Blockchain Papers

Harley Pacheco de Sousa

No abstract is available for this record.

Luciana Bandeira Barcelos

The article, which is part of a doctoral thesis that investigated participation and social control in the financial management of Youth and Adult Education Centers (CEJA, in Portuguese), as it is an integral part of the public policy of financing education in the country, presents reflections on the state policy of financial decentralization to CEJA. The original research, a case study carried out in five CEJA in the state of Rio de Janeiro, aimed to understand how social control is exercised, and whether this exercise and the participation it requires contribute to the quality of public school management. A documentary survey and systematic observation of these spaces were carried out and, through questionnaires, the conceptions of students, teachers and employees were captured; in addition, managers were also interviewed, seeking to know how, why and for what purpose social control over decentralized financial resources to CEJA is exercised and participated in. Evidence found in the content and in some of the practices observed in the empirical field supports the validity of the hypothesis formulated, broadening the understanding of the theoretical framework adopted, not without realizing the limits that reality imposes on this exercise, which compromises the effectiveness of the practices, specifically with regard to financial management, which remains the challenge to be faced.

Tâmara Feitosa Oliveira, Joelma Cristina Lima Cortez Amorim, Jairo de Carvalho Guimarães

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar o processo de descentralização da Assistência Social no Brasil desde a aprovação da Lei Orgânica que a instituiu como política pública na década 1990 até os tempos atuais. Para tanto, a análise se baseou, prioritariamente, nos estudos de Marta Arretche. A abordagem da pesquisa é qualitativa e utilizou-se de pesquisa documental e de estudos bibliográficos para verificar se a descentralização, como uma diretriz estruturante do Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), está sendo atendida ou se apenas desconcentra responsabilidades. Os resultados da pesquisa indicaram que apesar de identificados muitos avanços, constatou-se que o processo está marcado, de um lado, por evolução de natureza institucional, observados no exame da extensa legislação que norteia a política; por outro lado, percebem-se entraves de natureza estrutural, os quais foram evidenciados quando se analisou a direção dos gastos realizados pelo Governo Federal no Fundo Nacional de Assistência Social na série de 2017 a 2021. Palavras-Chave : Assistência Social. Descentralização. Financiamento. Subfinanciamento. ABSTRACT The objective of this article is to analyze the process of decentralization of Social Assistance in Brazil since the approval of the Organic Law that instituted it as a public policy in the 1990s until the present time. For this purpose, the analysis was primarily based on Marta Arretche's studies. The research approach is qualitative and used documentary research and bibliographical studies to verify if decentralization as a structuring guideline of the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS) is being met or if it just deconcentrates responsibilities. The results of the research indicated that despite the identification of many advances, it was verified that the process is marked, on the one hand, by evolution of an institutional nature, observed in the examination of the extensive legislation that guides the policy and, on the other hand, it is perceived barriers of a structural nature, which were evidenced when analyzing the direction of expenditures made by the Federal Government in the National Social Assistance Fund in the series from 2017 to 2021. Keywords : Social Assistance. Decentralization. Financing. Underfunding.

RAONI DO NASCIMENTO GONZAGA

O conceito de moedas descentralizadas vem sendo amplamente dissemi-

Juliano Paniago de Alcantara

Resumo A globalizacao financeira desenvolvida nas ultimas decadas e um fenomeno que, associado as relacoes politicas, construiu relacionamentos interdependentes entres paises no cenario internacional — a partir da metade do seculo XX. Formou-se, assim, um complexo sistema originado da interconexao financeira nacional dos Estados que possibilitou, entre outros aspectos, a construcao de um intenso fluxo de capitais. Esse sistema ultrapassou barreiras territoriais e, atualmente, realiza investimentos diretos em entes subnacionais. Dessa forma, surgiram intensas atividades internacionais destes governos, que transformaram a rotina diplomatica ao apresentar novas formas de fazer politica externa — que deu origem a atuacao paradiplomatica destes atores. No Brasil, o crescimento consideravel do ativismo internacional dos entes federados autonomos, ocorrido principalmente a partir da decada de 1980, exigiu um avanco do Estado. A Uniao precisou se adequar ao desafio de criar e desenvolver politicas publicas que coordenassem diretrizes aptas a concretizar a atuacao descentralizada de poder, na formacao de parcerias e captacao de recursos externos. Por isso, o presente estudo visa esclarecer, de forma geral, como este sistema tem funcionado. A analise foi amparada sob o olhar teorico das relacoes internacionais que explicam estes acontecimentos, as instituicoes financeiras integrantes e como o Estado brasileiro operacionaliza este processo — em especial, os entes subnacionais; ha, por exemplo, as experiencias exitosas dos municipios de Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre e Estado-membro do Rio de Janeiro, que se estruturaram para realizar a captacao de recursos junto aos organismos e instituicoes financeiras internacionais. Tais solucoes se mostraram alternativa importante para efetivacao de politicas publicas, com vistas a atender demandas sociais regionais e locais. Realizou-se uma revisao bibliografica de carater qualitativo e descritivo, atraves de livros, artigos e materiais congeneres publicados entre 1984 e 2019. Objetivou-se esclarecer a dinâmica de cooperacao e obtencao internacional de investimentos, alem de compreender como o corpo federativo subnacional incorpora, em suas estruturas, uma atuacao tecnica-qualificada, para realizar a obtencao de parcerias e recursos junto aos organismos internacionais de financiamento. Palavras-chave: Globalizacao financeira. Construtivismo. Interdependencia complexa. Cooperacao internacional. Organizacoes financeiras internacionais. Entes subnacionais brasileiros. Instrumentalizacao paradiplomatica. Abstract The financial globalization developed in recent decades is a phenomenon that, associated with political relations, has built interdependent relationships between countries in the international scenario — from the mid-twentieth century. Thus, a complex system originated from the national financial interconnection of states was formed, which allowed, among other aspects, the formation of an intense flow of capital. This system has overcome territorial barriers and currently makes direct investments in subnational entities. Hence, these governments' intense international activities emerged, which transformed the diplomatic routine by presenting new ways of doing foreign policy — which gave rise to the paradiplomatic performance of these actors. In Brazil, the considerable growth of international activism of autonomous federated entities, which occurred mainly since the 1980s, required the State to advance. The Union had to adapt to the challenge of creating and developing public policies that would coordinate guidelines able to achieve decentralized action of power, in forming partnerships and raising external resources. Therefore, the present study aims to clarify, in a general way, how this system has worked. The analysis was based on the theoretical perspective of international relations that explain these events, the financial institutions, and how the Brazilian State operationalizes this process — primarily, the subnational entities; there are, for example, the successful experiences of the municipalities of Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre and the Member State of Rio de Janeiro, which were structured to raise funds with international financial organizations and institutions. Such solutions proved to be an essential alternative for implementing public policies to meet regional and local social demands. A qualitative and descriptive bibliographical review was carried out, through books, articles, and similar materials published between 1984 and 2019. The objective was to clarify the dynamics of international cooperation and obtaining of investments and understand how the subnational federative body incorporates, in its structures, a technique-qualified performance, to obtain partnerships and resources from international financial organizations. Keywords: Financial globalization. Constructivism. Complex interdependence. International cooperation. International financial organizations. Brazilian subnational entities. Paradiplomatic instrumentalization. Resumen La globalizacion financiera desarrollada en las ultimas decadas es un fenomeno que, asociado a las relaciones politicas, construyo relaciones independientes entre paises en el escenario internacional — a partir de la mitad del siglo XX. Se ha formado, de esa manera, un complejo sistema originado en la interconexion financiera nacional de los Estados, que permitio, entre otros aspectos, la construccion de un intenso flujo de capitales. Ese sistema traspaso barreras territoriales y, actualmente, realiza inversiones directas en entidades subnacionales. De esa forma, han surgido intensas actividades internacionales de esos gobiernos, que transformaron la rutina diplomatica al presentar nuevas formas de hacer politica externa — que le dio inicio a la actuacion paradiplomatica de esos actores. En Brasil, el considerable crecimiento del activismo internacional de las entidades federales autonomas, principalmente a partir de la decada de 1980, exigio que el Estado avanzara. La Union necesito adecuarse al reto de crear y desarrollar politicas publicas que coordinaran lineas directrices aptas para poner en practica la actuacion descentralizada del poder, en la formacion de alianzas y captacion de recursos externos. Por ello, este estudio pretende aclarar, de forma general, como este sistema ha estado funcionando. El analisis se apoyo en la mirada teorica de las relaciones internacionales que explican esos eventos, las instituciones financieras y como el Estado brasileno pone en practica ese proceso — en especial, las entidades subnacionales; hay, por ejemplo, experiencias exitosas en los municipios de Sao Paulo, Porto Alegre y en el Estado-miembro de Rio de Janeiro, que se estructuraron para realizar la captacion de recursos junto a los organismos e instituciones financieras internacionales. Tales soluciones han demostrado ser alternativa importante para la concrecion de politicas publicas, destinadas a atender demandas sociales regionales y locales. Se realizo una revision bibliografica de caracter cualitativo y descriptivo, por medio de libros, articulos y materiales similares, publicados entre 1984 y 2019. El objetivo fue aclarar la dinamica de cooperacion y obtencion internacional de inversiones, ademas de entender como el cuerpo federativo subnacional incorpora, en sus estructuras, una actuacion tecnico-cualificada, para la obtencion de alianzas y recursos junto a los organismos internacionales de financiamiento. Palabras-clave: Globalizacion financiera. Constructivismo. Interdependencia compleja. Cooperacion internacional. Organizaciones financieras internacionales. Entes subnacionales brasilenos. Instrumentacion paradiplomatica.

Ismael Deyber Oliveira Silva

This dissertation aimed to present and analyze the financing of social assistance policy in the Argentine and Brazilian federations from 2003 to 2015, highlighting the social assistance services and direct income transfers. It also sought to explore possible effects of different equity financing mechanisms on policy delivery. For this, the focus of the comparison between the two countries was fiscal centralism in the social assistance policy, captured from its two dimensions: jurisdictional and spending. The assumption adopted is that federative arrangements with greater fiscal centralism, that is, with greater Union participation in financing regulation and public policy spending, may favor its more equitable supply throughout the national territory. The methodological strategy was the technique of case studies involving the comparison of two South American federal democracies. For this, a bibliographic review, legislation analysis and secondary data were used, obtained through databases made available on governmental open access portals on the Internet. The main conclusion is that social assistance in Argentina and Brazil has a similar trajectory in terms of the positive evolution of spending between 2003 and 2015, with emphasis on non-contributory pensions and conditional cash transfer programs. However, they differ in spending, decentralization of competencies and jurisdictional centralization of social assistance services.

Diego Dartagnan da Silva Tormes, Nalú Farenzena

The article presents partial results of a comparative research that aims to discuss federalism as a form of organization of the State and its repercussions for the organization and financing of basic education in Argentina and Brazil. Documentary analysis methodology was used and special attention was given to the legal documents that organize and regulate the federative relations in education and in the financing of education in both countries. As the main findings are the fact that the supply and financing of basic education are decentralized, under the marked responsibility of the subnational ones, although there are mechanisms of action of the national one in the financing of education, either by repairing resources or acting in a complementary way.

Isabela Grespan da Rocha Teixeira

The research carried out was intended to show the centrality of the financing model as a federative coordination mechanism in the process of institutionalization of the social assistance policy initiated after the implementation of the Unified Social Assistance System in the mid - 2000s. For this, a theoretical revision was made on the relations between federalism, decentralization and social policies, followed by stages of conceptual and documentary analysis about the decentralization process of social assistance policy and the construction of the current financing model; and quantitative and qualitative analysis of data on the institutionalization and operationalization of social assistance financing. In order to operationalize the hypotheses and analytical questions proposed, the research was based on the study of the case of the government of the State of Minas Gerais and municipalities, from 2005 to 2016. The results showed that the processes of institutional transformation of the social assistance policy financing model led to the installation of institutional capacity in the municipalities and the state of Minas Gerais. In the case of municipalities, institutional capacity was followed by the growth of resources in the sector, with gains even in relative importance compared to other public expenditures. In the case of the state government, the results found showed weaknesses in the process of assumption of federal responsibility, evidenced by the non-regularity of expenditures and the transfer of co-financing to municipalities and the low volume of resources executed. As for the model of co-financing, the sharing of resources among the municipalities of Minas Gerais generates an equitable and redistributive distribution, favoring the municipalities that concentrate the largest population in a situation of vulnerability. Thus, it is suggested that the financing model has contributed to the consolidation of the federative accountability process, and, ultimately, to the implementation of the decentralized Brazilian social security.

André Luis Leite F. Sales, Flávio Fernandes Fontes, Sílvio Yasui

Abstract Even though “militancy” is frequently used in scientific literature and in the daily life of parties and social movements, there are few definitions of the term. Our goal is to convert the idea of militancy into a research problem. A Brazilian scientific literature review shows that the term is used either as an adjective, either as a noun. We conceptualize militancy as a methodology to produce collective action aiming to intervene, or to interfere, in current social norms. This methodology focuses on organizations such as parties and unions, characterized by strict discipline that aims to produce docility, commitment, and obeisance. Then, we show how New Social Movements (NSM) have created unconventional tactics and organizations, offering an alternative to the militant methodology. Organizing teams using horizontal arrangements, operating with decentralized and autonomous networks, recognizing the diversity of its participants, NSM are occupying the streets and reinventing the repertoires of collective action and protest. We suggest the use of the word “activism” to describe this methodology. By distinguishing militancy from activism we wish to re(frame) some problems in the Brazilian scene of political engagement and protest.

Thalita Araújo Ribeiro

This thesis analyzed the Single Social Assistance System ( SUAS ) in the municipality of Paracatu, Minas Gerais, with cut in the period 2006-2015 , with the difficulties that the municipality has found to consolidate this system, considering the co-financing of social assistance in the context of fiscal adjustment underway in the country .Therefore, the legal bases were considered that institutionalized social assistance as a public policy, as well as historical contexts and budget expenditures of the three levels of the federation, in the period studied, dedicated to an approach on the financial management of social assistance in Paracatu-MG. The need for recognition of social care as a social right and ensuring access to social assistance services for those who need it signal to a reality that tends to move away from historically constructed conceptions. Decided by the Fourth National Conference on Social Assistance 2003, the implementation of SUAS is guided by principles established by the Organic Law of Social Assistance (LOAS) , considered the National Social Assistance Policy (PNAS) and is organized by the Basic Operational Norm (NOB / SUAS). The SUAS must have the management of actions based on the political and administrative decentralization, participation and co-financing. Thus, under the co-financing, it was found that among all the entities of the federation, the states have shown little improvement in the share of funding for social assistance. O. It was also considered the debate surrounding the public fund, seeking to understand its functionality, especially in prioritizing times of economic policies, with strategies of fiscal adjustments. The results were identified that in Paracatu-MG, the main difficulties SUAS consolidation are most technical references teams are not complete; significant supply socioassitencias services by entities; lack of CRAS Volante to meet the population living in rural areas and lack of proper headquarters for the Specialized Reference Centers of Social Assistance (CRAS), Reference Center for Specialized Social Assistance (CREAS) and the Municipal Development and Social Action (SEDAS).

Danielle Monteiro de Castro Saporetti

The main goal of this present essay was to exam Minas Gerais government ability in the development and consolidation of social assistance policy as facing its legal and constitutional competences. Federal constitution of 1988 redefined the Brazilian federal system and reformulated all social policies, including social assistance as one of the pillars of social security. The decentralization was established as the structuring heart of the new federative arrangement which cares about the redistribution of competences, functions and resources between federal unities. The decentralization´s implementation of social policies in the context of Brazilian federation rebirth is not something simplistic and it depends on difficult compatibility in the beings autonomy, with the need of politic coordination and interdependence among them. In case of social assistance there is an extra challenge: to consolidate itself effectively as a policy of public responsibility. The existence of competences in common modified the intergovernmental relations as in the this areas the success of the public policies promotion depends on frequent pacts and collaboration among the three levels of government. In this context, the intention is to verify the intergovernmental relations established in the process of decentralization and institutionalization of social assistance policies in Minas Gerais, aiming the role of the government of Minas Gerais as facing the poverty, vulnerability and inequalities, after the restructuration of unique system of social assistance - SUAS in 2005. For this reason it was made a exploratory study about the asymmetries among Minas Gerais areas, the organizational structure of the state´s manager part of social assistance, the implementation of the net in the area of services, the municipalization of the policy through the process of habilitation of the cities in management of the SUAS and the expansion of the net of basic social protection and special in Minas Gerais. It was analyzed as well the process of financing social assistance of the state (own resources investment and traference for the co financing) because the financial effort done by federate being reflects , clearly its own politic priorities. The results point to a weak actuation of Minas Gerais government to accomplish its competences which is a determining factor that makes the social assistance of Minas Gerais incapable to face poverty in the constitutional perspective of social citizenship and to provide a highest level of equity and better conditions of life for its people.

Rosana Evangelista da Cruz

The education financing in Brazil is conditioned by its federalist political organization which involves three autonomous spheres of government: the Union, the States and the Municipalities. Due to the diversity of economical, political and social conditions of regions and states, the Union takes over, according to the Federal Constitution of, the supplying and redistributing functions in relation to the other federal units. Nevertheless, in the sit was observed a growing centralization in the process for the definition of education financing policies by the federal government, resulting in decentralization of responsibilities, in a context facing the advance of the minimalist conceptions of State. This article considers the education financing policies in the scope of the federative relations in Brazil, taking into consideration the scenery where the educational policies have been developed after the and the contradictions which have resulted from the country’s political organization model.