The transition from Web 2.0 to Web 3.0 is likely to leverage the latest technological advances including AI, machine learning and blockchain technology.This might not only bring about a new interplay of the physical, virtual and augmented reality but could also fundamentally change the ways in which corporate entities, social communities and political move ments organise themselves.Decentralisation is a key property of the Metaverse.Policies, legal con tracts and financial transactions that were traditionally the domain of governments, courts and banks might be replaced with smart contracts and financial transactions in blockchain.Cryptocurrencies can be used as a new medium of exchange outside of established banking systems, while non-fungible token (NFT) might serve as unique digital identifiers to certify ownership and authenticity.Taken together, these new forms of self-governance could lead to the explosion of so-called Decentralized Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) in the Metaverse.Decentralized Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) are digital entities that are collaboratively governed without central leadership and operate based on blockchain (Jentzsch, 2016).As such, DAOs allow internet users to establish their own organisational structures, which no longer require the involvement of a third party in financial transactions and rulemaking.DAOs allow online communities to simplify their transactions and use a community-based approach to establish rules (World Economic Forum, 2023).However, as this study will explore, they might also give rise to new threats emerging from decentralised extremist mobilisation, pose a risk to minority rights, challenge the rule of law, and disrupt institutions that are currently considered fundamental pillars of our democratic systems.
In this study, we examined the use of non-fungible tokens in the field of events.Using a qualitative research approach based on interviews with event organisers and participants who have already used non-fungible tokens at events, we explored the added value that non-fungible tokens have brought to events.We found that the use of NFTs is still in its infancy, but their adoption is rapidly spreading.NFTs are being used at events in the form of tickets, collectible items and certificates of attendance.NFT tickets add value to both organisers and attendees by ensuring the authenticity of the ticket, enabling a transparent secondary market, and allowing the easy definition of additional benefits such as discounts or access to VIP areas.Yet, several challenges must be tackled before NFTs can be broadly integrated into the tourism sector.iv
The internet and platforms for online sales of goods were first significant challenge for traditional trademark law. Social media and e-markets enabled faster and more intensive communication and exchange between traders and consumers, resulting in enhanced importance of trademarks. Mechanisms of trademark protection traditionally designed in accordance with the territoriality principle needed new forms which could overcome shortcomings of common legal remedies, such as alternative dispute resolution methods and special protection policies established intermediaries enabling different interactions on the internet. New technologies and recent development of virtual realities bring new challenges for trademark law, which may lead to redefining of its traditional rules. Non-fungible tokens, metaverse and virtual products bring new forms of assets and new possibilities for financial transactions and profits. Special attention is focused on intellectual property and its protection in new circumstances. The Author of this paper tends to explore challenges the trademark law is facing with, and will analyze some of the first disputes from the practice. In addition, the Author tends to confirm if the existing domestic legal framework is capable to provide necessary support to right holders in these new circumstances of exchange.
Possibility and limits of dialogue between religion and psychology is an interesting topic attracting significant attention of theologians and psychologists today. A century long experience of Catholic Church being in dialogue with modern psychological theory and practice is a proof of complexity and multifacetedness of this endeavor as well as an authentic illustration of its challenges, possibilities and potential solutions for all religious traditions faced with similar dilemmas. The aim of the study is threefold: 1) to offer a short historical overview of attitude of the Catholic Church towards achievements of modern psychological science, 2) to present the main areas and challenges faced by the Church in dialogue with and exploitation of contemporary psychology today and 3) to identify agents and mechanisms of this process. This attitude evolved from the initial suspicion and antagonism to respect towards achievements of healthy psychology and systematic attempt of their integration in Catholic teaching and pastoral work. Seemingly two factors are especially important for the achieved success, namely individual enthusiasm and systematic approach of Catholic theologian-psychologists to the issue at stake and the existence of minimum of official support in the Church for these endeavors, even at the time of the hey-days of anti-modernism in the Catholic circles. These are eventually the useful hints for all religious traditions perplexed with similar dilemmas.
The article deals with the state of the Orthodox education in Russia in the context of religious renaissance. The author considers dynamics of establishment of new Orthodox educational institutions of different levels, problems of educational system development (decentralization of management, insufficient financing, lack of the required legal status, deficit of teaching personnel and theological literature, etc.).