to individual parking slots, complemented by a central blockchain that manages data at the city level. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the PUF computation process, showcasing an acceptable runtime for practical implementation. In the experimental results, we evaluated the SRAM used for the PUF implementation process and demonstrated its stability (intra HD equals to 2.25.
Zhiyang Chen, Hongwei Jiang, Jiapeng You, Xin Wang · 5 authors
With the deepening exploration of Industry 4.0, smart factories are gradually replacing traditional factories with rapid momentum. In smart factories, a large number of digitally networked devices are deployed in a less-populated or even unmanned environment. Data security and fast access have become particularly important due to the automation and intelligence of production. As the environment of smart factories becomes increasingly complex, meeting the requirements for rapid authentication has become increasingly difficult for traditional authentication systems. In this study, a lightweight blockchain-based radio-frequency identification (RFID) identity authentication mechanism is proposed for smart factories represented by the medical device manufacturing industry by integrating blockchain and RFID technologies. Through bitwise operations, cyclic shift operation, and hash arithmetic, the proposed mechanism cannot only guarantee security between the RFID reader and the electronic tag but also requires less communication and storage to complete authentication. Thus, this mechanism is suitable for the environment of medical device manufacturing factories with a high-load operation of equipment. It helps further research on the data security of smart factories.
P. Infant Vinoth, D. Nagendra Kumar, M. P. S. Guhan, M Archana · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Dahong Qian, Yiyang Xu, Yuncong Hu
No abstract is available for this record.
Saloni Jain, Ashwija Reddy Korenda, Amisha Bagri, Bertrand Cambou · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Ashwija Reddy Korenda, Saloni Jain, Bertrand Cambou
No abstract is available for this record.
Aji Teguh Prihatno, Naufal Suryanto, Harashta Tatimma Larasati, Yustus Eko Oktian · 6 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Anwei Dong, Xingwei Wang, Qiang He, Bo Yi
This paper tackles the challenges associated with large-scale network service development in Network Functions Virtualization (NFV). We first propose a comprehensive blockchain-based framework covering the Virtualized Network Function (VNF) development stage. Then, we introduce a credit value-based evaluation model, encompassing direct and indirect evaluation, to assess contractors' creditworthiness dynamically. Correspondingly, we design a credit evaluation algorithm for practical implementation. Meanwhile, we formulate the VNF development schedule risk as a two-layer distributed decision model and introduce a two-layer continuous domain ant colony optimization (TCACO). Furthermore, we introduce a trusted repository to establish a secure VNF delivery platform, providing integrity checks for VNF packages through blockchain. Extensive simulation experiments using ONAP and Ethereum confirm the effectiveness of the proposed mechanism. This paper contributes a comprehensive framework for managing VNF development risks and enhancing efficiency in the management of large-scale network function services.
Aurélien Boeuf, Anne Canteaut, Léo Perrin
Motivated by progress in the field of zero-knowledge proofs, so-called Arithmetization-Oriented (AO) symmetric primitives have started to appear in the literature, such as MiMC, Poseidon or Rescue. Due to the design constraints implied by this setting, these algorithms are defined using simple operations over large (possibly prime) fields. In particular, many rely on simple low-degree monomials for their non-linear layers, essentially using x ↦ x3 as an S-box.In this paper, we show that the structure of the material injected in each round (be it subkeys in a block cipher or round constants in a public permutation) could allow a specific pattern, whereby a well-defined affine space is mapped to another by the round function, and then to another, etc. Such chains of one-dimensional subspaces always exist over 2 rounds, and they can be extended to an arbitrary number of rounds, for any linear layer, provided that the round-constants are well chosen.As a consequence, for several ciphers like Rescue, or a variant of AES with a monomial Sbox, there exist some round-key sequences for which the cipher has an abnormally high differential uniformity, exceeding the size of the Sbox alphabet.Well-known security arguments, in particular based on the wide-trail strategy, have been reused in the AO setting by many designers. Unfortunately, our results show that such a traditional study may not be sufficient to guarantee security. To illustrate this, we present two new primitives (the tweakable block cipher Snare and the permutation-based hash function Stir) that are built using state-of-the-art security arguments, but which are actually deeply flawed. Indeed, the key schedule of Snare ensures the presence of a subspace chain that significantly simplifies an algebraic attack against it, and the round constants of Stir force the presence of a subspace chain aligned with the rate and capacity of the permutation. This in turns implies the existence of many easy-to-find solutions to the so-called CICO problem.
M. Kiran, Biplob Ray, Jahan Hassan, Aman Kashyap · 5 authors
No abstract is available for this record.
Alessandro Coglio, Eric McCarthy, Eric W. Smith
Zero-knowledge circuits are sets of equality constraints over arithmetic expressions interpreted in a prime field; they are used to encode computations in cryptographic zero-knowledge proofs. We make the following contributions to the problem of ensuring that a circuit correctly encodes a computation: a formal framework for circuit correctness; an ACL2 library for prime fields; an ACL2 model of the existing R1CS (Rank-1 Constraint Systems) formalism to represent circuits, along with ACL2 and Axe tools to verify circuits of this form; a novel PFCS (Prime Field Constraint Systems) formalism to represent hierarchically structured circuits, along with an ACL2 model of it and ACL2 tools to verify circuits of this form in a compositional and scalable way; verification of circuits, ranging from simple to complex; and discovery of bugs and optimizations in existing zero-knowledge systems.
Michael Eckel, A. Basu, Satoshi Kai, Hervais Simo Fhom · 8 authors
In this paper, we present a framework and an architecture that aim to enable and manage trust in supply chains. Our architecture addresses the authenticity and integrity of devices and processes within heterogeneous system landscapes. We identify and discuss the current challenges in digital supply chains and lay out security, privacy, and interoperability requirements that must be met for successful implementation. We hypothesize that the overall perception of trust in a supply chain depends on the trustworthiness of all digital systems involved, including hardware, software, and information flow. Our proposed architecture helps enhance trustworthiness based on verifiable, indisputable, and believable digital evidence for devices and processes in supply chains, including the entire hardware and software lifecycles. We actively advocate for a mixed landscape of centralized and decentralized solutions for the storage of evidence and trust information. This can include traditional centralized databases and distributed ledger technologies. We discuss the auditability and accountability of digital evidence using trust-enabling technologies, and present a preliminary proof-of-concept (PoC) implementation in a real-world application scenario.
Portasă Bogdan - Daniel, Diaconu Larisa
In recent years, the integration of advanced technologies in industrial control processes has gained significant attention, particularly in the domain of wastewater systems. One emerging technology with promising potential is Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), which offers secure and transparent data management through blockchain-based solutions. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the performance impact that arises when incorporating DLT-based sensor authentication in industrial control processes of wastewater systems. The study aims to evaluate the benefits and challenges associated with this integration, providing insights into the effectiveness and efficiency of DLT-based sensor authentication in ensuring data integrity and enhancing the overall control process performance.
Carmelo Felicetti, Antonella Guzzo, Giuseppe Manco, Francesco Pasqua · 7 authors
Item identification is an important issue in modern supply chains where product items are traced by means of electronic tags that, despite the advantages they bring in terms of automation, are still subject to counterfeiting attacks such as tag modification, cloning, and re-application. To counter these threats (i) tags must be able to safely demonstrate their identity without giving attackers the ability to clone them or modify their content, and (ii) auxiliary identification techniques should be adopted in the case tags are removed from original items and reapplied to fake ones. Using Physically Unclonable Functions as tag “digital fingerprint” has proven to be a viable solution for tag authentication. On the other hand, artificial intelligence has proven its effectiveness in the field of object identification. In this paper we describe a tag architecture immune to cloning and modification attacks, and illustrate how this can be coupled with a product item in a supply chain scenario to confer a stable and durable identity for authentication, in order to identify the items and track them in a distributed ledger framework. We also propose a deep learning approach to perform anti-counterfeiting controls when tag reapplication attacks are in place.
Zhangyue Shi, Boris Oskolkov, Wenmeng Tian, Kan Chen · 5 authors
Abstract The advancement of sensing technology enables efficient data collection from manufacturing systems for monitoring and control. Furthermore, with the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and information technologies, more and more manufacturing systems become cyber-enabled, facilitating real-time data sharing and information exchange, which significantly improves the flexibility and efficiency of manufacturing systems. However, the cyber-enabled environment may pose the collected sensor data with high risks of cyber-physical attacks during the data and information sharing. Specifically, cyber-physical attacks could target the manufacturing process and/or the data transmission process to maliciously tamper the sensor data, resulting in false alarms or failures in anomaly detection in monitoring. In addition, cyber-physical attacks may also enable illegal data access without authorization and cause the leakage of key product/process information. Therefore, it becomes critical to develop an effective approach to protect data from these attacks so that the cyber-physical security of the manufacturing systems can be assured in the cyber-enabled environment. To achieve this goal, this paper proposes an integrative blockchain-enabled data protection method by leveraging camouflaged asymmetry encryption. A real-world case study that protects the cyber-physical security of collected sensor data in additive manufacturing is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that malicious tampering could be detected in a relatively short time (less than 0.05 ms), and the risk of unauthorized data access is significantly reduced as well.
Qin Wang, Guangsheng Yu, Shiping Chen
In this paper, we design, implement, and (partially-) evaluate a lightweight bridge (as a type of middleware) to connect the Bitcoin and Ethereum networks that were heterogeneously uncontactable before. Inspired by the recently introduced Bitcoin Request Comment (BRC-20) standard, we leverage the flexibility of Bitcoin inscriptions by embedding editable operations within each satoshi and mapping them to programmable Ethereum smart contracts. A user can initialize his/her requests from the Bitcoin network, subsequently triggering corresponding actions on the Ethereum network. We validate the lightweight nature of our solution and its ability to facilitate secure and seamless interactions between two heterogeneous ecosystems.
Kasthuri, Ashok, Pahuja, Aseem, Guo, Zhiling, Jiang, Lingxiao · 5 authors
NFT marketplaces have witnessed exponential growth. The unique attributes of NFTs, encapsulated by the acronym CRAVED (concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, disposable), make them susceptible to multifaceted thefts. In response, we introduce "SafeNFT Mart," an NFT marketplace architecture devised to thwart counterfeiting and uphold both asset and ownership integrity. We leverage Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) for ownership verification and integrate a stringent punishment protocol to deter illicit activities. Our design draws from the design science research (DSR) approach. Expert interviews were conducted to fortify our findings, focusing on relevance, adaptability, and technological viability in tandem with real-world and strategic implications. An initial analytical model is provided to gauge the efficacy of our punitive mechanism. This research culminates with future work, outlining the further development and refinement of the proposed marketplace solution.
Ruta Jawale, Dakshita Khurana
A non-interactive ZK (NIZK) proof enables verification of NP statements without revealing secrets about them. However, an adversary that obtains a NIZK proof may be able to clone this proof and distribute arbitrarily many copies of it to various entities: this is inevitable for any proof that takes the form of a classical string. In this paper, we ask whether it is possible to rely on quantum information in order to build NIZK proof systems that are impossible to clone. We define and construct unclonable non-interactive zero-knowledge arguments (of knowledge) for NP, addressing a question first posed by Aaronson (CCC 2009). Besides satisfying the zero-knowledge and argument of knowledge properties, these proofs additionally satisfy unclonability. Very roughly, this ensures that no adversary can split an honestly generated proof of membership of an instance $x$ in an NP language $\mathcal{L}$ and distribute copies to multiple entities that all obtain accepting proofs of membership of $x$ in $\mathcal{L}$. Our result has applications to unclonable signatures of knowledge, which we define and construct in this work; these non-interactively prevent replay attacks.
Norbert Oláh, B. Molnár, Andrea Huszti
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become increasingly popular in recent years and are applied in various fields, from commercial and scientific to military and humanitarian operations. However, their usage presents many challenges, including limited resources, scalability issues, insecure communication, and inefficient solutions. We developed a secure and scalable registration protocol to address these issues using LoRa technology. Our solution involves the usage of the physical unclonable function (PUF) and blockchain technology for key exchange. PUF also ensures security against physical tampering, and blockchain is applied to share the symmetric key among the base stations. After the registration, the later communication messages are encrypted with AES-GCM to provide authentication and confidentiality between the parties. We conducted a security analysis of the registration protocol using the ProVerif tool, and our solution meets the security requirements, including the mutual authentication of entities, key freshness, key secrecy and also key confirmation properties. Besides the Proverif-based analysis, an informal security analysis is also provided that shows that the registration is protected against a variety of well-known active and passive security attacks. As drone resources are limited, we also prepared a proof of concept to test our solution under real-life conditions, focusing on efficiency and lightweight operations.
Hind A. Al-Ghuraybi, Mohammed A. AlZain, Ben Soh
No abstract is available for this record.
Jascha Brötzmann, Jyotiraditya Panda, Uwe Rüppel
No abstract is available for this record.