Blockchain Papers

Ashish Kumar Tripathi, K. Akul Krishnan, Avinash Chandra Pandey

No abstract is available for this record.

Mohammed Alshehri

No abstract is available for this record.

Andry Alamsyah, Sri Widiyanesti, Puspita Wulansari, Eva Nurhazizah · 9 authors

As one of the most popular drinks in the world, coffee has limitations in its complex and opaque supply chain. Consumers have difficulty verifying coffee quality according to the price they pay. However, innovative technologies such as blockchain emerge with the potential to support the coffee supply chain to be more transparent and traceable. Blockchain technology is a distributed database that allows for secure, transparent, and tamper-proof record-keeping, which makes it an ideal tool for tracking the movement of coffee beans throughout the supply chain, from farmers to roasters to retailers. Each step in the coffee supply chain could be logged and tracked using blockchain, thus supporting greater transparency. Traceability would make it easier to identify and track any issues or irregularities in the supply chain. We propose a model to transform a coffee industry supply chain business process into a blockchainable workflow. In addition, an application was developed to allow each stakeholder in the supply chain to contribute to the data collection and monitor the status of each coffee batch. The application prototype was implemented and evaluated in one of the coffee industries in Indonesia. This research will benefit farmers in getting fair prices and end-consumers getting quality assurance.

Ulpan Tokkozhina, Bruno Mataloto, Ana Martins, João C. Ferreira

With the worldwide pandemic outbreak, the style of restaurant food consumption underwent a major shift towards online delivery services. This poses an urgent need in trust between main stakeholders of the process: requiring restaurants to correspond to the quality declared, providing high quality and safe to consume meals, and obliging delivery entities to deliver food carefully, scrupulously following the delivery conditions. In this research, we explore a novelty approach that combines IoT, Blockchain technology, and city LoRa network to create a new trusted, decentralized approach for food distribution process in the context of a Smart City. This approach allows controlling the food delivery process using sensors data to control live location, temperature, vibrations, and shakings during the transportation process. We also suggest a fresh perspective on a rating system of delivery entities, where reputation points will be provided both from the side of the restaurant and the final consumer. This will create more trust towards the delivery entity since information will be tamper-proof and immutable due to the nature of Blockchain. This novel system proposal allows rethinking the online food delivery process in the context of Smart City, using the city's LoRa LPWAN radio frequency technology and Blockchain decentralized solution.

Aayushi Badhwar, Saniyat Islam, Caroline Swee Lin Tan

Blockchain Technology has shown tremendous potential to be a foundation for the currently shifting paradigm towards more traceable and transparent supply chains. This review highlights the opportunities that exist in adapting Blockchain Technology in the fashion and textile supply chain, while also providing insight into the challenges of adopting this technology. This paper provides a systematic review of the potential of Blockchain Technology within the fashion and textile industry’s supply chain to analyse its role in traceability, transparency, and product authenticity. To achieve this, a substantive number of research papers and non-scholarly resources have been scrutinised. An emphasis was placed on topics regarding Blockchain Technology (BT), the fashion and textile industry and supply chain (manufacturing and distribution), traceability, transparency, and product authenticity. The selected research papers range from empirical analysis, argumentative, case studies, opinion articles, review articles, short reports, and book chapters.

Ikram Hasan, Md. Mamun Habib, Zulkifflee Mohamed

This article explores the potential of blockchain database and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies to improve the trustworthiness of the agri-food supply chain. It provides an overview of the challenges facing the supply chain, including food safety, traceability, and sustainability, and how blockchain and IoT can address these challenges based on secondary data. This paper presents a case study of a blockchain-based platform that utilizes IoT sensors to provide end- to-end visibility and traceability of food products. The findings demonstrate the potential for this technology to improve food safety, reduce waste, and increase transparency in the agri-food supply chain. Overall, the study demonstrates the potentiality of blockchain and IoT in revolutionizing the agri-food industry and creating a more trustworthy, responsible and sustainable food system.

Rachita Gupta, Ravi Shankar

Purpose Food insecurity is a major concern for developing economies. Operational inadequacies get introduced with unorganized interactions among stakeholders in the food supply chain, affecting social, economic, environmental and operational (SEEO) aspects of a nation. This study analyzes India's largest food safety net program, Public Distribution System (PDS) and develops a perception-based model, mapping the root causes (of food insecurity) with possible solutions. The novelty lies in leveraging blockchain in the implementation of food traceability system. Design/methodology/approach Soft system methodology (SSM) is used to identify and analyze problems in PDS, leveraging the learning and inquiry process. It relies on system thinking and action research to create a defendable and rational model, which helps in proposing recommendations for addressing the problem. Findings Blockchain-enabled food traceability system increases transparency, thus enabling the fulfillment of basic food necessities for beneficiaries. Practical implications The proposed model enables policymakers to build a profound understanding of existing operational issues and provides insightful recommendations for making informed decisions to deal with the grave issue of food insecurity. Originality/value Unlike previous studies, this research attempts to understand operational inefficiencies during interactions among stakeholders. It proposes a perception-based conceptual model for the final implementation at the ground level. It also reveals significance of three systems: a delivery system, an enabling system empowering delivery system and a criteria system to control and monitor processes. This study thus bridges an important gap in the literature by proposing a blockchain-driven traceability system, under the control of criteria system, through the integration of system-thinking and action-research approach.

SatpalSing Rajput, Anvita Jadhav, Janhavi Gadge, Diya Tilani · 5 authors

For the past few years, as the demand for food has increased due to population, Food security has emerged as a major issue, because many intermediaries alter products to gain profits which in turn degrades the quality of the product and affects the health of the population. The current agricultural food supply chains have a number of significant issues, including plenty of participants, poor communication driven by lengthy supply chains, distrust between members, and centralized systems. Developing a traceability system for the agricultural food supply chain becomes more and more important as traditional agri-food logistics patterns can no longer meet market needs. We can build a system that keeps track of the product quality and other factors throughout the supply chain by using Blockchain technology along with various other technologies like sensors which are used to gather data from the growing stages of the product, IPFS which stores this data securely at one place and the entire data can be accessed by the consumer through RFID tags. This data can be accessed by the consumer who can verify the quality of the product. This can help maintain trust in the supply chain. In this paper, we have summarized a few previous related research and proposed a system for traceability in the agricultural supply chain.

Omkar Balekundri, Raghav Tigadi, Abhilasha Jayakkanavar

The Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) that underpins various crypto currencies may have a profound impact on the global economy. The Supply Chain Management (SCM) is one of the areas where the DLT is currently being used. By using the Distributed Ledger Technology, blockchain has the potential to vastly enhance different supply chains by facilitating faster and more cost-effective delivery of products. The main benefits of using blockchain in SCM is that it provides an enhancement technique for products traceability, improves coordination among the producer, manufacturer, distributor, retailer and consumer. Also, facilities easier access for funding. In the recent years, the Food Supply Chain (FSC) has been using the blockchain to utilize the benefits of SCM and provide better results for the Food Supply Chain. In this paper, a model is proposed, FARMSUPPLY, which uses blockchain in a Food Supply Chain to provide a better view of farmers, products and retailers. In this model, a Ethereum blockchain method and smart contract for the verification and validation of various attributes at each stage of the food supply chain is presented.

Surbhi Bhatia, Abdulaziz Albarrak

The availability of food in a country and the capacity of its citizens to access, acquire, and receive enough food are both referred to as having food security. A crucial component of food security is ensuring and maintaining safe and high-quality goods, which the supply chain process should take into due deliberation. To enhance the food supply chain, organic and wholesome food items should be encouraged. Although packaged goods are evaluated and approved by legal authorities, there is no mechanism in place for testing and assessing the market’s available supply on a regular basis. As a result, food manufacturers are compelled to provide nutritious and healthy products. In this research, we propose an explainable artificial intelligence-based faster regions with convolutional neural networks (XAI-based Faster RCNN) model to evaluate the contents of the food items through user-friendly web-based front-end design and QR code. To validate each communication token in the network, an elliptic curve integrated encrypted scheme (ECIES) based on blockchain technology is utilized. Additionally, artificial rabbit optimization (ARO) is used to register each user and assign him a key. The user will gain a deeper understanding of machine learning (ML) and AI applications using the XAI technique. An EAI-based Faster RCNN model is proposed to help digitize information about food products, rapidly retrieve the information, and discover any hidden information in the quick response (QR) code that could have impacted the safety and quality of the food. The results of the experiments indicated that the proposed method requires less response time than other existing methods with the increase of payload and users. The Shapley additive explanation is used to obtain a legal plea for the laboratory test based on the nutritional information present in the QR code. The benefits provided by ECIES-based blockchain technology assist policymakers, manufacturers, and merchants in efficient decision-making, minimizing public health hazards, and improving welfare. This paper also shows that the accuracy achieved by the proposed method reached 99.53%, with the lowest processing time.

S. Thangamayan, Kalyani Pradhan, Ganesh Babu Loganathan, S. Sitender · 6 authors

The typical food traceability system’s data layer is made up of relational databases managed by core businesses, which cannot ensure data security. It is inefficient and requires a lot of upkeep. The food supply chain has numerous actors, making it difficult for consumers to safeguard their rights when purchasing food with quality issues. Due to the numerous organizations involved in the food supply chain, food safety monitoring and traceability have become challenging. The supply chain’s major organizations have control and administrative authority over the data under the current food traceability system, which is overly centralized for traceability information. The safety and dependability of food may be ensured by using the food traceability system to track food information. We can witness a series of detailed insights into food from the manufacturing source to the consumption terminal. A blockchain-based food tracking system is created as a solution to these issues. On the Ethereum platform, the system was created. It was also employed in the blockchain system, in addition to its features of decentralization, tamper-proof, and traceability. To implement the data update service and the food recall function, introduce the Food and Drug Administration node. Consumers have the option to not only enquire about food traceability throughout the manufacturing process but also to file complaints regarding the traceability system’s rights protection.

Durgesh Kumar, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

One of the important areas of study that needs focus on development in all emerging countries is agriculture and its supply chain. Due to the potential health risks, food supply and safety are also attracting global attention due to their significance. Using blockchain and IoT technologies, we have provided a methodology in this study for transforming traditional agriculture into smart farming. All parties participating in the agricultural food supply chain will be given an equal chance under this approach, even if they are not related. To minimize human involvement in data collection, recording, and verification, The smart model incorporates IoT devices. The validation of our unique model is compared to our own technique, which exclusively makes use of blockchain in the monitoring field without the use of IoT devices.

Kakali Chatterjee, Ashish Singh, Neha Neha

No abstract is available for this record.

Shital Dinde, Suresh Shirgave

Traceability has become prominent in multi-tiered production systems. It provides assurance to consumers about the transparency and quality of the product. Blockchain food traceability has reasonable attention from the agri-food area. To boost the credibility, efficiency, and safety of the food products, the supply chain should quickly trace the entire lifecycle of food items from their starting point to each phase of the networks. Restaurant customers can trace their food from “farm to fork” with the help of QR codes and smart contracts. This study focuses on restaurant traceability as an example, in which the relationship between supply-chain partners and their networks is shown using a smart contract. The proposed system can build trust among entities that participate in the supply chain network, where distributed ledgers are often used to record and authenticate transactions.

Anulipt Chandan, Michele John, Vidyasagar Potdar

Food supply chains are highly distributed, collaborative, heterogeneous, diverse, and varied by product, process, and destination. The global food supply chain (FSC) objective is to maintain a good balance between supply and demand and move products from producer to market. However, sustainability of the FSC has become a major concern as limited resources and increasing population pressure threaten its existence. Supply chain management is an important issue for FSC due to information flow throughout the supply chain. Industry-specific characteristics and extensive integration among multiple actors in an entire supply chain exacerbate this situation. The agri-food sector has one of the lowest rates of information technology penetration for innovation. Over the past thirty years, information and communication technology (ICT) has been introduced into the agricultural and food sectors, helping to improve food production and transportation. However, there are various challenges, such as transparency, accountability, food scandal, trust, and inefficient information flow, that the food supply chain is still facing in reaching sustainable goals. The complexity of food supply systems and the opportunities and challenges faced regarding desired sustainability performance need to be examined to achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Blockchain is an emerging and disruptive digital technology that can transform governance and sustainability in integrated food supply chains. It provides a transparent, immutable, and traceable ledger that minimizes anomalies and information fraud, making it a potential solution for designing a transparent, traceable food system. Blockchain can potentially improve the sustainability of the food supply chain by providing a transparent traceability system. Food traceability is important for managing the food supply chain and protecting public health. It allows quick and accurate traceability of contaminated food that causes foodborne illness outbreaks, leading to the withdrawal of contaminated food from markets. Blockchain can achieve traceability, provenance tracking, transparency, and reduce environmental impact in the food supply chain. It also helps in achieving sustainable development goals set by the UN. However, there is no scientific research on blockchain’s contribution to achieving these goals in the food supply chain. Therefore, this article presents a systematic literature review and thematic analysis to study the relationship between FSC sustainability, blockchain, and sustainable development goals.

Geneci da Silva Ribeiro Rocha, Diego Durante Mühl, Hermenegildo Almeida Chingamba, Letí­cia de Oliveira · 5 authors

Information technologies such as blockchain are developing fast, overcoming bottlenecks, and quickly taking advantage of their application. The present study analyzes recent changes concerning the benefits, disadvantages, challenges, and opportunities of blockchain applications in agribusiness. Interviews were conducted with and a questionnaire was applied to professionals working in the development and application of blockchain technology in agribusiness, to compare their perception of the recent advances. The results showed that the importance of blockchain technology to improve governance and information flow along supply chains has increased, and this is the main perceived benefit. The main disadvantages were removing intermediaries and the high cost of implementing the technology. The absence of a widely accepted platform in blockchain operations is the leading and growing challenge, while patterns for blockchain technology seem to be being overcome. The integration of blockchain with new technologies, and the competitiveness provided by the technology, are seen as the main and growing opportunities. Despite the study limitations, we conclude that the benefits and opportunities associated with blockchain application in agribusiness outweigh the challenges and disadvantages in number and importance, and are becoming more relevant.

Gyan Singh, Virat Singh Tomer, Alok Kumar Pandey, Rajendra Kumar Dwivedi

The Supply chain was always a complex task to manage the integrity, accountability, traceability, and quality of the products. The food supply chain is more important than any other supply chain. India is the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the world succeeding China. Although having a low level of processing, the quality of the final produced goods is not properly matched. Due to the lack of proper management in the food supply chain, many unauthorized small food organizations produce false products that are harmful to health. The modern supply chain is useful to prevent potential fraud a guarantees trade compliance. Blockchain technology solves the problem of complexity in the food supply chain. Blockchain uses a decentralized ledger to store the information, and this information cannot be changed or modified. Blockchain technology provides traceability, transparency, trust, and an immutable decentralized ledger to store data. In the existing blockchain based models, database consumption is very high. So, the proposed model introduces the concept of two parallel blockchain servers to optimize database usage.

Gowher Majeed Parry, Ioannis Revolidis, Joshua Ellul

No abstract is available for this record.

Jenita Thinakaran, Sujni Paul, C. Beulah Christalin Latha, Grasha Jacob

No abstract is available for this record.

Francesco Longo, Giovanni Mirabelli, Vittorio Solina, Laura Belli · 14 authors

The recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted all the weaknesses of manufacturing systems and supply chains. In this challenging context, smallholders have faced several crises mainly related to the difficulty of finding manpower for harvesting activities and the impossibility of distributing food, due to the forced closure of many distribution channels. The main consequences were lost sales and wasted food. With the aim of increasing the responsiveness of smallholders in the face of COVID-like crises, this paper provides an overview of methodologies and approaches currently available in the literature in terms of: ICT tools, blockchain-based solutions, business models, sustainability-oriented frameworks, simulation models. The analysis of the literature provides two main outputs: (1) a list of challenges to be faced in the coming years to improve the working conditions of smallholders, (2) the definition of future research developments, which mainly concern the design of an ICT platform, which integrates multiple technological aspects.

Rabia Riaz, Shuja Abrar, M. Junaid Gul

No abstract is available for this record.

Yang Zhang, Chaoyang Li, Xiangjun Xin

Cold-chain logistics system (CCLS) plays the role of collecting and managing the logistics data of frozen food. However, there always exist problems of information loss, data tampering, and privacy leakage in traditional centralized systems, which influence frozen food security and people’s health. The centralized management form impedes the development of the cold-chain logistics industry and weakens logistics data availability. This paper first introduces a distributed CCLS based on blockchain technology to solve the centralized management problem. This system aggregates the production base, storage, transport, detection, processing, and consumer to form a cold-chain logistics union. The blockchain ledger guarantees that the logistics data cannot be tampered with and establishes a traceability mechanism for food safety incidents. Meanwhile, to improve the value of logistics data, a Stackelberg game-based resource allocation model has been proposed between the logistics data resource provider and the consumer. The competition between resource price and volume balances the resource supplement and consumption. This model can help to achieve an optimal resource price when the Stackelberg game obtains Nash equilibrium. The two participants also can maximize their revenues with the optimal resource price and volume by utilizing the backward induction method. Then, the performance evaluations of transaction throughput and latency show that the proposed distributed CCLS is more secure and stable. The simulations about the variation trend of data price and amount, optimal benefits, and total benefits comparison of different forms show that the resource allocation model is more efficient and practical. Moreover, the blockchain-based CCLS and Stackelberg game-based resource allocation model also can promote the value of logistic data and improve social benefits.

Ilhaam A. Omar, Raja Jayaraman, Khaled Salah, Haya R. Hasan · 6 authors

Crop insurance serves as a crucial risk mitigation strategy for farmers facing uncertainties stemming from unpredictable weather conditions and vulnerabilities within the agricultural production process. Unfortunately, the prevailing traditional methods of crop insurance are laden with complexities, high costs, and, more critically, a lack of trust, which has deterred farmers from safeguarding their crops. Addressing these challenges, we present an innovative blockchain-based crop index insurance solution aimed at delivering multiple benefits. Our solution leverages blockchain technology to ensure unprecedented transparency throughout the insurance ecosystem. Every transaction and data exchange among farmers, insurers, and weather data providers is recorded on an immutable ledger, fostering trust, accountability, and confidence among all stakeholders. Moreover, blockchain’s inherent immutability and the use of smart contracts mitigate the risk of fraudulent activities in the crop insurance domain. Claims are processed autonomously, significantly reducing the possibility of fraudulent claims and enhancing the integrity of the system. One of the primary concerns of farmers, delayed claim settlements, is addressed by our solution. Smart contracts enable automated and prompt claim processing, ensuring that farmers receive timely payouts. Furthermore, our solution substantially reduces costs by eliminating intermediaries and streamlining administrative processes. This affordability democratizes crop insurance, making it accessible to a broader spectrum of farmers, including those in low-income countries. Our comprehensive approach integrates advanced algorithms for secure information sharing and interaction among stakeholders. We have rigorously tested the smart contract code under diverse scenarios using the Remix IDE, with the code’s availability on GitHub as a reference. Security vulnerabilities have been meticulously assessed and addressed. Thus, our paper presents an effective, low-cost, and trustworthy solution utilizing blockchain-based smart contracts to facilitate timely crop insurance for farmers. By enhancing transparency, reducing fraud, expediting claim processing, and increasing affordability, our solution aims to revolutionize crop insurance, making it more accessible and reliable for farmers worldwide.

Shoufeng Cao, Hope Johnson, Ayesha Tulloch

While there is consensus that blockchain technology can improve supply chain transparency and operational efficiency, scholars and practitioners have only recently considered how blockchain could improve the sustainability of supply chains. This article contributes to this emerging body of work by considering how to use blockchain to enable sustainable food supply chains. To advance the use of blockchain for sustainability in the food supply chain context, this study proposes a blockchain-enabled architectural framework for trustworthy communication about the sustainability attributes of food products. The blockchain-enabled architectural framework outlines a multi-layered architecture for utilising blockchain-based traceability as a way to signal to consumers the trustworthy sustainability attributes of a particular food product. This kind of sustainability communication enables the accessibility of traceable and verifiable evidence and therefore can significantly enhance the reliability and trustworthiness of sustainable claims/credentials compared to printed food labels or other digital means of communication. The study contributes to sustainability communication empowered by blockchain-based traceability and offers invaluable insights to both researchers and practitioners in the industry 4.0 landscape.