In Japan, the number of companies allowing side jobs is increasing because model employment regulations are revised. However, there are various problems in the situation where the people can engage in both main and side jobs. For example, some small companies may not present details regarding the contract about the side job and may delay or refuse payment for work. In addition, it is difficult to check the progress of workers’ tasks correctly and to prevent long working times. To solve these problems, a management system is necessary for recording the status and the progress of the jobs. On the other hand, blockchain-based data management infrastructure that can share data among various participants while guaranteeing data integrity is getting attention. On the blockchain-based infrastructure, it is possible to issue and distribute various types of tokens (i.e., fungible tokens, non-fungible tokens (NFTs)) for currency and assets. In this study, we propose to utilize the blockchain technology to develop a new system that manage the status of job duties for workers and their respective working times. In this system, an NFT is issued to each worker for identifying which the main or the side job the worker is engaging, and the information on the token is updated based on the attendance status of the token holder. In addition, the system has a function of managing the time spent by the worker for each job by issuing a fungible token. The amount of the issued fungible token corresponds with the upper limit of working times allowed for the worker, and the token is consumed according to working times of the worker.
This study addresses the challenge of counterfeit goods in sustainable supply chains and its impact on achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goal of "ensuring sustainable consumption and production." By utilizing a combined methodology of qualitative data from in-depth interviews with industry experts, supply chain professionals, and technology specialists, along with quantitative data from literature and case studies, the research explores the applicability of blockchain technology in countering counterfeiting within supply chains. An implementation framework is developed, considering industry-specific barriers and mitigation measures. It investigates enablers, barriers, implementation strategies, and monitoring plans, focusing on stakeholder incentives. Additionally, a framework for blockchain-based traceability is presented, promoting visibility, authentication, and accountability to combat counterfeit goods in sustainable supply chains. The study provides valuable insights for securing supply chains, protecting consumers, and advancing industry sustainability within the manufacturing context. The recommended framework leverages blockchain's potential to revolutionize supply chain integrity and address the issue of counterfeit products effectively.
Blockchain is a distributed digital ledger technology that allows for the immutable and auditable logging of transactions without needing a central authority or centralized database. First introduced in 2008 as the technology behind the digital currency Bitcoin, blockchain has now found use in a wide range of sectors. Modern agriculture supply networks have emerged to accommodate intricate interactions between regional actors and the agricultural environment. Interactions between various participants in the supply chain, including those involved in manufacturing, processing, and delivery. One of the main reasons fraud happens so often in agriculture is the lack of transparency in the supply chain. Businesses that aren’t transparent run the risk of losing money, alienating their customers, and seeing their brands decline in value. To encourage the growth of an efficient and trustworthy trading environment, several fundamental adjustments to the current supply chain architecture are necessary. The potential for blockchain technology to enhance food and agricultural supply chain transparency is well acknowledged. Companies utilize IoT and blockchain to create more equitable, sustainable, and customer-friendly food manufacturing systems. In this current work, a blockchain-based decentralized application (dApp), ‘ASBlock’, is developed for agricultural-based supply chain management. The primary focus of this developed application is to bring transparency and security to all participating users of the application; the users of this application include farmers or producers, suppliers or retailers, hotels, and end users. The performance analysis shows that the average gas utilization of the proposed ASBlock dApp is ∼ 2.8 ⋆ 104. The average smart contract execution time for all use cases is ∼ 112sec.
This Research Paper seeks to examine the possibilities of blockchain technology. For use in the field of restaurant food tracking and safety. Public health risks and economic costs are at stake when foodborne illness outbreaks occur, making food safety a top priority in the food industry. It can be difficult to quickly identify and address possible concerns about using traditional food traceability systems due to inefficiencies, data discrepancies, and a lack of transparency. In this study, we introduce a novel blockchain-based system developed especially for the purpose of tracking restaurant food. The blockchain decentralised consensus, immutability, and smart contracts are put to use in this system to provide trustworthy and transparent traceable infrastructure. Real-time monitoring and data collection along the food supply chain become possible when the blockchain architecture is combined with the Internet of Things (IoT) devices and RFID technology. We show that our proposed blockchain-based traceability solution is practical and efficient through a thorough assessment and validation procedure. The outcomes show that the system not only improves data quality and reliability but also drastically decreases the time and resources needed for food traceability. In addition, patrons are more likely to return to eateries that place a premium on food safety when they are given more information about the establishment's practises. Additionally, we discuss scalability, data privacy, and interoperability concerns that may arise in future implementations and provide some first ideas for overcoming these issues.
Supply chain management (SCM), product traceability, and product quality certification are some of the initial prominent uses of blockchain technology. This is because blockchain technology is built on trust and cannot be changed. The popularity of blockchain technology is increasing as it is trustworthy and cannot be changed; hence making traceability easier for information such as where food came from, thus essential for managing the agricultural food supply chain (SC). On the contrary, suggested SCM systems premised on smart contract technology and blockchain tend to be specifically apply to production and production processes. Through qualitative research, this paper suggests framework for adoption of smart contracts based on Ethereum in the agri-food SC, with the aim to establish means to adopt blockchain for checking food quality and origins in the agri-food supply chain. Remix IDE is utilised to build and test the smart contract. The significance of the framework is realised through ensuring the traceability of product safety and quality.
Crop tracking and traceability are crucial aspects of the modern agriculture supply chain, ensuring the safety and authenticity of products for consumers while improving efficiency and reducing waste. This paper presents a secure and efficient solution for crop tracking in agriculture by leveraging blockchain technology. The proposed system employs distributed ledger technology to record and verify the journey of crops from the field to the consumer, enhancing transparency and accountability. We explore the integration of smart contracts to automate key supply chain processes, such as quality assessment and payment settlement. Our solution not only strengthens the security of crop data but also streamlines the supply chain, reducing administrative overhead. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach through a practical implementation, highlighting the benefits of blockchain in agriculture supply chain management.
Safety, quality, and validation of crucial criteria in agriculture and food supply chains are becoming more important as agricultural production and distribution become more globalized. There is a significant need for effective traceability solutions that can be used as quality management instruments to guarantee the safety of agricultural products in light of the growing number of food safety and contamination problems. Traceability of agricultural and food products in the supply chain may be transformed by blockchain technology. Because of the complexity of the ecosystems that make up our agricultural supply chains, it may be difficult to assess fundamental criteria such as country of origin, crop development phase, quality needs, and yield monitoring. This article proposes using Ethereum and smart contracts to simplify business transactions for tracking and monitoring agricultural supply chain products. Our built decentralized application (dApp) provides transaction records without the need for an overarching authority to mediate. This has the added benefits of being very reliable and secure. The proposed approach uses smart contracts to monitor and control all participant interactions and transactions throughout the supply chain. Transparency and traceability in the supply chain ecosystem are ensured by the blockchain's immutable ledger and the Inter- Planetary File System (IPFS).
Blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize forestry by providing a secure and transparent method of tracking and verifying the origin and movement of forest products. This could help combat forestry issues such as illegal logging, deforestation, and label fraud. In this study, transparency, and the associated certification of sustainable forest management, as well as proof of legality of raw material is investigated. The adoption of blockchain technology in forestry is still in its infancy, and challenges include ensuring the accuracy of the data stored in the blockchain and the participation of all relevant stakeholders in the supply chain. Overall, blockchain technology offers great potential for successful deployment in the timber supply chain and could help promote sustainability and preserve biodiversity. This paper provides an overview of blockchain technology, considers requirements for forestry and timber industries, discusses necessary digitization aspects and refers to existing applications.
Sukrutha L. T. Vangipuram, Saraju P. Mohanty, Elias Kougianos
Consuming healthy food is one of the major concerns in the current and coming decades, as the agricultural food supply chain is confined to a lot of wastage during retail and unprepared storage acts. The conventional and zero tracking and communication systems towards their supply chain participants are some of the many reasons for damaged food delivery to consumers. With the aid of the Internet-of-Agro-Things (IoAT), the state of the food is being gathered at different supply chain stages to monitor and keep visibility of the agricultural product stored and transmitted. However, data tampering can be an issue with these IoAT devices as they are more prone to hacking and vulnerabilities, leading to data security and reliability problems. The current paper overcomes the traditional storage platform limitations in the supply chain. In this paper, we have collected the temperature and humidity data from the IoT-Edge device and sent the statistics directly to Distributed Ledger with Masked Authenticated Message (MaM) and called it agroString 2.0. Our previous work delivered the supply chain statistics temperature and humidity data through the private Blockchain Corda. Here in agroString 2.0, with the help of the distributed ledger, we bring aspects of data security into the supply chain domain with zero cost and faster transaction times for data.
Kenneth L. Armas, Bren C. Bondoc, Rhea Lyn La Penia
In the ever-evolving landscape of global agricultural supply chains, ensuring traceability, transparency, and sustainability is paramount to guaranteeing food safety, combating fraud, and meeting consumer demands. The Philippine onion industry, a vital component of the nation's horticultural sector, grapples with challenges related to traceability and transparency that impact customer trust and economic sustainability. While the adoption of smart contract platforms has revolutionized traceability and transparency in various agricultural sectors worldwide, their potential in the Philippine onion market remains underutilized. This study employs a comprehensive meta-analysis approach to evaluate the existing traceability and transparency mechanisms within the Philippine onion industry, drawing insights from a diverse set of studies. The meta-analysis reveals a consistently positive impact of these mechanisms on traceability and transparency. The findings, supported by a range of studies, underscore the value of these mechanisms in improving product quality, supply chain efficiency, and transparency. The study further investigates the potential impact of smart contract platforms in enhancing traceability and transparency throughout the onion industry's supply chain. Meta-analysis results suggest that the adoption of smart contract platforms holds promise in furthering these objectives. Through automated record-keeping and real-time data sharing, smart contracts have the potential to address existing challenges related to data fragmentation and limited technological integration. Identifying barriers to smart contract platform adoption in the context of traceability and transparency, the study proposes a set of strategic initiatives and recommendations. These recommendations cater to various stakeholders, including government bodies, academic institutions, local authorities, onion farmers, and industry players, aiming to promote the widespread adoption of smart contract platforms. This study extends beyond the confines of the Philippine onion industry, offering valuable insights into the role of smart contract platforms in enhancing traceability, transparency, and sustainability within agricultural supply chains. As the world works towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations, this research contributes to the realization of "Zero Hunger" and "Responsible Consumption and Production" by promoting transparent and sustainable supply chains. By bridging the gap in understanding the potential of smart contract platforms in enhancing traceability and transparency, this study paves the way for innovative solutions, inspiring trust, and fostering sustainable farming practices within the onion industry and, potentially, in similar sectors worldwide.
Ranran Dang, Hui Li, Ao Yang, Zhao-Chen Ma · 6 authors
High-value commodities, such as luxury goods, artworks, and jewelry, face unique challenges in terms of traceability, transparency, and authenticity due to their distinctiveness and high value. This study aims to propose an innovative solution for the high-value commodity supply chain by integrating elements of consortium blockchain technology, non-fungible tokens (NFTs), and decentralized identities (DIDs). We utilize consortium blockchain technology to build a supply chain management system with digital twinning features, where each user possesses an immutable DID. The system leverages NFTs as digital twins for commodities, utilizing smart contracts to record production and logistics information, ensuring transaction transparency and credibility. Simultaneously, the introduction of DID) enhances the security of user identity information on the supply chain. This comprehensive solution integrates consortium blockchain, NFTs, and decentralized identities, providing a higher level of security, traceability, and user control for the high-value commodity supply chain.
Yan Li, Yun Lin, Ming K. Lim, Weiqing Xiong · 7 authors
To ensure the safety of fresh food, the cold chain logistics is widely utilised, which can provide a low temperature environment. However, due to the high energy consumption, how to reduce carbon emission of cold chain logistics to develop sustainable distribution has become the research focus. In response, this study proposes an intelligent distribution system for cold chain logistics to achieve green operations. Specifically, the framework of the intelligent system based on blockchain technology is proposed to improve operational efficiency and enhance food traceability. Meanwhile, an electric vehicle routing optimisation model taking into account carbon emission is deployed in the intelligent system to plan the distribution routes. The suggested optimisation model seeks to reduce the total cost, including fixed, spoilage, refrigeration, punishment, queuing, charging and carbon emission costs. Furthermore, an ant colony algorithm is embedded in the intelligent system to help with distribution routes design. Finally, this study combines a real case to discuss the performance of the intelligent system, and the results show that the proposed system can significantly reduce distribution cost and carbon emission. Managers can use the suggested intelligent system to design distribution routes and monitor the distribution process.
The globalization of food markets has led companies to buy products not only locally, but also from other corners of the world. This has introduced complexity into supply chains, as products have to move longer distances and pass through more companies before reaching the end consumer. The meat industry has been no different. Events such as animal disease outbreaks have diminished consumer confidence in the industry and the supply chain. Coupled with this, consumers started demanding "more transparent" meat products. This has led companies to think about new traceability systems, which continue to enforce food safety and health rules, but at the same time enhance and make transparent to the consumer the origin and constitution of their products. This article proposes a traceability system in the agri-food (meat industry) with a multi-chain architecture, among them, blockchain. The use of blockchain in the traceability system helped to mitigate the omission of relevant data for the traceability process, allowing us to guarantee the immutability, reliability, and transparency of the data along the value chain. At the same time, the system was able to reduce the time of the traceability process by giving the user the possibility to access the traced information via a unique product identifier.
Guixia Xiao, Normalia Samian, Muhammad Faiz Mohd Faizal, Muhammad Alif Zakwan Mohd As’ad · 9 authors
Food security, as defined by the United Nations' Committee on World Food Security, means that “all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life”. Food security is not just ensuring food sufficiency, but also ensuring the quality and the reliability of supply chains which have become more complex with diversified sources of farm productions. Some common issues in food supply chains are lacking efficient traceability of product origins and distributions. Blockchain is an emerging technology for the agricultural supply chain which could monitor food quality and safety by digitally tracking data and processes of material resources. Meanwhile, the Internet of Things (IoT) system is used for diagnosis and control in smart agriculture such as crop growth observation that can produce good quality and sustainable farm production. This work proposes a framework of the integration of blockchain with IoT to improve the reliability of food supply chain (FSC) by focusing on optimizing the consensus algorithm of blockchain. The expected outcome is to produce an efficient traceability and higher quality transactions which can integrate all procedures and dealings in real-time processes across the FSC.
Blockchain technology has been adopted to improve traceability and authenticity in wine supply chains (WSCs). However, whether through outsourcing or self-implementation of a blockchain-based wine traceability system (BTS), there are significant costs involved, as well as concerns regarding consumer privacy. Motivated by observations of real-world practice, we explore the value of blockchain in enhancing traceability and authenticity in WSCs through a Stackelberg game-theoretical analysis. By comparing the equilibrium solutions of the scenarios with and without blockchain, we uncover the value of blockchain in tracing wine products. Our findings show that blockchain adoption can increase WSC prices under certain conditions. We derive the threshold for a third-party BTS service fee that determines blockchain adoption for tracing wine products and reveal the moderating effect of consumer traceability preferences and privacy concerns. Furthermore, the investigation of who should lead the implementation of BTS finds that the equal cost sharing between the manufacturer and the retailer results in no difference in BTS implementation leadership. Otherwise, the manufacturer always benefits from taking the lead in the implementation of BTS, and the retailer should undertake a leadership role in BTS implementation if they need to bear higher costs.